Smart Textiles Fundamentals Design and Interaction 1st edition by Stefan Schneegass, Oliver Amft ISBN‎ 3319501232 ‎ 978-3319501239

1 Introduction to Smart Textiles

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Wearable Computing, Smart Garments, and Smart Textiles

1.3 History of Wearable Computing and Smart Textiles

1.3.1 The First (Electrical) Wearable Computer

1.3.2 Smart Textiles and Smart Garments

1.4 Building Smart Textiles

1.4.1 Fabric Production

1.4.2 Sensors and Actuators

1.4.3 Contacting and Integration

1.4.4 Communication and Operating Systems

1.4.5 Design and Interaction Design

1.4.6 Application

1.5 Evaluation of Smart Textiles and Their Applications

1.5.1 Observing and Questioning Users

1.5.2 Laboratory Study

1.5.3 Field Studies and Research Through Deployed Systems

1.6 Current and Future Challenges for Smart Textiles

1.6.1 Fabrication

1.6.2 Integration

1.6.3 Textile and Data Models

1.6.4 Privacy and Control

1.6.5 User-Centered Evaluations

References

2 Precision Fabric Production in Industry

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Precision Weaving Technology

2.2.1 Quality Criteria for Precision Fabrics

2.3 Knitting Technology

2.3.1 Warp Knitting Technology

2.3.2 Weft Knitting Technology

2.3.3 Fleece

2.4 Nonwovens

2.5 Conclusion

3 Textile Pressure Force Mapping

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Major Features, Pros, and Cons

3.3 Operation Principles and Implementation

3.3.1 Resistive-based Pressure Mapping

3.3.2 Capacitive-based Pressure Mapping

3.3.3 Textile Pressure Mapping of Other Principles

3.4 Transition from Research to Reality

3.4.1 Algorithms

3.4.2 Sensor Characteristics

3.5 Conclusion

References

4 Strain- and Angular-Sensing Fabrics for Human Motion Analysis in Daily Life

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Textile-Based Strain and Angular Sensors

