Psychology 8th editon by Sandra Hockenbury ISBN 1319050638 9781319050634

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ISBN 10: 1319050638
ISBN 13: 9781319050634
Author:  Sandra E. Hockenbury

This acclaimed classroom favorite makes the science of psychology (and through that, the process of science itself) come alive for students, with personal stories that exemplify important concepts in a student-friendly way, and with coverage of the field’s scientific foundations and advances that is accessible without being oversimplified.

Psychology 8th Table of contents:

1 Introduction and Research Methods

PROLOGUE: The First Exam

Introduction: What Is Psychology?

Psychology’s Origins: The Influence of Philosophy and Physiology

Wilhelm Wundt: The Founder of Psychology

Edward B. Titchener: Structuralism

William James: Functionalism

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis

John B. Watson: Behaviorism

Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology

Contemporary Psychology

Major Perspectives in Psychology

Specialty Areas in Psychology

The Scientific Method

The Steps in the Scientific Method: Systematically Seeking Answers

Building Theories: Integrating the Findings from Many Studies

Descriptive Research

Naturalistic Observation: The Science of People- and Animal-Watching

Case Studies: Details, Details, Details

Surveys: (A) Always (B) Sometimes (C) Never (D) Huh?

Correlational Studies: Looking at Relationships and Making Predictions: Can Eating Curly Fries Make You Smarter?

Experimental Research

Experimental Design: Studying the Effects of Testing

Experimental Controls

Limitations of Experiments and Variations in Experimental Design

Ethics in Psychological Research

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Successful Study Techniques

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?

SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: What Is a Pseudoscience?

CRITICAL THINKING: How to Think Like a Scientist

2 Neuroscience and Behavior

PROLOGUE: Asha’s Story

Introduction: Neuroscience and Behavior

The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication

Characteristics of the Neuron

Glial Cells

Communication Within the Neuron: The Action Potential

Communication Between Neurons: Bridging the Gap

Neurotransmitters and Their Effects

How Drugs Affect Synaptic Transmission

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communication Throughout the Body

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Endocrine System

A Guided Tour of the Brain

The Dynamic Brain: Plasticity and Neurogenesis

The Brainstem: Hindbrain and Midbrain Structures

The Forebrain

Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres

Language and the Left Hemisphere: The Early Work of Broca and Wernicke

Cutting the Corpus Callosum: The Split Brain

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Maximizing Your Brain’s Potential

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

IN FOCUS: Concussions, Cumulative Impacts, and CTE

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Imaging the Brain

CRITICAL THINKING: “His” and “Her” Brains?

SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Brain Myths

3 Sensation and Perception

PROLOGUE: Learning to See

Introduction: What Are Sensation and Perception?

Basic Principles of Sensation

Vision: From Light to Sight

What We See: The Nature of Light

How We See: The Human Visual System

Processing Visual Information

Color Vision

Hearing: From Vibration to Sound

What We Hear: The Nature of Sound

How We Hear: The Path of Sound

The Chemical and Body Senses: Smell, Taste, Touch, and Position

How We Smell (Don’t Answer That!)

Taste

The Skin and Body Senses

Perception

The Perception of Shape: What Is It?

Depth Perception: How Far Away Is It?

The Perception of Motion: Where Is It Going?

Perceptual Constancies

Perceptual Illusions

The Müller-Lyer Illusion

The Moon Illusion

The Effects of Experience on Perceptual Interpretations

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Strategies to Control Pain

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Subliminal Perception

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Vision, Experience, and the Brain

IN FOCUS: Do Pheromones Influence Human Behavior?

CRITICAL THINKING: ESP: Can Perception Occur Without Sensation?

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Ways of Seeing: Culture and Top-Down Processes

IN FOCUS: The Dress That Broke the Internet

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Culture and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The Carpentered-World Hypothesis

4 Consciousness and Its Variations

PROLOGUE: A Knife in the Dark

Introduction: Consciousness: Experiencing the “Private I”

Attention: The Mind’s Spotlight

The Perils of Multitasking

Cycles of Consciousness: Circadian Rhythms and Sleep

Biological and Environmental “Clocks” That Regulate Consciousness

The Dawn of Modern Sleep Research

The Onset of Sleep and Hypnagogic Hallucinations

The First 90 Minutes of Sleep and Beyond

Why Do We Sleep?

