Radical Enlightenment Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1st edition by Jonathan Israel 0198206089 9780198206088

Radical Enlightenment Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1st edition by Jonathan I. Israel  – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery:0198206089 ,9780198206088

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ISBN 10: 0198206089
ISBN 13: 9780198206088
Author: Jonathan I. Israel 

Arguably the most decisive shift in the history of ideas in modern times was the complete demolition during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries – in the wake of the Scientific Revolution – of traditional structures of authority, scientific thought, and belief by the new philosophy and the philosophes, culminating in Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau. In this revolutionary process which effectively overthrew all justicfication for monarchy, aristocracy, and ecclesiastical power, as well as man’s dominance over woman, theological dominance of education, and slavery, substituting the modern principles of equality, democracy, and universality, the Radical Enlightenment played a crucially important part. Despite the present day interest in the revolutions of the late eighteenth century, the origins and rise of the Radical Enlightenment have been astonishingly little studied doubtless largely because of its very wide international sweep and the obvious difficulty of fitting in into the restrictive conventions of ‘national history’ which until recently tended to dominate all historiography. The greatest obstacle to the Radical Enlightenment finding its proper place in modern historical writing is simply that it was not French, British, German, Italian, Jewish or Dutch, but all of these at the same time. In this novel interpretation of the Radical Enlightenment down to La Mettie and Diderot, two of its key exponents, particular stress is placed on the pivotal role of Spinoza and the widespread underground international philosophical movement known before 1750 as Spinozism.

Table of contents:

PART I: THE ‘RADICAL ENLIGHTENMENT’

1. Introduction

i. Radical Thought in the Early Enlightenment

ii. The ‘Crisis of the European Mind’

2. Government and Philosophy

i. The Advent of Cartesianism

ii. Cartesianism in Central Europe

iii. The New Philosophy conquers Scandinavia and the Baltic

iv. France: Philosophy and Royal Absolutism

v. Reaction in the Italian States

3. Society, Institutions, Revolution

i. Philosophy and the Social Hierarchy

ii. Shaftesbury, Radicati, Vauvenargues

iii. The Revolutionary Impulse

4. Women, Philosophy, and Sexuality

i. The Emancipation of Women

ii. Conversational Freedom; Sexual Freedom

5. Censorship and Culture

i. French Royal Censorship

ii. Philosophy and Censorship in Central Europe

iii. Philosophy and Censorship in Southern Europe

iv. Freedom of Thought, Expression, and of the Press

6. Libraries and Enlightenment

i. The Universal Library

ii. The Crisis of the Universities

iii. Shelving the Two Enlightenments

iv. Lexicons and Dictionnaires

v. The Early Enlightenment in National Context

7. The Learned Journals

i. Changing Europe’s Intellectual Culture

ii. The Journals and the Radical Enlightenment

PART II: THE RISE OF PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM

8. Spinoza

9. Van den Enden: Philosophy, Democracy, and Egalitarianism

i. Democratic Republicanism

ii. Revolutionary Conspiracy

10. Radicalism and the People: The Brothers Koerbagh

i. The Theologian-Philosopher, Johannes Koerbagh (1634–1672)

ii. The Bloemhof

iii. The Trial of the Brothers Koerbagh

11. Philosophy, the Interpreter of Scripture

i. Lodewijk Meyer (1629–1681)

ii. The Philosophia

iii. The Wolzogen Disputes

iv. The ‘New Religion’ of Philosophy

v. The Philosophia in England

vi. German and Scandinavian Reverberations

12. Miracles Denied

13. Spinoza’s System

14. Spinoza, Science, and the Scientists

i. Radical Thought and the Scientific Revolution

ii. Spinoza and Huygens

iii. Spinoza versus Boyle

15. Philosophy, Politics, and the Liberation of Man

i. In Search of ‘Freedom’

ii. Monarchy Overturned

iii. Spinoza, Locke, and the Enlightenment Struggle for Toleration

iv. Equality and the Quest for ‘Natural Man’

16. Publishing a Banned Philosophy

i. The Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

ii. The Battle of the Ethics

17. The Spread of a Forbidden Movement

i. The Death of a Philosopher

ii. Lucas, Saint-Glain, and The Hague Coterie

iii. The Rise of Dutch Spinozism

iv. Philopater

v. Dutch Radicalism at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century

PART III: EUROPE AND THE ‘NEW’ INTELLECTUAL CONTROVERSIES (1680–1720)

18. Bayle and the ‘Virtuous Atheist’

19. The Bredenburg Disputes

20. Fontenelle and the War of the Oracles

21. The Death of the Devil

i. From Van Dale to Bekker

ii. The Public Furore

iii. Churches Divided

iv. The European Diffusion

22. Leenhof and the ‘Universal Philosophical Religion’

i. Frederik van Leenhof (1647–1713)

ii. Heaven on Earth

iii. The Politics of Philosophy

iv. The Leenhof Controversy in the Netherlands, Germany, and the Baltic

23. The ‘Nature of God’ Controversy (1710–1720)

PART IV: THE INTELLECTUAL COUNTER-OFFENSIVE

24. New Theological Strategies

i. Theology and the Revolution in Bible Criticism

ii. Physico-Theology

iii. Le Clerc, Limborch, and Locke

iv. From the ‘Rationalization’ to the ‘Irrationalization’ of Religion

25. The Collapse of Cartesianism

i. Empiricism

ii. Deadlock in France

iii. Régis and the Failure of French Cartesianism

26. Leibniz and the Radical Enlightenment

i. Early Encounters

ii. Leibniz, Steno, and the Radical Challenge (1676–1680)

iii. Leibniz and the ‘War of Philosophies’

27. Anglomania: The ‘Triumph’ of Newton and Locke

i. Europe Embraces English Ideas

ii. Locke, Newtonianism, and Enlightenment

28. The Intellectual Drama in Spain and Portugal

29. Germany and the Baltic: the ‘War of the Philosophers’

i. Deepening Philosophical Crisis

ii. The Wolffian Controversies (1723–1740)

iii. Wolff and the Rise of German Deism

iv. Wolffianism versus Newtonianism in the Baltic

PART V: THE CLANDESTINE PROGRESS OF THE RADICAL ENLIGHTENMENT (1680–1750)

30. Boulainvilliers and the Rise of French Deism

31. French Refugee Deists in Exile

i. The Flight to Holland

ii. Gueudeville and Lahontan

iii. Antagonist of Voltaire: Saint-Hyacinthe (1684–1746)

iv. The Marquis d’Argens (1703–1771)

32. The Spinozistic Novel in French

33. English Deism and Europe

i. The Deist Challenge

ii. John Toland (1670–1722)

iii. Anthony Collins (1676–1729)

iv. Matthew Tindal (c. 1657–1733)

v. Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733)

34. Germany: The Radical Aufklärung

i. Initial Reaction

ii. Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)

iii. Friedrich Wilhelm Stosch (1648–1704)

iv. Spinoza and Cabbala: Wachter and Spaeth

v. Theodor Ludwig Lau (1670–1740)

vi. Schmidt and the Maturing of German Spinozism

vii. Johann Christian Edelmann (1698–1767)

35. The Radical Impact in Italy

i. Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)

ii. Paolo Mattia Doria (1662–1746)

iii. Pietro Giannone (1676–1748)

iv. Radical Thought in Venice

36. The Clandestine Philosophical Manuscripts

i. Categories

ii. L’Esprit de Spinosa

iii. Despotism, Islam, and the Politicization of Superstition

37. From La Mettrie to Diderot

i. Materialism

ii Diderot

38. Epilogue: Rousseau, Radicalism, Revolution

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