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ISBN 10: 0205845487
ISBN 13: 978-0205845484
Author: Jack Levin, James Alan Fox, David Forde
Provides an understanding of statistics in the social sciences.
This best-selling introduction to statistical analysis in the social sciences provides the right balance of conceptual understanding and step-by-step computational techniques. The eleventh edition of Elementary Statistics in Social Research is written to be understandable to all readers, particularly those without a strong background in mathematics.
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Elementary Statistics in Social Research 12th Table of contents:
1 Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics
The Nature of Social Research
The Experiment
The Survey
Content Analysis
Participant Observation
Secondary Analysis
Meta-Analysis
Why Test Hypotheses?
The Stages of Social Research
Using Series of Numbers to Do Social Research
The Nominal Level
The Ordinal Level
The Interval/Ratio Level
Different Ways to Measure the Same Variable
Treating Some Ordinal Variables as Interval
Further Measurement Issues
The Functions of Statistics
Description
Decision Making
An Important Note about Rounding
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
Looking at the Larger Picture: A Student Survey
Student Survey
Part I Description
2 Organizing the Data
Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data
Comparing Distributions
Proportions and Percentages
Ratios and Rates
Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data
Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data
Class Limits
The Midpoint
Guidelines for Constructing Class Intervals
Cumulative Distributions
Percentiles
Dealing with Decimal Data
More on Class Limits
Flexible Class Intervals
Cross-Tabulations
Choosing among Total, Row, and Column Percent
Graphic Presentations
Pie Charts
Bar Graphs and Histograms
Frequency Polygons
The Shape of a Frequency Distribution.
Line Charts
Maps
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
3 Measures of Central Tendency
The Mode
The Median
The Mean
The Weighted Mean
Taking One Step at a Time
Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Simple Frequency Distribution
Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean
Level of Measurement
Shape of the Distribution
Research Objective
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
4 Measures of Variability
The Range
The Inter-Quartile Range
The Variance and the Standard Deviation
The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation
Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution
The Meaning of the Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Comparing Measures of Variability
Visualizing Distributions
Obtaining the Mean and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
Looking at the Larger Picture: Describing Data
Part II From Description to Decision Making
5 Probability and the Normal Curve
Rules of Probability
Probability Distributions
The Difference between Probability Distributions and Frequency Distributions
Mean and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution
The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution
Characteristics of the Normal Curve
The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve
The Area under the Normal Curve
Clarifying the Standard Deviation
Using Table A
Standard Scores and the Normal Curve
Finding Probability under the Normal Curve
Finding Scores from Probability Based on the Normal Curve
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
6 Samples and Populations
Errors in the Conduct of Research
Sampling Methods
Nonrandom Samples
Random Samples
Sampling Error
Sampling Distribution of Means
Characteristics of a Sampling Distribution of Means
The Sampling Distribution of Means as a Normal Curve
Standard Error of the Mean
Confidence Intervals
The t Distribution
Estimating Proportions
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
Looking at the Larger Picture: Generalizing from Samples to Populations
Part III Decision Making
7 Testing Differences between Means
Testing the Difference between Sample and Population Means
Testing the Difference between Two Sample Means
The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means
The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means
Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means
Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means
Levels of Significance
Choosing a Level of Significance
What Is the Difference between P and α?
