The Business Writer’s Companion 8th Edition by Gerald Alred, Charles Brusaw, Walter Oliu – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 131904476X, 978-1319044763
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ISBN 10:131904476X
ISBN 13: 978-1319044763
Author: Gerald Alred, Charles Brusaw, Walter Oliu
The Business Writer’s Companion is the best guide to the business writing essentials that help students land, navigate, and stand out on the job. Affordable and concise, it’s a comprehensive reference that covers the writing process and features more than 60 real-world sample documents. The eighth edition retains the book’s intuitive, easy-to-use organization while adding new coverage of social media, and LaunchPad Solo for Professional Writing takes advantage of what the Web can do with useful digital tips and sample documents. Anticipating the needs of today’s business writers, this is a reference with real-world value, usefully building skills that students carry into their professional careers.
The Business Writer’s Companion 8th Table of contents:
1. The Writing Process
Preview
audience
Analyzing Your Audience’s Needs
Writing for Varied and Multiple Audiences
collaborative writing
Tasks of the Collaborative Writing Team
Planning
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE 5
Research and Writing
Reviewing
Revising
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE 5
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING COLLABORATIVELY
conclusions
FIGURE 1–1. CONCLUSION
context
Assessing Context
Signaling Context
defining terms
description
FIGURE 1–2. SIMPLE DESCRIPTION
ethics in writing
ETHICS NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING ETHICALLY
global communication
FIGURE 1–3. INEFFECTIVE GLOBAL BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
FIGURE 1–4. EFFECTIVE GLOBAL BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: COMMUNICATING GLOBALLY
introductions
Routine Openings
Opening Strategies
Objective
Problem Statement
Scope
Background
Summary
Interesting Detail
Definition
Anecdote
Quotation
Forecast
Persuasive Hook
Full-Scale Introductions
organization
outlining
Advantages of Outlining
Types of Outlines
Creating an Outline
DIGITAL TIP: FORMATTING YOUR OUTLINE
paragraphs
Topic Sentence
Paragraph Length
Writing Paragraphs
Paragraph Unity and Coherence
persuasion
ETHICS NOTE
FIGURE 1–5. PERSUASIVE MEMO
point of view
ETHICS NOTE
ESL TIP FOR STATING AN OPINION
preparation
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: PREPARING TO WRITE
process explanation
promotional writing
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: PROMOTIONAL WRITING
ETHICS NOTE
proofreading
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
FIGURE 1–6. PROOFREADER’S MARKS
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: PROOFREADING IN STAGES
DIGITAL TIP: PROOFREADING FOR FORMAT CONSISTENCY
purpose
readers
revision
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: REVISING YOUR DRAFT
DIGITAL TIP: INCORPORATING TRACKED CHANGES
scope
writing a draft
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING A ROUGH DRAFT
2. Workplace Technology
Preview
adapting to new technologies
Technology You Need to Know
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING A NEW TECHNOLOGY
blogs and forums
Organizational Uses
Writing Style
ETHICS NOTE
Review and Confidentiality
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: MAINTAINING PROFESSIONALISM
FIGURE 2–1. E-MAIL SIGNATURE BLOCK
DIGITAL TIP: SHARING ELECTRONIC FILES
Writing and Design
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: MANAGING YOUR E-MAIL AND REDUCING OVERLOAD
ETHICS NOTE
FAQs (frequently asked questions)
ETHICS NOTE
Questions to Include
Organization
Placement
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: DEVELOPING FAQS
instant messaging
