Meteorology Today An Introduction to Weather Climate and the Environment 12th editon by Donald Ahrens, Robert Henson ISBN 1337616664 9781337616669

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ISBN 10: 1337616664
ISBN 13: 9781337616669
Author: C. Donald Ahrens; Robert Henson

METEOROLOGY TODAY: AN INTRODUCTION TO WEATHER, CLIMATE AND THE ENVIRONMENT by meteorologists C. Donald Ahrens and Robert Henson combines the latest in weather, climate and earth science to introduce students to the concepts and current issues of meteorology. Grounded in the scientific method, the new edition of this highly visual text shows students how to observe, calculate and synthesize information as budding scientists. Specific discussions center on severe weather systems like tornadoes and hurricanes, as well as everyday elements like wind, precipitation and the seasons.

Meteorology Today An Introduction to Weather Climate and the Environment 12th Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Earth and Its Atmosphere

The Atmosphere and the Scientific Method

Overview of Earth’s Atmosphere

The Early Atmosphere

Composition of Today’s Atmosphere

Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere

A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density

Layers of the Atmosphere

The Ionosphere

Weather and Climate

Meteorology—A Brief History

A Satellite’s View of the Weather

Weather and Climate in Our Lives

Chapter 2. Energy: Warming and Cooling Earth and the Atmosphere

Energy, Temperature, and Heat

Temperature Scales

Specific Heat

Latent Heat—The Hidden Warmth

Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere

Conduction

Convection

Radiant Energy

Radiation and Temperature

Radiation of the Sun and Earth

Radiation: Absorption, Emission, and Equilibrium

Selective Absorbers and the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect

Enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect

Warming the Air from Below

Shortwave Radiation Streaming from the Sun

Earth’s Annual Energy Balance

Solar Particles, the Aurora, and Space Weather

Solar Storms and Space Weather

Chapter 3. Seasonal and Daily Temperatures

Why Earth Has Seasons

Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere

Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere

Local Seasonal Variations

Daily Warming and Cooling of Air Near the Surface

Daytime Warming

Extreme High Temperatures

Nighttime Cooling

Cold Air at the Surface

Protecting Crops from the Cold Night Air

Record Low Temperatures

Daily Temperature Variations

Regional Temperature Variations

Applications of Air Temperature Data

Air Temperature and Human Comfort

Measuring Air Temperature

Chapter 4. Atmospheric Humidity

Circulation of Water in the Atmosphere

The Many Phases of Water

Evaporation, Condensation, and Saturation

Humidity

Absolute Humidity

Specific Humidity and Mixing Ratio

Vapor Pressure

Relative Humidity

Relative Humidity and Dew Point

Comparing Humidities

Relative Humidity in the Home

Relative Humidity and Human Discomfort

Measuring Humidity

Chapter 5. Condensation: Dew, Fog, and Clouds

The Formation of Dew and Frost

Condensation Nuclei

Haze

Fog

Radiation Fog

Advection Fog

Upslope Fog

Evaporation (Mixing) Fog

Foggy Weather

Clouds

Classification of Clouds

Cloud Identification

Some Unusual Clouds

Cloud Observations

Satellite Observations

Chapter 6. Stability and Cloud Development

Atmospheric Stability

Determining Stability

A Stable Atmosphere

An Unstable Atmosphere

A Conditionally Unstable Atmosphere

Causes of Instability

Cloud Development

Convection and Clouds

Topography and Clouds

Clouds That Form Downwind of Mountains

Changing Cloud Forms

Chapter 7. Precipitation

Precipitation Processes

How Do Cloud Droplets Grow Larger?

Collision and Coalescence Process

Ice-Crystal (Bergeron) Process

Cloud Seeding and Precipitation

Precipitation in Clouds

Precipitation Types

Rain

Snow

Snowflakes and Snowfall

A Blanket of Snow

Sleet and Freezing Rain

Snow Grains and Snow Pellets

Hail

Measuring Precipitation

Instruments

Doppler Radar and Precipitation

Measuring Precipitation from Space

Chapter 8. Air Pressure and Winds

Atmospheric Pressure

Horizontal Pressure Variations: A Tale of Two Cities

Daily Pressure Variations

Pressure Measurements

Pressure Readings

Surface and Upper-Level Charts

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Forces That Influence the Winds

Pressure-Gradient Force

Coriolis Force

Straight-Line Flow Aloft—Geostrophic Winds

Curved Winds Around Lows and Highs Aloft—Gradient Winds

Winds on Upper-Level Charts

Surface Winds

Winds and Vertical Air Motions

Summary

Key Terms

Questions for Review

Questions for Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 9. Wind: Small-Scale and Local Systems

Scales of Atmospheric Motion

Small-Scale Winds Interacting with the Environment

Friction and Turbulence in the Boundary Layer

Eddies—Big and Small

The Strong Force of the Wind

Wind and Soil

Wind and Snow

Wind and Vegetation

Wind and Water

Local Wind Systems

Thermal Circulations

Sea and Land Breezes

Mountain and Valley Breezes

Katabatic Winds

Chinook (Foehn) Winds

Santa Ana Winds

Desert Winds

Seasonally Changing Winds—The Monsoon

Determining Wind Direction and Speed

The Influence of Prevailing Winds

Wind Measurements

Chapter 10. Wind: Global Systems

General Circulation of the Atmosphere

Single-Cell Model

Three-Cell Model

Average Surface Winds and Pressure: The Real World

The General Circulation and Precipitation Patterns

Average Wind Flow and Pressure Patterns Aloft

Jet Streams

The Formation of Jet Streams

Other Jet Streams

Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions

Global Wind Patterns and Surface Ocean Currents

Upwelling

El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Chapter 11. Air Masses and Fronts

Air Masses

Source Regions

Classification

Air Masses of North America

Fronts

Stationary Fronts

Cold Fronts

Warm Fronts

Drylines

Occluded Fronts

Upper-Air Fronts

Chapter 12. Middle-Latitude Cyclones

Polar Front Theory

Where Do Mid-latitude Cyclones Tend to Form?