Standard Error of the Difference between Means
Testing the Difference between Means
Adjustment for Unequal Variances
Comparing Dependent Samples
Two-Sample Test of Proportions
One-Tailed Tests
Effect Size
Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
8 Analysis of Variance
The Logic of Analysis of Variance
The Sum of Squares
A Research Illustration
Computing Sums of Squares
Mean Square
The F Ratio
A Multiple Comparison of Means
Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Dividing the Total Sum of Squares
Requirements for Using the F Ratio
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
9 Nonparametric Tests of Significance
One-Way Chi-Square Test
Two-Way Chi-Square Test
Computing the Two-Way Chi-Square
Finding the Expected Frequencies
Comparing Several Groups
Correcting for Small Expected Frequencies
Requirements for the Use of Two-Way Chi-Square
The Median Test
Requirements for the Use of the Median Test
Mann-Whitney U Test
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
Part IV From Decision Making to Association
10 Correlation
Strength of Correlation
Direction of Correlation
Curvilinear Correlation
The Correlation Coefficient
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
A Computational Formula for Pearson’s r
Testing the Significance of Pearson’s r
A Simplified Method for Testing the Significance of r
Requirements for the Use of Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient
The Importance of Scatter Plots
Partial Correlation
Testing the Significance of a Partial Correlation
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
11 Regression Analysis
The Regression Model
Requirements for Regression
Interpreting the Regression Line
Prediction Errors
The Least Squares Criterion
Regression and Pearson’s Correlation
Regression and Analysis of Variance
Multiple Regression
Dummy Variables
Interaction Terms
Multicollinearity
Logistic Regression
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
12 Nonparametric Measures of Correlation
Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
Dealing with Tied Ranks
Testing the Significance of the Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
Requirements for Using the Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
Goodman’s and Kruskal’s Gamma
Testing the Significance of Gamma
Requirements for Using Gamma
Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2×2 Table
Testing the Significance of Phi
Requirements for Using the Phi Coefficient
Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than 2×2 Tables
Testing the Significance of the Contingency Coefficient
An Alternative to the Contingency Coefficient
Requirements for Using the Contingency Coefficient or Cramér’s V
Elaboration
Summary
Terms to Remember
Questions and Problems
Computer Exercises
Part V Applying Statistics
13 Choosing Statistical Procedures for Research Problems
Research Situations
Research Situation 1
Research Situation 2
Research Situation 3
Research Situation 4
Research Situation 5
Research Situation 6
Research Situation 7
Research Situation 8
Research Situation 9
Research Situation 10
Research Situation 11
Research Situation 12
Research Situation 13
Research Situation 14
Research Situation 15
Research Situation 16
Research Situation 17
Research Situation 18
Research Situation 19
Research Situation 20
Research Situation 21
Research Situation 22
Research Situation 23
Research Situation 24
Research Situation 25
Research Situation 26
Research Situation 27
Research Situation 28
Research Situation 29
Research Situation 30
Research Situation 31
Research Situation 32
Research Situation 33
Research Situation 34
Research Situation 35
Research Solutions
Solution to Research Situation 1 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 2 (Analysis of Variance)
Solution to Research Situation 3 (Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 4 (Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 5 (Chi-Square Test)
Solution to Research Situation 6 (Phi Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 7 (Goodman’s and Kruskal’s Gamma)
Solution to Research Situation 8 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 9 (Goodman’s and Kruskal’s Gamma)
Solution to Research Situation 10 (Analysis of Variance)
Solution to Research Situation 11 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 12 (Chi-Square Test)
Solution to Research Situation 13 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 14 (Goodman’s and Kruskal’s Gamma)
Solution to Research Situation 15 (Analysis of Variance)
Solution to Research Situation 16 (Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 17 (Chi-Square Test)
Solution to Research Situation 18 (Contingency Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 19 (Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 20 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 21 (Analysis of Variance)
Solution to Research Situation 22 (Chi-Square Test)
Solution to Research Situation 23 (Goodman’s and Kruskal’s Gamma)
Solution to Research Situation 24 (Cramér’s V)
Solution to Research Situation 25 (Chi-Square Test)
Solution to Research Situation 26 (Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 27 (Analysis of Variance)
Solution to Research Situation 28 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 29 (Contingency Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 30 (Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient)
Solution to Research Situation 31 (Mann-Whitney U test)
Solution to Research Situation 32 (Kruskal-Wallis test)
Solution to Research Situation 33 (Goodman’s and Kruskal’s Gamma)
Solution to Research Situation 34 (t Ratio)
Solution to Research Situation 35 (Chi-Square Test)
Appendixes
Appendix A Using SPSS and the General Social Survey
Website for Data Sets
Introduction to SPSS
Appendix B StatCrunch
About StatCrunch
Data > Load data > from file
Data > Compute Expression
Data > Simulate data
Data > Sample columns
Graphics > Bar plot
Graphics > Histogram
Graphics > Boxplot
Graphics > Scatter Plot
Graphics > QQ Plot
Interacting with graphics
Stat > Summary Stats > Columns
Stat > Tables > Frequency
Stat > Tables > Contingency > with summary
Stat > Tables > Contingency > with data
Stat > Proportions > One sample
Stat > Proportions > Two sample
Stat > T statistics > One sample
Stat > T statistics > Two sample
Stat > T statistics > Paired
Stat > Regression > Simple Linear
Stat > Regression > Multiple Linear
Stat > ANOVA > One way
Stat > ANOVA > Two Way
Stat > Calculators
Using the General Social Survey data with StatCrunch
Appendix C Tables
Appendix D List of Formulas
Appendix E A Review of Some Fundamentals of Mathematics
Working with Decimals
Dealing with Negative Numbers
The Summation Sign
Glossary
Answers to Problems
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Tags: Jack Levin, James Alan Fox, David Forde, Elementary Statistics, Social Research