FIGURE 2–2. INSTANT-MESSAGE EXCHANGE (U.S. EASTERN TIME SHOWN)
ETHICS NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: INSTANT MESSAGING PRIVACY AND SECURITY
repurposing
Repurpose for the Context
Repurpose for the Medium
ETHICS NOTE
selecting the medium
FIGURE 2–3. CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE MEDIUM
Memos
Letters
Text and Instant Messages
Phone Calls and Voice Messages
Faxes
Meetings and Conference Calls
Web Conferences and Videoconferences
Web Networking and Promotion
social media
FIGURE 2–4. SAMPLE RÉSUMÉ (SOCIAL MEDIA SPECIALIST)
Choosing the Appropriate Platform
FIGURE 2–5. COMPARISON OF SOCIAL-MEDIA PLATFORMS
Writing Style and Privacy Considerations
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: JUDICIOUS USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
text messaging
writing for the Web
Crafting Content for Your Site
Text Content
Headings
Lists
Keywords
Directional Cues
Graphics
Fonts
Using Links
Posting an Existing Document
ETHICS NOTE
Protecting User Privacy
Writing for a Global Audience
DIGITAL TIP: DIGITALLY ENHANCING REPURPOSED CONTENT
3. Correspondence
Preview
acknowledgments
FIGURE 3–1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
adjustments
FIGURE 3–2. ADJUSTMENT LETTER (COMPANY TAKES RESPONSIBILITY)
FIGURE 3–3. PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT (ACCOMPANYING A PRODUCT)
Full Adjustments
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Partial Adjustments
complaints
FIGURE 3–4. COMPLAINT MESSAGE
correspondence
Audience and Writing Style
Openings and Closings
Goodwill and the “You” Viewpoint
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING TONE TO BUILD GOODWILL
Direct and Indirect Patterns
Direct Pattern
FIGURE 3–5. GOOD-NEWS MESSAGE
Indirect Pattern
FIGURE 3–6. COURTEOUS BAD-NEWS MESSAGE
Clarity and Emphasis
Lists
Headings
Subject Lines
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: CORRESPONDENCE AND ACCURACY
cover letters
FIGURE 3–7. COVER MESSAGE
inquiries and responses
FIGURE 3–8. INQUIRY
FIGURE 3–9. RESPONSE TO AN INQUIRY
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING INQUIRIES AND RESPONDING
international correspondence
Cultural Differences in Correspondence
Cross-Cultural Examples
FIGURE 3–10. INAPPROPRIATE INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE (DRAFT MARKED FOR REVISION)
FIGURE 3–11. APPROPRIATE INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE
letters
Letter Format
FIGURE 3–12. FULL-BLOCK-STYLE LETTER (WITH LETTERHEAD)
Heading
Inside Address
Salutation
Subject Line
Body
Complimentary Closing
Writer’s Signature Block
End Notations
Continuing Pages
FIGURE 3–13. ALTERNATIVE HEADERS FOR THE SECOND PAGE OF A LETTER
memos
Memo Format
FIGURE 3–14. TYPICAL MEMO FORMAT
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Additional Pages
FIGURE 3–15. ALTERNATIVE HEADERS FOR THE SECOND PAGE OF A MEMO
refusals
FIGURE 3–16. REFUSAL WITH LOW STAKES
FIGURE 3–17. REFUSAL WITH HIGH STAKES
sales letters
ETHICS NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING SALES LETTERS
4. Business Writing Documents and Elements
Preview
feasibility reports
FIGURE 4–1. FEASIBILITY REPORT
Report Sections
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Recommendation
incident reports
FIGURE 4–2. INCIDENT REPORT (USING MEMO FORMAT)
ETHICS NOTE
investigative reports
FIGURE 4–3. INVESTIGATIVE REPORT (USING MEMO FORMAT)
progress and activity reports
FIGURE 4–4. PROGRESS REPORT (USING LETTER FORMAT)
FIGURE 4–5. ACTIVITY REPORT (USING E-MAIL FORMAT)
Progress Reports
Activity Reports
proposals
Proposal Strategies
Audience and Purpose
Project Management
Proposal Context and Types
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING PERSUASIVE PROPOSALS
Internal Proposals
Informal Internal Proposals
Formal Internal Proposals
FIGURE 4–6. SPECIAL-PURPOSE INTERNAL PROPOSAL
External Proposals
Solicited Proposals