Vertical Structure of Deep Dynamic Lows

The Roles of Converging and Diverging Air

Upper-Level Waves and Mid-latitude Cyclones

The Necessary Ingredients for a Developing Mid-latitude Cyclone

Upper-Air Support

The Role of the Jet Stream

Conveyor Belt Model of Mid-Latitude Cyclones

A Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclone—The March Storm of 1993

Vorticity, Divergence, and Developing Mid-latitude Cyclones

Vorticity on a Spinning Planet

Vorticity Advection and Shortwaves

Putting It All Together—A Massive Snowstorm

Polar Lows

Chapter 13. Weather Forecasting

Weather Observations

Surface and Upper-Air Data

Satellite Products

Doppler Radar

Acquisition of Weather Information

Weather Forecasting Tools

Weather Forecasting Methods

The Computer and Weather Forecasting: Numerical Weather Prediction

Why Computer-Based Forecasts Can Go Awry and Steps to Improve Them

Other Forecasting Techniques

Time Range of Forecasts

Accuracy and Skill in Weather Forecasting

Weather Forecasting Using Surface Charts

Determining the Movement of Weather Systems

A Forecast for Six Cities

Using Forecasting Tools to Predict the Weather

Help from the 500-Mb Chart

The Models Provide Assistance

A Valid Forecast

Satellite and Upper-Air Assistance

A Day of Rain and Wind

Chapter 14. Thunderstorms

Thunderstorm Types

Ordinary Cell Thunderstorms

Multicell Thunderstorms

Supercell Thunderstorms

Thunderstorms and the Dryline

Thunderstorms and Flooding

Distribution of Thunderstorms

Lightning and Thunder

How Far Away is the Lightning? Start Counting

Electrification of Clouds

The Lightning Stroke

Lightning Detection and Suppression

Summary

Key Terms

Questions for Review

Questions for Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 15. Tornadoes

Tornadoes: A Few Facts

Tornado Life Cycle

Tornado Occurrence and Distribution

Tornado Winds

Tornado Outbreaks

Tornado Formation

Supercell Tornadoes

Nonsupercell Tornadoes

Waterspouts

Observing Tornadoes and Severe Weather

Storm Chasing and Mobile Radar

Summary

Key Terms

Questions for Review

Questions for Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 16. Hurricanes

Tropical Weather

Anatomy of a Hurricane

Hurricane Formation and Dissipation

The Right Environment

The Developing Storm

The Storm Dies Out

Hurricane Stages of Development

Investigating the Storm

Hurricane Movement

Eastern Pacific Hurricanes

Naming Hurricanes and Tropical Storms

Devastating Winds, the Storm Surge, and Flooding

Classifying Hurricane Strength

Hurricane Spawned Tornadoes

Hurricane Fatalities

Some Notable Hurricanes

Galveston, 1900

New England, 1938

Camille, 1969

Hugo, 1989

Andrew, 1992

Ivan, 2004

Katrina and Rita, 2005

Sandy, 2012

Destructive Tropical Cyclones Around the World

Hurricane Watches and Warnings

Hurricane Forecasting Techniques

Modifying Hurricanes

Summary

Key Terms

Questions for Review

Questions for Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 17. Global Climate

A World with Many Climates

Global Temperatures

Global Precipitation

Climatic Classification

The Ancient Greeks

The Köppen System

Thornthwaite’s System

The Global Pattern of Climate

Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)

Dry Climates (Group B)

Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates (Group C)

Moist Continental Climates (Group D)

Polar Climates (Group E)

Highland Climates (Group H)

Summary

Key Terms

Questions For Review

Questions For Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 18. Earth’s Changing Climate

Reconstructing Past Climates

Climate Throughout the Ages

Temperature Trends During the Past 1000 Years

Temperature Trends During the Past 100-Plus Years

Climate Change Caused by Natural Events

Climate Change: Feedback Mechanisms

Climate Change: Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building

Climate Change: Variations in Earth’s Orbit

Climate Change: Variations in Solar Output

Climate Change: Atmospheric Particles

Climate Change Caused by Human (Anthropogenic) Activities

Climate Change: Aerosols Injected Into the Lower Atmosphere

Climate Change: Greenhouse Gases

Climate Change: Land Use Changes

Climate Change: Global Warming

Recent Global Warming: Perspective

Future Climate Change: Projections

Consequences of Climate Change: the Possibilities

Climate Change: Efforts to Curb

Summary

Key Terms

Questions for Review

Questions for Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 19. Air Pollution

A Brief History of Air Pollution

Types and Sources of Air Pollutants

Principal Air Pollutants

Ozone in the Troposphere

Ozone in the Stratosphere

Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns

Factors That Affect Air Pollution

The Role of the Wind

The Role of Stability and Inversions

The Role of Topography

Severe Air Pollution Potential

Air Pollution and the Urban Environment

Acid Deposition

Summary

Key Terms

Questions for Review

Questions for Thought

Problems and Exercises

Chapter 20. Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics

White and Colors

Clouds and Scattered Light

Blue Skies and Hazy Days

White Clouds and Dark Bases

Crepuscular and Anticrepuscular Rays

Red Suns and Blue Moons

Twinkling, Twilight, and the Green Flash

The Mirage: Seeing Is Not Believing

Halos, Sundogs, and Sun Pillars

Rainbows

Coronas, Glories, and Heiligenschein

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