Dreams and Mental Activity During Sleep

Dream Themes and Imagery

The Significance of Dreams

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Blocked Breathing During Sleep

Narcolepsy: Blurring the Boundaries Between Sleep and Wakefulness

The Parasomnias: Undesired Arousal or Actions During Sleep

Hypnosis

Effects of Hypnosis

Explaining Hypnosis: Consciousness Divided?

Meditation

Scientific Studies of the Effects of Meditation

Psychoactive Drugs

Common Effects of Psychoactive Drugs

The Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Tranquilizers

The Opioids: From Poppies to Demerol

The Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine

Psychedelic Drugs: Mescaline, LSD, and Marijuana

Designer “Club” Drugs: Ecstasy and the Dissociative Anesthetic Drugs

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Overcoming Insomnia

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

IN FOCUS: What You Really Want to Know About Sleep

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Dreaming Brain

IN FOCUS: What You Really Want to Know About Dreams

CRITICAL THINKING: Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards

5 Learning

PROLOGUE: The Killer Attic

Introduction: What Is Learning?

Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Factors That Affect Conditioning

From Pavlov to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism

Conditioned Emotional Reactions

Other Classically Conditioned Responses

Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning

Cognitive Aspects of Classical Conditioning: Reliable Signals

Evolutionary Aspects of Classical Conditioning: Biological Predispositions to Learn

Operant Conditioning: Associating Behaviors and Consequences

Thorndike and the Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner and the Search for “Order in Behavior”

Reinforcement: Increasing Future Behavior

Punishment: Using Aversive Consequences to Decrease Behavior

Shaping and Maintaining Behavior

Applications of Operant Conditioning

Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Aspects of Operant Conditioning: Rats! I Thought You Had the Map!

Learned Helplessness: Expectations of Failure and Learning to Quit

Operant Conditioning and Biological Predispositions: Misbehaving Chickens

Observational Learning: Imitating the Actions of Others

Applications of Observational Learning

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Using Learning Principles to Improve Your Self-Control

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

IN FOCUS: Watson, Classical Conditioning, and Advertising

IN FOCUS: Evolution, Biological Preparedness, and Conditioned Fears: What Gives You the Creeps?

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Positive and Negative Reinforcement in the Brain

IN FOCUS: Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment

CRITICAL THINKING: Is Human Freedom Just an Illusion?

SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Do “Learning Styles” Affect Learning?

CRITICAL THINKING: Does Exposure to Media Violence Cause Aggressive Behavior?

6 Memory

PROLOGUE: The Drowning

Introduction: What Is Memory?

The Stage Model of Memory

Sensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions of the World

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory: The Workshop of Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Retrieval: Getting Information from Long-Term Memory

The Importance of Retrieval Cues

The Encoding Specificity Principle

Flashbulb Memories: Vivid Events, Accurate Memories?

Forgetting: When Retrieval Fails

Hermann Ebbinghaus: The Forgetting Curve

Why Do We Forget?

Imperfect Memories: Errors, Distortions, and False Memories

Forming False Memories: From the Plausible to the Impossible

The Search for the Biological Basis of Memory

The Search for the Elusive Memory Trace

The Role of Neurons in Long-Term Memory

Processing Memories in the Brain: Clues from Amnesia

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Ten Steps to Boost Your Memory

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Culture’s Effects on Early Memories

IN FOCUS: Déjà Vu Experiences: An Illusion of Memory?

CRITICAL THINKING: The Memory Wars: Recovered or False Memories?

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Assembling Memories: Echoes and Reflections of Perception

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Mapping Brain Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease

7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

PROLOGUE: The EyeWriter

Introduction: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

The Building Blocks of Thought: Mental Imagery and Concepts

Solving Problems and Making Decisions

Problem-Solving Strategies

Obstacles to Solving Problems: Thinking Outside the Box

Decision-Making Strategies

Decisions Involving Uncertainty: Estimating the Probability of Events

Language and Thought

The Characteristics of Language

The Effect of Language on Perception

Language Development

The Bilingual Mind: Are Two Languages Better Than One?

Animal Communication and Cognition

Measuring Intelligence

The Development of Intelligence Tests

Principles of Test Construction: What Makes a Good Test?