Unsolicited Proposals
Sales Proposals
ETHICS NOTE
ETHICS NOTE
Grant Proposals
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING GRANT PROPOSALS
Requests for Proposals
ETHICS NOTE
DIGITAL TIP: RFP SITE SEARCH SOFTWARE
reports
titles
Reports and Long Documents
E-mail, Memos, and Online Postings
Formatting Titles
Capitalization
Italics
Quotation Marks
Special Cases
trip reports
FIGURE 4–7. TRIP REPORT SENT AS E-MAIL (WITH ATTACHMENT)
trouble reports (see incident reports)
5. Research and Documentation
Preview
bibliographies
copyright
ETHICS NOTE
Permissions
Exceptions
ETHICS NOTE
documenting sources
APA Documentation
APA In-Text Citations
APA Documentation Models
APA Sample Pages
FIGURE 5–1. APA SAMPLE PAGE (FROM A REPORT)
FIGURE 5–2. APA SAMPLE LIST OF REFERENCES
MLA Documentation
MLA In-Text Citations
MLA Documentation Models
MLA Sample Pages
FIGURE 5–3. MLA SAMPLE PAGE (FROM A REPORT)
FIGURE 5–4. MLA SAMPLE LIST OF WORKS CITED
ETHICS NOTE
interviewing for information
Determining the Proper Person to Interview
Preparing for the Interview
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Conducting the Interview
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Expanding Your Notes Soon After the Interview
Interviewing by Phone or E-mail
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: INTERVIEWING SUCCESSFULLY
note-taking
ETHICS NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: TAKING NOTES
paraphrasing
ETHICS NOTE
plagiarism
Citing Sources
Common Knowledge
ETHICS NOTE
quotations
ETHICS NOTE
Direct Quotations
Indirect Quotations
Deletions or Omissions
Inserting Material into Quotations
Incorporating Quotations into Text
FIGURE 5–5. LONG QUOTATION (APA STYLE)
research
Primary Research
ETHICS NOTE
Secondary Research
Library Research Strategies
DIGITAL TIP: STORING SEARCH RESULTS
Online Catalogs (Locating Library Holdings)
Online Databases and Indexes (Locating Articles)
Reference Works
Web Research Strategies
Search Engines
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING SEARCH ENGINES AND KEYWORDS
Web Subject Directories
Evaluating Sources
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: EVALUATING PRINT AND ONLINE SOURCES
6. Formal Reports
Preview
DIGITAL TIP: DIGITALLY ENHANCING FORMAL REPORTS
abstracts
Types of Abstracts
FIGURE 6–1. INFORMATIVE ABSTRACT (FROM A REPORT)
Writing Strategies
appendixes
executive summaries
FIGURE 6–2. FORMAL REPORT
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: WRITING EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES
formal reports
Front Matter
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Foreword
Preface
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
Body
Executive Summary
Introduction
Text
Conclusions
Recommendations
Explanatory Notes
References (or Works Cited)
ETHICS NOTE
Back Matter
Appendixes
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
DIGITAL TIP: CREATING AN INDEX
Sample Formal Report
DIGITAL TIP: CREATING STYLES AND TEMPLATES
glossaries
tables of contents
7. Design and Visuals
Preview
drawings
FIGURE 7–1. CONVENTIONAL LINE DRAWING
FIGURE 7–2. CUTAWAY DRAWING
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: CREATING AND USING DRAWINGS
ETHICS NOTE
flowcharts
FIGURE 7–3. FLOWCHART USING LABELED BLOCKS
FIGURE 7–4. FLOWCHART USING PICTORIAL SYMBOLS
FIGURE 7–5. COMMON ISO FLOWCHART SYMBOLS (WITH ANNOTATIONS)
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: CREATING FLOWCHARTS
global graphics
FIGURE 7–6. GRAPHICS FOR U.S. AND GLOBAL AUDIENCES
FIGURE 7–7. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) SYMBOLS
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING APPROPRIATE GLOBAL GRAPHICS
graphs
Line Graphs
FIGURE 7–8. DOUBLE-LINE GRAPH (WITH SHADING)
ETHICS NOTE
FIGURE 7–9. DISTORTED AND DISTORTION-FREE EXPRESSIONS OF DATA
Bar Graphs
