Process of Social Research 3rd Edition Jeffrey Dixon, Royce Singleton, Bruce Straits 0197613756 9780197613757

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ISBN-10 : 0197613756 

ISBN-13 : 9780197613757

Author:  Jeffrey C. Dixon, Royce A. Singleton, Bruce C. Straits

Featuring a conversational, engaging, and student-friendly writing style, The Process of Social Research, Third Edition, introduces students to the fundamentals of research. It places a unique emphasis on process with flowcharts in every chapter that provide step-by-step guides for conducting social research and evaluating the research of others. The authors use relatable, everyday examples and carefully selected research examples to make the book accessible to undergraduates. Comprehensive and up-to-date without attempting to be encyclopedic in its coverage, The Process of Social Research provides a balance between qualitative and quantitative research, taking a more integrated approach to describing the relationship between theory and research.

 

Process of Social Research 3rd  Table of contents:

1 Introduction

The Process of Social Research

Four Social Media Studies

An Experiment

A Survey

A Field Research Study

An Analysis of Existing Data

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

2 Science and Social Research

The Characteristics and Process of Science

Theory

Verifiable Data

Systematic Observation and Analysis

Logical Reasoning

Summary

Logics of Inquiry

Does Contact Change Stereotypes? An Answer From Deductive Inquiry

How Does Class Matter? An Answer From Inductive Inquiry

Combining the Logics of Inquiry

From a Psychological Theory of Suicide to a Sociological One

Summary

Evaluating Science: Possibilities, Cautions, and Limits

Tentative Knowledge

The Ideal and Reality of the Scientific Process

The Sociohistorical Aspect of Science

The Human Element of Science

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

3 The Ethics and Politics of Research

Overview: Ethics

Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Research Participants

Potential Harm

Informed Consent

Deception

Invasion of Privacy

Summary

Federal and Professional Ethical Guidelines

Evaluating Potential Harm

Informed Consent Procedures

Deception Ground Rules

Privacy Protection: Anonymity and Confidentiality

Summary

The Process of Ethical Decision-Making

Review Federal Regulations and Professional Ethics Codes

Assess Costs and Benefits of Proposed Research

Identify and Address Areas of Ethical Concern

Prepare and Submit Application for IRB Approval

Collect Data and Secure Participants’ Rights

Summary

Politics and Social Research

Topic Selection, Political Ideology, and Research Funding

Data Analysis and Interpretation and Political Ideology

Dissemination of Research Findings: Science, Politics, and Public Policy

Summary

The Intersection of Ethics and Politics in Social Research

A Case Study: Research on Same-Sex Parenting

Conflict of Interest

Social Responsibility

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

4 Research Designs

Initial Steps in the Research Process

Select Research Topic

Review the Literature/Consider Theory

Formulate Research Question

Prepare Research Design

Summary

Designing Research to Answer Quantitative Questions

Select a Research Strategy

Identify and Select Units of Analysis

Measure Variables

What is a Variable?

Types of Variables

Gather Data and Analyze the Relationships Among Variables

Association

Direction of Influence

Nonspuriousness (No Common Cause)

