Language in the USA Themes for the Twenty first Century 1st edition by Edward Finegan – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 0511206948, 9780511206948
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ISBN 10: 0511206948
ISBN 13: 9780511206948
Author: Edward Finegan
This textbook provides a comprehensive survey of current language issues in the USA. Through a series of specially commissioned chapters by leading scholars, it explores the nature of language variation in the United States and its social, historical and political significance. The book is divided into three sections. Part I, American English, explores the history and distinctiveness of American English, and regional and social varieties. Part II, Other Language Varieties, looks at multilingualism and linguistic diversity. Part III, The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA includes chapters on attitudes to language, language and education, Rap and Hip Hop, and adolescent language. It also explores issues such as the Ebonics controversy and the English Only movement. Clear, accessible and broad in its coverage, this book will be welcomed by students across the disciplines of English, Linguistics, Communication, American Studies and Popular Culture, as well as anyone interested more generally in language-related issues.
Language in the USA Themes for the Twenty first Century 1st Table of contents:
PART 1 American English
1 American English: its origins and history
Editors’ introduction
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
2 American English and its distinctiveness
Editors’ introduction
National varieties of English
Vocabulary
Pronunciation
Consonants
Intervocalic /t/ and /d/
Postvocalic /r/
Initial /h/
WH-words – when, which, where, why
The Asian, Persian class
Vowels
The half, fast, path class
The tune, duty class
The mobile, missile class
Diphthongs
Vowel mergers
Vowel shifts
Stress patterns and vowel reduction
Pronunciation variation
Across regional groups
Across socioeconomic groups
Across ethnic groups
Grammar and sentence structure
Agreement rules
Verb agreement with collective nouns
Ellipsis in conversation
Auxiliaries in questions and replies
Relative clauses and the relative pronouns which and that
But neither, but nor
Parts of speech
Verbal forms
Past tense and past participle of get
Omitting the infinitive marker to
Negation
Modals
Noun phrases
Compound nouns
Definite articles
Complex noun phrases in journalistic prose
Pronouns
Terms of address
Adverbs
Unmarked adverbs and the amplifier real
The amplifiers pretty, quite and rather
The adverbs immediately and directly
Prepositions
Idioms and slang
Semantics
Word senses
Sports metaphors
Discourse markers and miscellaneous
Discourse markers
Miscellaneous
Interjections
Greetings
Polite expressions
Hedges
Expletives
Spelling
Prospects for the future
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
3 Regional dialects
Editors’ introduction
Background
Regional dialects at mid-twentieth century
American regional dialects for the twentieth-first century
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
4 Social varieties of American English
Editors’ introduction
The patterning of social differences in language
The social dimension of dialect differences
Systematic variability in social dialect differentiation
The social evaluation of linguistic features
Conclusion
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
5 African American English
Editors’ introduction
Views of the origins of AAE
The system of African American English
Words and phrases
General words and phrases
Verbal markers
Current slang
Sentence patterns
Sound patterns
Representations of AAE in film
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
Discography
6 The Dictionary of American Regional English
Editors’ introduction
The fieldwork for DARE
The DARE Maps
Earlier Work in American Dialect Geography
Social dialects
Age distinctions
Gender differences
Racial differences
Distinctions based on education
Urban/rural differences
Folk language
Natural science entries
DARE in the classroom
Uses of DARE materials
Appendix
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
PART 2 Other language varieties
7 Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues
Editors’ introduction
America, America: spendthrift and gravedigger on the multilingualism front
God shed his grace on thee: local and periodic ups and downs versus straight-line theories
And crown thy good: intergenerational non-English mother-tongue transmission
With brotherhood: non-English languages in the national interest
From sea to shining sea: making the USA safe (or at least safer) for cultural democracy
Permissive language defense
Active language defenses
Preventive (“proactive”) defenses of threatened multilingualism
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
8 Creole languages: forging new identities
Editors’ introduction
Definitions
Gullah
Hawaiian Creole
Louisiana Creole
Acts of identity
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
9 Native American languages
Editors’ introduction
Diversity in Native American Languages
Language and worldviews: Kickapoo people’s animate and inanimate categories
Language and worldviews: Navajo people’s perspective on the world
Possession relationships
Kinship terms
Beyond kinship terms: animals and things
How are sentences put together?
Tohono O’odham: flexible word order
Hualapai: relatively fixed word order with case-marked nouns
Kickapoo: an SVO language with flexible word order
Words are made up of many parts
Person and number
Gender
Shape, substance, and manner
Position
Instrument
Language situations in Native American communities
General questions
Why did it happen?