FIGURE 7–10. BAR GRAPH (QUANTITIES OF DIFFERENT ITEMS DURING A FIXED PERIOD)
FIGURE 7–11. GANTT CHART SHOWING PROJECT SCHEDULE
Pie Graphs
FIGURE 7–12. PIE GRAPH (SHOWING PERCENTAGES OF THE WHOLE)
Picture Graphs
FIGURE 7–13. PICTURE GRAPH
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: CREATING GRAPHS
headings
FIGURE 7–14. HEADINGS USED IN A DOCUMENT
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING HEADINGS
infographics
FIGURE 7–15. INFOGRAPHIC DESCRIBING A PROCESS
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: CREATING INFOGRAPHICS
layout and design
Design Principles
Grouping
Contrast
Repetition
Typography
FIGURE 7–16. PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF LETTER CHARACTERS
Typeface and Type Size
FIGURE 7–17. TYPE SIZES (6- TO 14-POINT TYPE)
Type Style and Emphasis
Page-Design Elements
Justification
Headings
Headers and Footers
Lists
Columns
White Space
Color
Visuals
Icons
Captions
Rules
Page Layout and Thumbnails
lists
FIGURE 7–18. BULLETED LIST IN A PARAGRAPH
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING LISTS
organizational charts
FIGURE 7–19. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
spreadsheets
FIGURE 7–20. SPREADSHEET
tables
Table Elements
FIGURE 7–21. ELEMENTS OF A TABLE
Table Number
Table Title
Box Head
Stub
Body
Rules
Footnotes
Source Line
Continuing Tables
Informal Tables
FIGURE 7–22. INFORMAL TABLE
visuals
Selecting Visuals
FIGURE 7–23. CHART FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE VISUALS
ETHICS NOTE
Integrating Visuals with Text
ETHICS NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: CREATING AND INTEGRATING VISUALS
8. Presentations and Meetings
Preview
listening
Fallacies About Listening
Active Listening
Step 1: Make a Conscious Decision
Step 2: Define Your Purpose
Step 3: Take Specific Actions
Step 4: Adapt to the Situation
meetings
Planning a Meeting
Determine the Purpose of the Meeting
Decide Who Should Attend
DIGITAL TIP: SCHEDULING MEETINGS ONLINE
Choose the Meeting Time
Choose the Meeting Location
Establish the Agenda
FIGURE 8–1. MEETING AGENDA
DIGITAL TIP: CONDUCTING ONLINE MEETINGS
FIGURE 8–2. E-MAIL TO ACCOMPANY AN AGENDA
Assign the Minute-Taking
Conducting the Meeting
Deal with Conflict
Close the Meeting
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: PLANNING AND CONDUCTING MEETINGS
minutes of meetings
FIGURE 8–3. MEETING MINUTES (PARTIAL SECTION)
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: ITEMS INCLUDED IN MINUTES OF MEETINGS
presentations
Determining Your Purpose
Analyzing Your Audience
Gathering Information
Structuring the Presentation
The Introduction
The Body
Transitions
The Closing
Using Visuals
ETHICS NOTE
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Flip Charts
Whiteboards or Chalkboards
Presentation Software
FIGURE 8–4. PRESENTATION SLIDES
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING VISUALS IN A PRESENTATION
Delivering a Presentation
Practice
Delivery Techniques That Work
Presentation Anxiety
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: PREPARING FOR AND DELIVERING A PRESENTATION
9. Job Search and Application
Preview
acceptance / refusals (for employment)
FIGURE 9–1. ACCEPTANCE (FOR EMPLOYMENT)
FIGURE 9–2. REFUSAL (FOR EMPLOYMENT)
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
application cover letters
FIGURE 9–3. PARTIAL JOB AD (DESCRIPTION AND REQUIREMENTS)
FIGURE 9–4. APPLICATION COVER LETTER (GRADUATE APPLYING FOR A GRAPHIC DESIGN JOB)
FIGURE 9–5. APPLICATION COVER LETTER SENT AS AN E-MAIL (COLLEGE STUDENT APPLYING FOR AN INTERNSHIP)
FIGURE 9–6. APPLICATION COVER LETTER (APPLICANT WITH YEARS OF EXPERIENCE)
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: TAILORING A COVER LETTER TO A JOB AD
Opening
Body
Closing
Proofreading and Follow-up
interviewing for a job
Before the Interview
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
During the Interview