The Nature of Intelligence

Theories of Intelligence

The Extremes of Intelligence

The Roles of Genetics and Environment in Determining Intelligence

Cross-Cultural Studies of Group Discrimination and IQ Differences

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: A Workshop on Creativity

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind’s Eye

CRITICAL THINKING: The Persistence of Unwarranted Beliefs

IN FOCUS: Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Performing with a Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Undermine Performance

8 Motivation and Emotion

PROLOGUE: One Step, One Breath

Introduction: Motivation and Emotion

Instinct Theories: Inborn Behaviors as Motivators

Drive Theories: Biological Needs as Motivators

Incentive Theories: Goal Objects as Motivators

Arousal Theory: Optimal Stimulation as a Motivator

Humanistic Theories: Human Potential as a Motivator

Hunger and Eating

Energy Homeostasis: Calories Consumed = Calories Expended

Signals That Regulate Eating

Long-Term Signals That Regulate Body Weight

Excess Weight and Obesity

Psychological Needs as Motivators

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Affiliation and Achievement: The Need to Fit In and the Need to Stand Out

Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory

Emotion

The Functions of Emotion

The Subjective Experience of Emotion

The Neuroscience of Emotion

The Expression of Emotion: Making Faces

Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion

The James–Lange Theory of Emotion

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Turning Your Goals into Reality

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CRITICAL THINKING: Has Evolution Programmed Us to Overeat?

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Dopamine Receptors and Obesity

IN FOCUS: Detecting Lies

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Emotions and the Brain

CRITICAL THINKING: Emotion in Nonhuman Animals: Laughing Rats, Affectionate Elephants, and Smiling Dolphins?

9 Lifespan Development

PROLOGUE: Future Plans

Introduction: Life Stories

Genetic Contributions to Development

Your Unique Genotype

From Genotype to Phenotype

Prenatal Development

The Germinal and Embryonic Periods

Prenatal Brain Development

The Fetal Period

Development During Infancy and Childhood

Physical Development

Social and Personality Development

Cognitive Development

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Adolescence

Physical and Sexual Development

Social Development

Identity Formation: Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

The Development of Moral Reasoning

Adult Development

Emerging Adulthood

Physical Changes in Adulthood

Social Development in Adulthood

Late Adulthood and Aging

Cognitive Changes

Social Development

The Final Chapter: Dying and Death

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Raising Psychologically Healthy Children

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Where Does the Baby Sleep?

SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Can a DVD Program Your Baby to Be a Genius?

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress

IN FOCUS: Hooking Up on Campus

CRITICAL THINKING: The Effects of Child Care on Attachment and Development

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Boosting the Aging Brain

10 Gender and Sexuality

PROLOGUE: People Are People

Introduction: Gender and Sexuality

Gender Stereotypes and Gender Roles

Differences Related to Sex and Gender

Gender Development: Blue Bears and Pink Bunnies

Gender Differences in Childhood Behavior: Spider-Man Versus Barbie

Explaining Gender Differences: Contemporary Theories

Beyond Male and Female: Variations in Gender Identity

Human Sexuality

First Things First: The Stages of Human Sexual Response

What Motivates Sexual Behavior?

Sexual Orientation: The Elusive Search for an Explanation

Sexual Disorders and Problems

How Common Are Sexual Problems?

Categories of Sexual Dysfunctions

The Paraphilic Disorders: Unusual Sexual Fantasies, Urges, or Behaviors

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Reducing Conflict in Intimate Relationships

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CRITICAL THINKING: Gender Differences: Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Fields

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: The Outward Display of Gender

11 Personality

PROLOGUE: Identical Twins?

Introduction: What Is Personality?

The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality

The Life of Sigmund Freud

Freud’s Dynamic Theory of Personality

Personality Development: The Psychosexual Stages

The Neo-Freudians: Freud’s Descendants and Dissenters

Evaluating Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality

The Humanistic Perspective on Personality

The Emergence of the “Third Force”

Carl Rogers: On Becoming a Person

Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective on Personality

The Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory

Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

The Trait Perspective on Personality

Surface Traits and Source Traits

Two Representative Trait Theories: Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck

Sixteen Are Too Many, Three Are Too Few: The Five-Factor Model

Personality Traits and Behavioral Genetics: Just a Chip Off the Old Block?

Do Animals Have Personality Traits?

Evaluating the Trait Perspective on Personality

Assessing Personality: Psychological Tests

Projective Tests: Like Seeing Things in the Clouds

Self-Report Inventories: Does Anyone Have an Eraser?

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Possible Selves: Imagine the Possibilities

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CRITICAL THINKING: Freud, Rogers, and Bandura: Contrasting Views on Human Nature

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Neuroscience of Personality: Brain Structure and the Big Five

SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Graphology: The “Write” Way to Assess Personality?

