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ISBN 10: 0199680779
ISBN 13: 978-0199680771
Author: Steven Simon
The study of solids is one of the richest, most exciting, and most successful branches of physics. While the subject of solid state physics is often viewed as dry and tedious this new book presents the topic instead as an exciting exposition of fundamental principles and great intellectual breakthroughs. Beginning with a discussion of how the study of heat capacity of solids ushered in the quantum revolution, the author presents the key ideas of the field while emphasizing the deep underlying concepts.
The book begins with a discussion of the Einstein/Debye model of specific heat, and the Drude/Sommerfeld theories of electrons in solids, which can all be understood without reference to any underlying crystal structure. The failures of these theories force a more serious investigation of microscopics. Many of the key ideas about waves in solids are then introduced using one dimensional models in order to convey concepts without getting bogged down with details. Only then does the book turn to consider real materials.
Chemical bonding is introduced and then atoms can be bonded together to crystal structures and reciprocal space results. Diffraction experiments, as the central application of these ideas, are discussed in great detail. From there, the connection is made to electron wave diffraction in solids and how it results in electronic band structure. The natural culmination of this thread is the triumph of semiconductor physics and devices.
The final section of the book considers magnetism in order to discuss a range of deeper concepts. The failures of band theory due to electron interaction, spontaneous magnetic orders, and mean field theories are presented well. Finally, the book gives a brief exposition of the Hubbard model that undergraduates can understand.
The book presents all of this material in a clear fashion, dense with explanatory or just plain entertaining footnotes. This may be the best introductory book for learning solid state physics. It is certainly the most fun to read.
The Oxford Solid State Basics 1st Table of contents:
Acknowledgments
Contents
1. About Condensed Matter Physics
1.1 What Is Condensed Matter Physics
1.2 Why Do We Study Condensed Matter Physics?
1.3 Why Solid State Physics?
Part I. Physics of Solids without Considering Microscopic Structure: The Early Days of Solid State
2. Specific Heat of Solids: Boltzmann, Einstein, and Debye
2.1 Einstein’s Calculation
2.2 Debye’s Calculation
2.2.1 Periodic (Born–von Karman) Boundary Conditions
2.2.2 Debye’s Calculation Following Planck
2.2.3 Debye’s “Interpolation”
2.2.4 Some Shortcomings of the Debye Theory
Chapter Summary
References
2.3 Appendix to this Chapter: ζ(4)
Exercises
3. Electrons in Metals: Drude Theory
3.1 Electrons in Fields
3.1.1 Electrons in an Electric Field
3.1.2 Electrons in Electric and Magnetic Fields
3.2 Thermal Transport
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
4. More Electrons in Metals: Sommerfeld (Free Electron) Theory
4.1 Basic Fermi–Dirac Statistics
4.2 Electronic Heat Capacity
4.3 Magnetic Spin Susceptibility (Pauli Paramagnetism)
4.4 Why Drude Theory Works So Well
4.5 Shortcomings of the Free Electron Model
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
Part II. Structure of Materials
5. The Periodic Table
5.1 Chemistry, Atoms, and the Schroedinger Equation
5.2 Structure of the Periodic Table
5.3 Periodic Trends
5.3.1 Effective Nuclear Charge
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
6. What Holds Solids Together: Chemical Bonding
6.1 Ionic Bonds
6.2 Covalent Bond
6.2.1 Particle in a Box Picture
6.2.2 Molecular Orbital or Tight Binding Theory
6.3 Van der Waals, Fluctuating Dipole Forces, or Molecular Bonding
6.4 Metallic Bonding
6.5 Hydrogen Bonds
Chapter Summary (Table)
References on Chemical Bonding
Exercises
7. Types of Matter
References
Part III. Toy Models of Solids in One Dimension
8. One-Dimensional Model of Compressibility, Sound, and Thermal Expansion
Compressibility (or Elasticity)
Sound
Thermal Expansion
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
9. Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Monatomic Chain
9.1 First Exposure to the Reciprocal Lattice
Aliasing:
9.2 Properties of the Dispersion of the One-Dimensional Chain
Sound Waves:
Counting Normal Modes:
9.3 Quantum Modes: Phonons
9.4 Crystal Momentum
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
10. Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Diatomic Chain
10.1 Diatomic Crystal Structure: Some Useful Definitions
10.2 Normal Modes of the Diatomic Solid
Chapter summary
References
Exercises
11. Tight Binding Chain (Interlude and Preview)
11.1 Tight Binding Model in One Dimension
11.2 Solution of the Tight Binding Chain
11.3 Introduction to Electrons Filling Bands
11.4 Multiple Bands
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
Part IV. Geometry of Solids
12. Crystal Structure
12.1 Lattices and Unit Cells
12.2 Lattices in Three Dimensions
12.2.1 The Body-Centered Cubic (bcc) Lattice
12.2.2 The Face-Centered Cubic (fcc) Lattice
12.2.3 Sphere Packing
12.2.4 Other Lattices in Three Dimensions
12.2.5 Some Real Crystals
Chapter summary
References
Exercises
13. Reciprocal Lattice, Brillouin Zone, Waves in Crystals
13.1 The Reciprocal Lattice in Three Dimensions
13.1.1 Review of One Dimension
13.1.2 Reciprocal Lattice Definition
13.1.3 The Reciprocal Lattice as a Fourier Transform
13.1.4 Reciprocal Lattice Points as Families of Lattice Planes
13.1.5 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices
13.2 Brillouin Zones
13.2.1 Review of One-Dimensional Dispersions and Brillouin Zones
13.2.2 General Brillouin Zone Construction
13.3 Electronic and Vibrational Waves in Crystals in Three Dimensions
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
Part V. Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction
14. Wave Scattering by Crystals
14.1 The Laue and Bragg Conditions
14.1.1 Fermi’s Golden Rule Approach
14.1.2 Diffraction Approach
14.1.3 Equivalence of Laue and Bragg conditions
4.2 Scattering Amplitudes
Neutrons
X-rays
Comparison of Neutrons and X-rays
Electron Diffraction is Similar!