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Behavior
Responses
ETHICS NOTE
Salary
Conclusion
After the Interview
FIGURE 9–7. FOLLOW-UP CORRESPONDENCE
job search
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Networking and Informational Interviews
Campus Career Services
Strategic Web Searches
Social Media
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Job Advertisements
Trade and Professional Journal Listings
Employment Agencies (Private, Temporary, Government)
Internships and Co-ops
Service Internship and “Gap Year” Opportunities
Direct Inquiries
Other Application Genres
ETHICS NOTE
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: COMPLETING JOB APPLICATIONS: PRINT AND ONLINE
ETHICS NOTE
résumés
ETHICS NOTE
Sample Résumés
FIGURE 9–8. STUDENT RÉSUMÉ (FOR AN ENTRY-LEVEL POSITION)
FIGURE 9–9. RÉSUMÉ (HIGHLIGHTING PROFESSIONAL CREDENTIALS)
FIGURE 9–10. RECENT GRADUATE RÉSUMÉ (FOR A GRAPHIC DESIGN JOB)
FIGURE 9–11. RÉSUMÉ (APPLICANT WITH MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE)
FIGURE 9–12. RÉSUMÉ (EXPERIENCED APPLICANT SEEKING CAREER CHANGE)
FIGURE 9–13. ADVANCED RÉSUMÉ (COMBINING FUNCTIONAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL ELEMENTS)
Analyzing Your Background
Returning Job Seekers
Organizing Your Résumé (Sections)
Heading
Job Objective vs. Headline
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Qualifications Summary
Education
Employment Experience
Related Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
Honors and Activities
References and Portfolios
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Digital Formats and Media
E-mail–Attached Résumés
Applicant Tracking System Résumés
Plain-Text Résumés
Scannable Résumés
Web-Posted Résumés
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
10. Style and Clarity
Preview
abstract / concrete words
affectation
ETHICS NOTE
awkwardness
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: ELIMINATING AWKWARDNESS
biased language
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
Sexist Language
Other Types of Biased Language
business writing style
ETHICS NOTE
buzzwords
clichés
coherence
compound words
conciseness
Causes of Wordiness
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: ACHIEVING CONCISENESS
connotation / denotation
emphasis
Achieving Emphasis
Position
Climactic Order
Sentence Length
Sentence Type
Active Voice
Repetition
Intensifiers
Direct Statements
Long Dashes
Typographical Devices
euphemisms
ETHICS NOTE
expletives
figures of speech
garbled sentences
idioms
intensifiers
jargon
logic errors
ETHICS NOTE
Lack of Reason
Sweeping Generalizations
Non Sequiturs
False Cause
Biased or Suppressed Evidence
Fact Versus Opinion
Loaded Arguments
nominalizations
parallel structure
Faulty Parallelism
plain language
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING PLAIN LANGUAGE
positive writing
ETHICS NOTE
repetition
sentence variety
Sentence Length
Word Order
Loose and Periodic Sentences
subordination
telegraphic style
PROFESSIONALISM NOTE
tone
transition
Methods of Transition
Transition Between Sentences
Transition Between Paragraphs
unity
vague words
word choice
“you” viewpoint
11. Grammar
Preview
adjectives
Limiting Adjectives
Articles
Demonstrative Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
Numeral Adjectives
Indefinite Adjectives
Comparison of Adjectives
Placement of Adjectives
Use of Adjectives
ESL TIP FOR USING ADJECTIVES
adverbs
Types of Adverbs
Comparison of Adverbs
Placement of Adverbs
agreement
appositives
articles
ESL TIP FOR USING ARTICLES
clauses
complements
conjunctions
dangling modifiers
English as a second language (ESL)
Count and Mass Nouns
Articles and Modifiers
Gerunds and Infinitives
Adjective Clauses
Present-Perfect Verb Tense
Present-Progressive Verb Tense
ESL Entries
mixed constructions
modifiers
Stacked (Jammed) Modifiers
Misplaced Modifiers