Causation, Intervening Variables, and Theory

Summary

Designing Research to Answer Qualitative Questions

Select Research Strategy

Select Field Setting, Social Group, and/or Archival Records

Gain Access and Establish Relationships

Decide Whom to Observe or Interview or What to Read

Gather and Analyze Data

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

5 Measurement

Overview: The Measurement Process

Conceptualization and Operationalization

Conceptualization

Operationalization

Specify Empirical Indicators

Spell Out Procedures

Summary

Variations in Operational Definitions: Data Sources

Manipulated Versus Measured Operations

Sources of Measured Operational Definitions

Verbal Reports

Observation

Archival Records

Summary

Variation in Operational Definitions: Levels of Measurement

Nominal Measurement

Ordinal Measurement

Interval Measurement

Ratio Measurement

Summary

Select and Apply Operational Definitions to Produce Data

Summary

Assess the Quality of Operational Definitions

Forms of Reliability Assessment

Test-Retest Reliability

Internal Consistency

Inter-Rater Reliability

Improving Reliability

Forms of Validity Assessment

Convergent Validation

Construct Validation

Summary

The Feedback Loop: From Data Back to Concepts and Measurement

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

6 Sampling

Overview: The Sampling Process

Principles of Probability Sampling

Probability and Random Selection

Probability Distribution and Sampling Error

Sampling Distributions

Statistical Inference

Summary

Steps in Probability Sampling

Define Target Population

Construct Sampling Frame

Devise Sampling Design

Simple Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling

Determine Sample Size

Desired Precision

Available Resources

Draw Sample

Summary

Nonprobability Sampling

Overview of Nonprobability Sampling

Steps in Nonprobability Sampling

Select Cases or Research Sites

Select Observations

Convenience Sampling

Purposive Sampling

Snowball Sampling

Theoretical Sampling

Making Inferences From Nonprobability Samples

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

7 Experiments

Introductory Example: Misconduct in Criminal Prosecution

The Logic of Experimentation

Summary

Variations on the Experimental Method

Variations in Experimental Design

Timing and Measurement of the Dependent Variable

Number of Independent Variables Manipulated

Variations in Experimental Context

Field Experiments

Survey-Based Experiments

Summary

The Process of Conducting Experiments

Pretesting

Participant Recruitment and Informed Consent

Introduction to the Experiment

Experimental Manipulation and Random Assignment

Manipulation Checks

Measurement of the Dependent Variable

Debriefing

Summary

Strengths and Weaknesses of Experiments

Internal Validity

External Validity

Reactive Measurement Effects

Content Restrictions

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

8 Surveys

Introductory Example: The Constructing the Family Survey

General Features of Survey Research

Large-Scale Probability Sampling

Structured Interviews or Questionnaires

Quantitative Data Analysis

Summary

Variations in Survey Designs and Modes

Survey Research Designs

Cross-Sectional Designs

Longitudinal Designs

Data-Collection Modes

Face-To-Face Interviews

Telephone Interviews

Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaire

Computer-Assisted Self-Interviews

Mixed-Mode Surveys

Summary

The Process of Planning and Conducting a Survey

Choose Mode of Data Collection

Construct and Pretest Questionnaire

Organizing the Questions

Pretesting

Choose Sampling Frame/Design and Select Sample

Recruit Sample and Collect Data

Code and Edit Data

Summary

Strengths and Weaknesses of Surveys

Generalization to Populations

Versatility

Efficiency

Establishing Causal Relationships

Measurement Issues

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

9 Field Research and In-Depth Interviews

Introductory Field Research Example: Mexican New York

Introductory In-Depth Interview Example: Mexican Americans Across Generations

General Features of Qualitative Research

Observation

Interviews

Supplementary Archival and Other Data

Nonprobability Sampling

Qualitative Data Analysis

Reflexivity

Summary

Variations in Qualitative Research Methods

Degrees of Participation and Observation

Participant Observation

Nonparticipant Observation

Between Participation and Observation

Overt Versus Covert Observation

Overt Observation

Covert Observation

Between Overt and Covert Observation

Interview Structure

Individual Versus Group Interviews

Technological Developments Crosscutting Observation and Interviews

Summary

The Process of Conducting Field Research

Select Setting/Group

Gain Access

Personal Characteristics

Nature of the Setting

Gatekeepers and Other Permissions

Establish Roles and Relationships

Decide What to Observe/Whom to Interview

Gather and Analyze Data

Leave the Field

Write the Report

Summary

The Process of Conducting In-Depth Interviews

Select and Recruit Interviewees

Develop Interview Guide

Gather Data

Analyze Data

Summary

Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative Research

Naturalistic Approach

Subjective and Contextual Understanding

Flexible Research Design

Generalizability

Reliability and Validity

Efficiency

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

10 Existing Data Analysis

Sources and Examples of Existing Data

Public Documents and Official Records

Private Documents

Mass Media

Physical, Nonverbal Evidence

Social Science Data Archives

Summary

Analysis of Existing Statistical Data

Existing Statistics Example: The Impact of MTV’s 16 and Pregnant on Teen Childbearing

The Process of Analyzing Existing Statistics

Search for and Obtain Data

Measure Variables

Evaluate and Adjust Data

Analyze Data

Summary

Content Analysis

Content Analysis Example: Journalistic Accounts of the Iraq War

The Process of Content Analysis

Select Recorded Communication

Define Unit of Analysis

Develop Coding Scheme

Sample Units

Train Coders and Pilot-Test Reliability

Code Variables and Carry Out Analysis

Summary

Comparative Historical Analysis

An Example of Comparative Historical Analysis: The Emergence of Mass Imprisonment

The Process of Comparative Historical Analysis

Specify Analytic Framework

Select Cases and Compile Case Studies

Conduct Within-Case Analyses

Conduct Cross-Case Analysis/Develop Causal Explanation/Apply to Case Studies

Summary

Strengths and Limitations of Existing Data Analysis

Studying Social Structure, History, and Social Change

Nonreactive Measurement

Cost-Efficiency

Data Limitations

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

11 Multiple Methods

A Comparison of Four Basic Approaches to Social Research

Summary

Examples of Mixed Methods Research

Effect of Abuse on Marriage and Cohabitation

What Employers Say Versus What They Do

Explaining Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market

Unpredictability and Unequal Control of Work Schedules and Time

Purposes of Mixed Methods Research

Triangulation

Complementarity

Development

Expansion

Summary

Mixed Methods Research Designs

Sequential Designs

Concurrent Designs

Component Designs

Integrated Designs

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

12 Quantitative Data Analysis

Introductory Example of Survey Data Analysis: Drinking and Grades

Introductory Overview: The Process of Quantitative Analysis

Prepare Data for Computerized Analysis: Data Processing

Coding

Editing

Entering the Data

Cleaning

Summary

Inspect and Modify Data

Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables

Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables

Summary

Carry Out Preliminary Hypothesis Testing

Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables

Tests of Statistical Significance

Measures of Association

Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables

Summary

Conduct Multivariate Testing

Elaboration of Contingency Tables

Multiple Regression

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

13 Qualitative Data Analysis

Introductory Example: Homelessness in Austin, Texas

Overview: A Process of Analyzing Qualitative Data

Prepare Data

Transform the Data to Readable Text

Check for and Resolve Errors

Manage the Data

Summary

Identify Concepts, Patterns, and Relationships

Coding

Memo-Writing

Data Displays

Taxonomies

Data Matrices

Typologies

Flowcharts

Summary

Draw and Evaluate Conclusions

Summary

Variations in Qualitative Data Analysis

Grounded Theory Methods

Narrative Analysis

Conversation Analysis

Summary

Key Points

Review Questions

Exercises

List of Key Terms

14 Reading and Writing in Social Research

Read, Take Notes, and Write Research Proposal

Locate Relevant Research Literature

Read and Evaluate Prior Research

Formulate Research Question

Design Research and Prepare Proposal

Summary

 

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