Conservation Biology 1st edition by Bradley Cardinale, Richard Primack, James Murdoch ISBN 1605357146 978-1605357140

Part I: Foundations of Conservation Biology

1 The State of Our Planet

State of the Human Species

State of the Global Environment

Land

Climate

Oceans

Freshwater

State of the World’s Biodiversity

Global extinctions

Local extirpations

Population decay

Mass mortality events

Genetic diversity

Biotic homogenization

Seeds of a Good Anthropocene

Six reasons to be optimistic

The next generation of champions

2 The Rise of Conservation Biology

Origins of Conservation

Premodern societies

First game and nature reserves

Foundations of forest conservation

Foundation of the “national park”

Intellectual foundations in the United States

Contemporary Conservation Biology

Formation of conservation biology as a discipline

The conservation biology explosion

Core principles and values of conservation

Structured Decision Making

3 Biodiversity Concepts and Measurement

Hierarchical Levels of Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity

Sources of genetic variation

Measures of genetic diversity

Species Diversity

The species concept

Measures of species diversity

Functional Traits and Phylogenetic Diversity

Community and Ecosystem Diversity

Trophic structure

Food web complexity

Species composition

The Multiple Scales of Biodiversity

4 Global Patterns and Drivers of Biodiversity

Biodiversity through Geologic Time

Formation of early life

Radiation events

Historical extinctions

Global Patterns of Biodiversity

How many species are there?

Realms, biomes, and ecoregions

The most diverse ecoregions

Biodiversity hotspots

Latitudinal gradients

Drivers of Biodiversity

Evolutionary drivers

Ecological drivers

Synopsis

Part II: Importance of Biodiversity

5 The Many Values of Biodiversity

Values and Ethics

Types of Value Systems

Intrinsic values

Instrumental values

Relational values

Ethical Worldviews

Anthropocentrism

Biocentrism

Ecocentrism

6 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

What Are Ecosystem Services?

History of Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem valuation

Biodiversity and ecosystem function

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Types of Ecosystem Services

Supporting services

Provisioning services

Regulating services

Cultural services

Alternative frameworks

Biotic Control of Ecosystem Services

Functional traits

Biodiversity

Ecosystem Markets and Payments for Ecosystem Services

7 Ecological Economics

Principles of Ecological Economics

Decision-Making Analyses

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Cost-benefit analysis

Multicriteria decision analysis

Total Economic Value (TEV) Framework

Direct use value

Indirect use value

Option value

Existence value

Estimates of TEV

Methods of Valuing Ecosystem Services

Revealed preference methods

Real market techniques

Surrogate market techniques

Cost-based techniques

Stated preference methods

Benefits transfer method

One Final Comment

Part III: Threats to Biodiversity

8 Extinction

Global Patterns of Endangerment

The IUCN Red List

Estimates of global extinction

Drivers of Extinction

Habitat loss

Overexploitation

Invasive alien species

Climate change

Most threatening factors

Local Changes in Biodiversity

Species-area relationships

Empirical measures

Better monitoring and assessment programs

Controls of Extinction Risk

Demographic parameters

Ecological controls

Life-history traits

Stochastic processes

9 Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Degradation

Habitat Loss

Primary drivers of habitat loss

Habitat loss by biome

Future development threats

Habitat Fragmentation

Biological consequences of fragmentation

Species-specific responses to fragmentation

Habitat Degradation

Pollution

Desertification

Erosion and sedimentation

Metapopulations and Landscape Mosaics

The “classic” metapopulation model

Source-sink dynamics

Conservation of metapopulations

10 Overexploitation

History of Overexploitation

Psychology of Overexploitation

Types of Overexploitation

Commercial exploitation

Subsistence overexploitation

Recreational overexploitation

Theory of Sustainable Harvesting

Sustainable yield

Fixed quota (Q) harvesting

Fixed effort (proportional) harvesting

Limitations of MSY models

11 Invasive Alien Species

Overview of the Problem

The Population Biology of IAS

Introduction of alien species

Establishment of alien species

Spread of invasive alien species

Impacts of Invasive Alien Species

Impacts on biodiversity

Impacts on ecosystems

Economic impacts

Positive values of IAS

Management and Control

Risk assessment

Risk management

12 Climate Change

Anthropogenic Climate Change

Predicted Response to Climate Change

Methods and models

Current forecasts

Documented Responses to Climate Change

Population decay and local extirpation

Geographic range shifts

Altered phenologies

Biome regime shifts and alternative states

Change in ecosystem services

Managing Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Establishing refugia and safe havens

Optimizing migration pathways

Building evolutionary resilience

Using biodiversity for climate mitigation

Developing green infrastructure

Part IV: Approaches to Conservation

13 Species-Level Conservation

Goals of Species-Level Conservation

Challenges to Conserving Small Populations

Demographic stochasticity

Environmental stochasticity

Loss of genetic variability

Effective Population Size

Determining effective population size

Unequal sex ratio

Variation in reproductive output

Population fluctuations and bottlenecks

Extinction Vortices

Estimating Population Size

Census

Capture-mark-recapture techniques

Models of Population Size

Geometric growth model

Exponential growth model

Logistic growth model

Age- and stage-based models

Stochastic models

Predicting Population Persistence

Minimum population size

Population viability analysis

Conservation Trade-Offs

14 Community and Ecosystem Conservation

Classification of Protected Areas

Strict nature reserves and wilderness areas (Category I)

National parks (Category II)

Natural monuments (Category III)

Habitat/species management area (Category IV)

Protected landscape/seascape (Category V)

Managed resource protected area (Category VI)

Global Status of Protected Areas

Approaches for Choosing Protected Areas

Hotspots of biodiversity

Ecoregions

Political and economic boundaries

Ecosystem services

Areas of cultural importance

Effectiveness of Protected Areas

Terrestrial protected areas

Marine protected areas

Impacts on Human Well-Being

Predictors of Success

Effective management

Stakeholder and community involvement

Integrated social development and conservation goals

15 Landscape-Scale Conservation

Creating Networks of Protected Areas

Establishing new protected areas

Criteria used to select and prioritize new protected areas

Tools used to optimize selection of protected areas

Connecting Individual Protected Areas into Networks

Incorporating unprotected areas into conservation plans

Conservation opportunities in urban habitat

Conservation opportunities in agricultural habitat

Conservation opportunities in mixed-use habitat

Managing the Conservation Landscape

Monitoring

Modeling

Ecosystem-based management

Landscape-Scale Challenges

16 Ex Situ Conservation

Ex Situ Conservation Facilities

Zoos and aquariums

Botanical gardens

Gene banks and seed banks

Contributions to In Situ Conservation

Captive-breeding programs

Reintroduction and reinforcement

Public education and engagement

Final Thoughts on Ex Situ Conservation

17 Conservation and Sustainable Development

What Is Sustainable Development?

International Efforts to Achieve Sustainable Development

The United Nations

International conventions

Funding for Sustainable Development

The World Bank

Global Environment Facility

Individual governments

Non-governmental organizations

Examples of Sustainable Development Projects

Ecotourism and biodiversity

Illegal wildlife trade

Fisheries

Climate change

The Future Success of Sustainable Development

Concluding Remarks

Glossary

References

Index