Squinting Modifiers
mood
ESL TIP FOR DETERMINING MOOD
nouns
Types of Nouns
Noun Functions
Collective Nouns
Plural Nouns
objects
person
phrases
possessive case
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Compound Nouns
Coordinate Nouns
Possessive Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
prepositions
Prepositions at the End of a Sentence
Prepositions in Titles
Preposition Errors
pronoun reference
pronouns
Case
ESL TIP FOR USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Gender
Number
Person
restrictive and nonrestrictive elements
sentence construction
Subjects
ESL TIP FOR UNDERSTANDING THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE
Predicates
Sentence Types
Structure
Intention
Stylistic Use
Constructing Effective Sentences
ESL TIP FOR UNDERSTANDING THE REQUIREMENTS OF A SENTENCE
sentence faults
sentence fragments
tense
Past Tense
Past-Perfect Tense
Present Tense
Present-Perfect Tense
Future Tense
Future-Perfect Tense
Shift in Tense
ESL TIP FOR USING THE PROGRESSIVE FORM
verbs
Types of Verbs
Forms of Verbs
Finite Verbs
Nonfinite Verbs
Properties of Verbs
ESL TIP FOR AVOIDING SHIFTS IN VOICE, MOOD, OR TENSE
voice
Using the Active Voice
Improving Clarity
Highlighting Subjects
Achieving Conciseness
Using the Passive Voice
ETHICS NOTE
ESL TIP FOR CHOOSING VOICE
12. Punctuation and Mechanics
Preview
abbreviations
Using Abbreviations
WRITER’S CHECKLIST: USING ABBREVIATIONS
Forming Abbreviations
Names of Organizations
Measurements
Personal Names and Titles
Common Scholarly Abbreviations and Terms
Postal Abbreviations
apostrophes
Showing Possession
Indicating Omission
Forming Plurals
brackets
capitalization
Proper Nouns
Common Nouns
First Words
Specific Groups
Specific Places
Specific Institutions, Events, and Concepts
Titles of Works
Professional and Personal Titles
Abbreviations and Letters
Miscellaneous Capitalizations
colons
Colons in Sentences
Colons with Salutations, Titles, Citations, and Numbers
Punctuation and Capitalization with Colons
Unnecessary Colons
comma splice
commas
Linking Independent Clauses
Enclosing Elements
Introducing Elements
Clauses and Phrases
Words and Quotations
Separating Items in a Series
Clarifying and Contrasting
Showing Omissions
Using with Numbers and Names
Using with Other Punctuation
Avoiding Unnecessary Commas
contractions
dashes
dates
ellipses
exclamation marks
hyphens
Hyphens with Compound Words
Hyphens with Modifiers
Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes
Hyphens and Clarity
Other Uses of the Hyphen
italics
Foreign Words and Phrases
Titles
Proper Names
Words, Letters, and Figures
Subheads
Exceptions
numbers
Numerals or Words
Plurals
Measurements
Fractions
Money
Time
Dates
Addresses
Documents
ESL TIP FOR PUNCTUATING NUMBERS
parentheses
periods
Periods in Quotations
Periods with Parentheses
Other Uses of Periods
Period Faults
question marks
quotation marks
Direct Quotations
ETHICS NOTE
Words and Phrases
Titles of Works
Punctuation
semicolons
With Strong Connectives
For Clarity in Long Sentences
slashes
spelling
Appendix: Usage
Preview
a lot
above
accept / except
affect / effect
also
amount / number
and/or
as / because / since
as such
as well as
average / median / mean
bad / badly
between / among
bi- / semi-
can / may
criteria / criterion
data
different from / different than
each
e.g. / i.e.
etc.
explicit / implicit
fact
few / a few
fewer / less
first / firstly
former / latter
good / well
he / she
imply / infer
in / into
its / it’s
kind of / sort of
lay / lie
like / as
media / medium
Ms. / Miss / Mrs.
nature
on / onto / upon
only
per
percent / percentage
persons / people 436
really
reason is [because]
regardless
that / which / who
there / their / they’re
to / too / two
utilize
via
when / where / that
whether
while
who / whom
who’s / whose / of which
your / you’re
Index
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