4.2.1 Theoretical Principles

4.2.2 Sensor Manufacturing

4.3 Sensor Characteristics

4.3.1 Quasi-static Elongation

4.3.2 Quasi-static Flexion

4.3.3 Dynamic Characteristics

4.4 Sensor Calibration

4.5 Applications

4.5.1 Scapular Movement Detection

4.5.2 Hand Motion Sensing

4.6 Future Works

References

5 Integrated Non-light-Emissive Animatable Textile Displays

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Related Works

5.3 System Description

5.3.1 Component Selection

5.4 Technical Analysis

5.4.1 System Evaluation

5.4.2 Experimenting with Different Temperature Ranges

5.5 Prototypes and Applications

5.5.1 Initial Prototypes

5.5.2 Prototypes with Miniature Peltier Elements

5.5.3 Applications

5.6 Discussion

5.6.1 Discussion on the System

5.6.2 Prototypes and Applications

5.7 Design Methodology

5.7.1 Thermochromic Inks

5.7.2 Peltier Selection

5.7.3 Circuit and Firmware

5.7.4 Integration

5.8 Conclusion

References

6 Haptic Feedback for Wearables and Textiles Based on Electrical Muscle Stimulation

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Background

6.2.1 Haptic Feedback

6.2.2 Electrical Output

6.2.3 Textile Electrodes

6.3 EMS for Haptic Feedback

6.3.1 EMS Basics

6.3.2 Textile EMS Electrodes

6.3.3 Electrode Placement

6.3.4 EMS Usage

6.3.5 Safety Issues

6.4 Application Scenarios of EMS

6.4.1 Envisioned Scenarios

6.4.2 Freehand Interaction

6.4.3 Actuated Walking

6.5 Let Your Body Move Toolkit

6.5.1 HCI and Haptic Prototyping Toolkits

6.5.2 EMS Prototyping Process

6.5.3 EMS Prototyping Toolkit

6.5.4 Application Scenario

6.5.5 Discussion: Textile Prototyping

6.6 Challenges and Limitations

6.7 Discussion

References

7 Textile Antennas

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Antennas

7.2.1 Monopole and Dipole Antennas

7.2.2 Loop Antennas

7.2.3 Patch Antennas

7.3 Materials and Fabrication

7.4 Applications

7.4.1 Mobile Phone

7.4.2 GPS

7.4.3 Satellite

7.4.4 Wi-fi

7.4.5 Ultra-Wideband

7.4.6 Bluetooth

7.5 Body Effects

7.5.1 Specific Absorption Rate

7.5.2 Body Effects on Antenna Characteristics

7.6 Bending Effects

7.7 Discussion

References

8 Electronics Integration

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Integration on a Fibre Level

8.2.1 Utilities: Encapsulation

8.2.2 Utilities: Stretchable Conductive Fibres

8.2.3 Utilities: Polymer Contact Structures

8.3 Integration on a Textile Level

8.3.1 Integration with Intarsia-knitted Textiles

8.3.2 Integration with Woven Textiles

8.3.3 Utilities: Bonding Using Non-conductive Adhesives

8.4 Integration on a Garment Level

References

9 Reversible Contacting for Smart Textiles

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Requirements for Smart Textile Connectors

9.3 Fixed Connections

9.3.1 Thermal Joining

9.3.2 Mechanical Fastening

9.3.3 Adhesive

9.4 Removable Connections

9.4.1 Hook and Loop

9.4.2 Snap Fasteners

9.4.3 Plug Connectors

9.4.4 Magnetic Connections

9.4.5 Conductive Zipper

9.5 Pocket Connector

9.5.1 Simulation of Contact Pressure

9.5.2 Prototype

9.5.3 Measurements

9.6 Further Reading

References

10 Energy Harvesting Smart Textiles

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting

10.1.2 Piezoelectric Energy Generation

10.1.3 Triboelectric Energy Generation

10.2 Textile-Based Energy Harvesting

10.2.1 Energy Harvesting Photovoltaic Textiles and Their Production Methods

10.2.2 Energy Harvesting Piezoelectric Textiles and Their Production Methods

10.2.3 Energy Harvesting Triboelectric Textiles and Their Production Methods

10.3 Textile-Based Energy Storage

10.4 Outlook and Conclusions

10.5 Summary

References

11 A Strategy for Material-Specific e-Textile Interaction Design

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Need for Material-Specific e-Textile Interaction Design

11.3 Enabling Textile Interactions as a Strategy for Material-Specific e-Textiles Interaction Desig

11.4 Addressing the Challenges for Material-Specificity in e-Textile Interaction Design

11.4.1 Design Cases: Some Examples from Material-Specific e-Textile Explorations

11.4.2 Mapping the Interaction Potential of Textiles

11.4.3 Translating Textile Interactions into Sensors

11.4.4 Associating Material-Specific e-Textile Forms to Meaningful Digital Interpretations

11.4.5 Summary: Tactics for Retaining Material Specificity of Textile Interactions in the e-Textile

11.5 Discussion and Concluding Remarks

References

12 Designing for Smart Clothes and Wearables—User Experience Design Perspective

12.1 Introduction

12.2 User Experience Design and Research for Wearable Computing

12.2.1 User Experience and Ubiquitous Computing

12.2.2 Aesthetics and Materiality in Interaction Research

12.2.3 Wearables UX

12.2.4 Positioning Statement

12.3 Case I—Ice-Hockey Youth

12.3.1 Context and Motivation

12.3.2 The Concept

12.3.3 Design Process

12.3.4 Discussion on User Experience Perspective

12.4 Case II—Solar Cell Coat

12.4.1 Context and Motivation

12.4.2 The Concept

12.4.3 Design Process

12.4.4 User Experience Perspective

12.5 Case III—Smart Handbag

12.5.1 Context and Motivation

12.5.2 The Concept

12.5.3 Design and Research Process

12.5.4 User Experience Perspective

12.6 Discussion and Conclusions

12.7 Summary

References

13 Designing (Inter)Active Costumes for Professional Stages

13.1 Introduction: Professional Performances and Tech Costumes

13.1.1 A Definition of `Costumes’

13.1.2 `Active’ Versus `Interactive’