12 Social Psychology

PROLOGUE: The “Homeless” Man

Introduction: What Is Social Psychology?

Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Other People

Social Categorization: Using Mental Shortcuts in Person Perception

Attribution: Explaining Behavior

The Self-Serving Bias: Using Explanations to Meet Our Needs

The Social Psychology of Attitudes

The Effect of Attitudes on Behavior

The Effect of Behavior on Attitudes: Fried Grasshoppers for Lunch?!

Understanding Prejudice

From Stereotypes to Prejudice: In-Groups and Out-Groups

Overcoming Prejudice

Conformity: Following the Crowd

Factors Influencing Conformity

Culture and Conformity

Obedience: Just Following Orders

Milgram’s Original Obedience Experiment

The Results of Milgram’s Original Experiment

Conditions That Undermine Obedience: Variations on a Theme

Asch, Milgram, and the Real World: Implications of the Classic Social Influence Studies

Altruism and Aggression: Helping and Hurting Behavior

Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Bystanders Helping

Factors That Decrease the Likelihood of Bystanders Helping

Aggression: Hurting Behavior

The Influence of Groups on Individual Behavior

Social Loafing: When Individual Effort Is “Lost in the Crowd”

Social Facilitation: Individual Performance in the Presence of Others

Deindividuation: When Group Members Feel Anonymous

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: The Persuasion Game

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Brain Reward When Making Eye Contact with Attractive People

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases

IN FOCUS: Interpersonal Attraction and Liking

CRITICAL THINKING: Abuse at Abu Ghraib: Why Do Ordinary People Commit Evil Acts?

13 Stress, Health, and Coping

PROLOGUE: Fire and Ash

Introduction: Stress and Health Psychology

Sources of Stress

Physical Effects of Stress: The Mind–Body Connection

Stress and the Endocrine System

Stress, Chromosomes, and Aging: The Telomere Story

Stress and the Immune System

Individual Factors That Influence the Response to Stress

Psychological Factors

Social Factors: A Little Help from Your Friends

Coping: How People Deal with Stress

Problem-Focused Coping Strategies: Changing the Stressor

Emotion-Focused Coping Strategies: Changing Your Reaction to the Stressor

Culture and Coping Strategies

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Minimizing the Effects of Stress

Chapter Review

Key People

Key Terms

Concept Map

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: The Stress of Adapting to a New Culture

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Mysterious Placebo Effect

CRITICAL THINKING: Do Personality Factors Cause Disease?

IN FOCUS: Providing Effective Social Support

14 Psychological Disorders

PROLOGUE: “I’m Flying! I’ve Escaped!”

Introduction: Understanding Psychological Disorders

What Is a Psychological Disorder?

The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders: A 50–50 Chance?

Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Worrying About Anything and Everything

Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders: Sudden Episodes of Extreme Anxiety

The Phobias: Fear and Loathing

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Anxiety and Intrusive Thoughts

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: Disordered Moods and Emotions

Major Depressive Disorder: More Than Ordinary Sadness

Bipolar Disorder: An Emotional Roller Coaster

Explaining Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders

Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge-Eating Disorder

Personality Disorders: Maladaptive Traits

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Violating the Rights of Others—Without Guilt or Remorse

Borderline Personality Disorder: Chaos and Emptiness

The Dissociative Disorders: Fragmentation of the Self

Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue: Forgetting and Wandering

Dissociative Identity Disorder: Multiple Personalities

Schizophrenia: A Different Reality

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Symptoms and Culture

The Prevalence and Course of Schizophrenia

Explaining Schizophrenia

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: Understanding and Helping to Prevent Suicide

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Concept Map

CRITICAL THINKING: Should Social Media Help to Diagnose Disorders?

CRITICAL THINKING: Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?

CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Culture-Bound Syndromes

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Hallucinating Brain

FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Schizophrenia: A Wildfire in the Brain

15 Therapies

PROLOGUE: “A Clear Sense of Being Heard . . .”

Introduction: Psychotherapy and Biomedical Therapy

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

Short-Term Dynamic Therapies

Humanistic Therapy

Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy

Behavior Therapy

Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Therapies

Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies

Group and Family Therapy

Group Therapy

Family and Couple Therapy

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Is One Form of Psychotherapy Superior?

What Factors Contribute to Effective Psychotherapy?

Biomedical Therapies

Antipsychotic Medications

Antianxiety Medications

Lithium

Antidepressant Medications

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Closing Thoughts

Psych for Your Life: What to Expect in Psychotherapy

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