Native American Languages Acts
Why consider Native American languages and their diversity?
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
Selected websites
References
10 Spanish in the Northeast
Editors’ introduction
Spanish speakers in the Northeast
Spanish language in the Northeast
The velar R in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS): arrastrar la doble rr
Syllable final /r/ and /1/ in Dominican Spanish: hablar con la i
Cuban Spanish gemination
Mixtecan Mexican Spanish vowels
“Nuyoricans,” “Dominican Yorks,” and “Spanglish”
The Latino century?
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
11 Spanish in the Southwest
Editors’ introduction
Census data
Colonial Spanish
Southwest Spanish in the twentieth century
Linguistic aspects of Southwest Spanish
Attitudes toward Spanish and English
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
12 American Sign Language
Editors’ introduction
What is American Sign Language?
A historical sketch of ASL
What ASL is not
ASL and its users
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
13 Asian American voices: language in the Asian American community
Editors’ introduction
Asian American voices: history of immigration
The first wave: entry, exploitation, and exclusion
The second wave: diversity and pan-ethnic Asian American identity
Language in the Asian American community: contemporary issues
Linguistic diversity, language maintenance, and language shift
“Yellow English” and accent discrimination
Language variation and the influence of African American English
Interpersonal style: Eastern vs. Western?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
14 Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition
Editors’ introduction
Language diversity
Immigrant bilingualism and shift to English
The difficulty of minority language maintenance: an example
Acquisition of English
The scope of the problem
Barriers to participation in ESL classes
Untutored English acquisition
Conclusion
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
PART 3 The sociolinguistic situation
15 Language ideology and language prejudice
Editors’ introduction
A model of the language subordination process
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
16 Ebonics and its controversy
Editors’ introduction
Orientation
The birth of Ebonics
Inherent international implications
Educational considerations
Shifting definitions of Ebonics
The Oakland Ebonics resolutions
The continuing quest for greater Standard English fluency
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
17 Language planning, language policy, and the English-Only Movement
Editors’ introduction
Defining language planning and language policy
Official versus implicit and covert policies
Dominance of the ideology of English monolingualism
Classifying language policies according to intents and consequences
The current English-Only Movement
Recent developments: Propositions 227 and 203
Conclusion: prospects and questions for the twenty-first century
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
18 Language in education
Editors’ introduction
Conflict: community interests, American ideals and individual rights
The advent of federally sponsored bilingual education
Lau v. Nichols, Lau Guidelines, and mandate for bilingual education
The debate over bilingual education
Immigration and the focus on Hispanics
Language in education: conflict in California
Conclusion
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
19 Adolescent language
Editors’ introduction
Making a world for themselves
The power of age
Linguistic movers and shakers
Conclusion: raging hormones or not?
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
20 Slang
Editors’ introduction
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
21 Hip Hop Nation Language
Editors’ introduction
Hip hop culture and its investigation in the street
Hip Hop Nation Language [HHNL]
The relationship between HHNL and AAL: lexicon, syntax, and phonology
Hip hop cultural modes of discourse and discursive practices
Call and Response
Multilayered totalizing expression
Signifyin and bustin (bussin)
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
Discography
22 Language, gender, and sexuality
Editors’ introduction
Early language and gender studies: language and sexism
Difference and dominance
Women in their speech communities
Language and sexuality
Identity in practice and performance
Conclusion
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
23 Linguistic identity and community in American literature
Editors’ introduction
1. Author’s identity
2. Stereotypes
3. Situational contexts
4. The politics of orthography
Autobiography, grammar, and vocabulary in Native American literary identity
Representing Latino/Latina American identity in stereotypes, vocabulary, and codeswitching
Representing African American literary identity by situational context and orthography
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
24 The language of doctors and patients
Editors’ introduction
Language and medicine
A brief history of medical communication
The role of talk in medical encounters
The structure of medical encounters: two points of view
Talk as a channel in medical encounters: information transfer and patient satisfaction
Doctor-centered talk and patient-centered talk
Talk as the object of study in medical encounters: linguistic details
Questions and answers
Asymmetry in medical talk: claims to knowledge and power
Managing social distance: what is appropriate?
Turn-taking, interruption, and conversational control
The future of medical communication
Suggestions for further reading and exploration
References
25 The language of cyberspace
Editors’ introduction
Computer-mediated communication
The language of CMC
CMC as genre or register
The functions of CMC
Metaphors
The dominance of English as the language of cyber technology
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Suggestions for further readings and exploration
References
26 Language attitudes to speech
Editors’ introduction
Suggestions for further reading
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