13.2 Background: Related Works

13.2.1 (Inter)Active Costumes and Performance Arts

13.2.2 Further Considerations

13.3 Understanding the Creation Process

13.3.1 Methodology

13.3.2 Challenging Traditional Structures

13.4 Requirements for Crafting (Inter)Active Costumes

13.4.1 General Costume Specifications

13.4.2 Emerging Standards for Smart Costumes

13.5 Conclusion

References

14 Textile Building Blocks: Toward Simple, Modularized, and Standardized Smart Textile

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 Smart Textile as Building Blocks

14.2 Related Work in Smart Textile Building Blocks

14.3 Universal Fabric

14.3.1 Fabric and Weave Types

14.3.2 Conductive Fabric Types for Multi-functional Sensing

14.4 Processing Platform and Sensor Types

14.4.1 Resistive Pressure Sensing

14.4.2 Capacitive Sensing

14.4.3 Electrical Bioimpedance Sensing

14.4.4 Biopotential Sensing

14.5 Garment–Platform Interface

14.6 Hardware and Software Systems

14.6.1 Hardware Systems

14.6.2 Software System

14.7 Application Exploration

14.7.1 Applications of Resistive Pressure Sensing

14.7.2 Applications of Capacitive Sensing

14.7.3 Applications of Bioimpedance Sensing

14.7.4 Applications of Biopotential Sensing

14.7.5 Applications with Combined Sensing Modalities

14.8 Conclusions

References

15 Smart Textiles and Smart Personnel Protective Equipment

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Wearable Computing

15.3 Producing Smart Textiles

15.4 Security in Working Environments

15.5 Threats to Physical Integrity and Conventional PPE

15.6 Introduction

15.6.1 Scenarios for the Possibilities of SmartPPE

15.6.2 Requirements for the Development and Use of SmartPPE

15.7 Examples of SmartPPE

15.7.1 Protective Glove GloveNet

15.7.2 Protective Shoe InoTrack

15.7.3 Protective Trousers HORST

15.7.4 Protective SlimScarf

15.8 Challenges for SmartPPE

15.9 Conclusion

References

16 Textile Integrated Wearable Technologies for Sports and Medical Applications

16.1 Introduction

16.1.1 Market Situation

16.1.2 Application Scenarios

16.1.3 Challenges

16.1.4 Related Work

16.2 Materials and Methods

16.2.1 Functionality of the FitnessSHIRT

16.2.2 Design Recommendations

16.2.3 Sports and Medical Applications of the FitnessSHIRT

16.3 Experiments

16.3.1 Usability

16.3.2 Contact Pressure

16.3.3 Hardware Evaluation

16.3.4 Embedded Software Evaluation

16.3.5 R-Peak Refinement Software Evaluation

16.4 Outlook and Perspectives

16.4.1 Biometrical Authentication

16.4.2 Current-Based Measurements

16.4.3 Standards for Data and Platforms

References

17 e-Garments: Future as “Second Skin”?

17.1 Introduction

17.2 The Naked Society and Its Needs for Clothing

17.3 From Textiles to e-Textiles

17.4 e-Garments: A Few Projects and Products

17.5 e-Garments: Electronic Appliances for Clothings in the Chasm

17.6 e-Garments Toward a Human-Centered Production

17.6.1 Focus on Technology

17.6.2 Focus on Marketing

17.6.3 Focus on User Experience

17.7 Toward e-Second Skin

References