14.2.1 Simple Example
14.2.2 Systematic Absences and More Examples
14.2.3 Geometric Interpretation of Selection Rules
14.3 Methods of Scattering Experiments
14.3.1 Advanced Methods
Laue Method
Rotating Crystal Method
14.3.2 Powder Diffraction
A Fully Worked Example
14.4 Still More About Scattering
14.4.1 Variant: Scattering in Liquids and Amorphous Solids
14.4.2 Variant: Inelastic Scattering
14.4.3 Experimental Apparatus
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
Part VI. Electrons in Solids
15. Electrons in a Periodic Potential
15.1 Nearly Free Electron Model
15.1.1 Degenerate Perturbation Theory
Simple Case: k Exactly at the Zone Boundary
In One Dimension
k Not Quite on a Zone Boundary (Still in One Dimension)
Nearly Free Electrons in Two and Three Dimensions
15.2 Bloch’s Theorem
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
16. Insulator, Semiconductor, or Metal
16.1 Energy Bands in One Dimension
16.2 Energy Bands in Two and Three Dimensions
16.3 Tight Binding
16.4 Failures of the Band-Structure Picture of Metals and Insulators
Magnets
Mott Insulators
16.5 Band Structure and Optical Properties
16.5.1 Optical Properties of Insulators and Semiconductors
16.5.2 Direct and Indirect Transitions
16.5.3 Optical Properties of Metals
16.5.4 Optical Effects of Impurities
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
17. Semiconductor Physics
17.1 Electrons and Holes
Effective Mass of Electrons
Effective Mass of Holes
The momentum and velocity of a hole
Effective Mass and Equations of Motion
17.1.1 Drude Transport: Redux
17.2 Adding Electrons or Holes with Impurities: Doping
17.2.1 Impurity States
Optical Effects of Impurities (Redux)
17.3 Statistical Mechanics of Semiconductors
Law of Mass Action
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Doped Semiconductors
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
18. Semiconductor Devices
18.1 Band Structure Engineering
18.1.1 Designing Band Gaps
18.1.2 Non-Homogeneous Band Gaps
Modulation Doping and the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas
18.2 p-n Junction
The Solar Cell
Rectification: The Diode
Light Emitting Diode
18.3 The Transistor
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
Part VII. Magnetism and Mean Field Theories
19. Magnetic Properties of Atoms: Para- and Dia-Magnetism
19.1 Basic Definitions of Types of Magnetism
19.2 Atomic Physics: Hund’s Rules
19.2.1 Why Moments Align
Naive Argument
More Correct
Exchange Energy
Magnetic Interactions in Molecules and Solids
19.3 Coupling of Electrons in Atoms to an External Field
19.4 Free Spin (Curie or Langevin) Paramagnetism
19.5 Larmor Diamagnetism
19.6 Atoms in Solids
19.6.1 Pauli Paramagnetism in Metals
19.6.2 Diamagnetism in Solids
19.6.3 Curie Paramagnetism in Solids
Where to find free spins?
Modifications of Free Spin Picture
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
20. Spontaneous Magnetic Order: Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferri-Magnetism
20.1 (Spontaneous) Magnetic Order
20.1.1 Ferromagnets
20.1.2 Antiferromagnets
Detecting Antiferromagnetism with Diffraction
Frustrated Antiferromagnets
20.1.3 Ferrimagnets
20.2 Breaking Symmetry
20.2.1 Ising Model
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
21. Domains and Hysteresis
21.1 Macroscopic Effects in Ferromagnets: Domains
21.1.1 Domain Wall Structure and the Bloch/N´eel Wall
21.2 Hysteresis in Ferromagnets
21.2.1 Disorder Pinning
21.2.2 Single-Domain Crystallites
21.2.3 Domain Pinning and Hysteresis
Chapter Summary
References
Exercises
22. Mean Field Theory
22.1 Mean Field Equations for the Ferromagnetic Ising Model
22.2 Solution of Self-Consistency Equation
22.2.1 Paramagnetic Susceptibility
22.2.2 Further Thoughts
Chapter Summary
References on Mean Field Theory
Exercises
23. Magnetism from Interactions: The Hubbard Model
23.1 Itinerant Ferromagnetism
23.1.1 Hubbard Ferromagnetism Mean Field Theory
23.1.2 Stoner Criterion
23.2 Mott Antiferromagnetism
Chapter Summary
References on Hubbard Model
23.3 Appendix: Hubbard Model for the Hydrogen Molecule
Exercises
A. Sample Exam and Solutions
EXAM
SOLUTIONS
B. List of Other Good Books
Indices
Index of People
Index of Topics
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