Think Critically 3rd Edition by Peter Facione,Carol Ann Gittens 9780133914351 0133914356

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ISBN 10:0133914356
ISBN 13: 9780133914351
Author: Peter Facione,Carol Ann Gittens

This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in Critical Thinking Think currency. Think relevancy. Think Critically. Think Critically, 2016 presents critical thinking as the optimal approach for solving real-world problems and making important decisions, boosting the relevance of course material to students’ lives. Authors Peter Facione and Carol Ann Gittens employ a simple, practical approach to deliver the core concepts of critical thinking in a way that students can easily understand. Incorporating contemporary material from a wide range of real-life situations, Think Critically’s engaging examples and exercises hammer home positive critical thinking habits of mind that students can use — in the classroom and beyond. Think Critically, 2016 is also available via REVEL™, an immersive learning experience designed for the way today’s students read, think, and learn.  

Think Critically 3rd  Table of contents:

Chapter 1 The Power of Critical Thinking

Risk and Uncertainty Abound

Critical Thinking and a Free Society

The One and the Many

What Do We Mean by “Critical Thinking”?

Expert Consensus Conceptualization

“Critical Thinking” Does Not Mean “Negative Thinking”

Improvement Takes Practice

Evaluating Critical Thinking

The Students’ Assignment—Kennedy Act

The Holistic Critical Thinking Scoring Rubric

The Students’ Assignment—Haiti

Summing up this chapter

Key Concept

Applications

Chapter 2 Critical Thinking Mindset and Skills

Positive Critical Thinking Habits of Mind

The Spirit of a Strong Critical Thinker

Positive vs. Negative Habits of Mind

Preliminary Self-Assessment

Research on the Positive Critical Thinking Mindset

Seven Positive Critical Thinking Habits of Mind

Negative Habits of Mind

Is a Good Critical Thinker Automatically a Good Person?

Cultivate a Positive Critical Thinking Mindset

Core Critical Thinking Skills

Interpreting and Analyzing the Consensus Statement

The Jury Is Deliberating

Critical Thinking Skills Fire in Many Combinations

Strengthening Our Core Critical Thinking Skills

The Art of the Good Question

Skills and Subskills Defined

Looking Ahead

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 3 Solve Problems and Succeed in College

Differences and Similarities

IDEAS: A 5-Step Critical Thinking General Problem-Solving Process

Educating the Whole Person

Social Relationships

STEP 1: IDENTIFY the Problem and Set Priorities

Vocation

STEP 1: IDENTIFY the Problem and Set Priorities

STEP 2: DETERMINE relevant Information and Deepen Understanding

Academics

The First Two IDEAS Steps in Maria’s Case

Health and Physical Well-being

The First Three Steps in Leah’s Case

Problems in College and Beyond

Emotional Well-Being

Spiritual Development

Summing up this chapter

Key Concept

Applications

Chapter 4 Clarify Ideas and Concepts

Interpretation, Context, and Purpose

Meaning Matters

But, Clear Enough for What?

Worth 1000 Words

Communication, Language, and Thought

When Vagueness or Ambiguity Cause Misunderstandings

Vagueness: “Does the Meaning Include This Case or Not?”

Problematic Vagueness

Ambiguity: “Which Meaning Are We Using?”

Problematic Ambiguity

Resolving Problematic Vagueness and Ambiguity

Contextualizing

Clarifying Original Intent

Negotiating the Meaning

Using Qualifications, Exceptions, or Exclusions

Stipulating the Meaning

Donkey Cart Words Signal Twisted Meanings

Language Communities

National and Global Language Communities

Language Communities Formed of People with Like Interests

Academic Disciplines as Language Communities

Critical Thinking and College Introductory Courses

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 5 Analyze Arguments and Diagram Decisions

Analyzing Reasons and Claims

Accuracy Depends on Context and Purpose

Over-Simplification Masks Reality

“Reason” and “Premise”

Mapping Claims and the Reasons for Them

Interpreting Unspoken Reasons and Claims in Context

Interpreting the Use of Irony, Humor, Sarcasm, and More

Analyzing Arguments in Context

The El Train Argument

The “Guns for Kids” Conversation

Analyzing and Mapping Decisions

“We Should Cancel the Spring Trip” #1

“We Should Cancel the Spring Trip” #2

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 6 Evaluate the Credibility of Claims and Sources

Assessing the Source: Whom Should I Trust?

Claims without Reasons

Cognitive Development and Healthy Skepticism

Authority and Expertise

Learned and Experienced

On-Topic, Up-To-Date,and Capable of Explaining

Unbiased and Truthful

Free of Conflicts of Interest, and Acting in theClient’s Interest

Unconstrained, Informed about the Caseat Hand, and Mentally Stable

Twelve Characteristics of a Trustworthy Source

Assessing the Substance—What Should I Believe?

Personal Muck and Gunk Monitor

Self-Contradictions and Tautologies

Marketing, Spin, Disinformation, and Propaganda

Slanted Language and Loaded Expressions

Independent Verification

Can the Claim Be Confirmed?

Can the Claim Be Disconfirmed?

More than a Healthy Sense of Skepticism Only

Independent Investigation and the Q-Ray Bracelet Case

Suspending Judgment

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 7 Evaluate Arguments: Four Basic Tests

Giving Reasons and Making Arguments

Truthfulness

Logical Strength

Relevance

Non-Circularity

The Four Tests for Evaluating Arguments

Test #1: Truthfulness of the Premises

Test #2: Logical Strength

Test #3: Relevance

Test #4: Non-Circularity

Argument Making Contexts

Common Reasoning Errors

Fallacies of Relevance

Appeals to Ignorance

Appeals to the Mob

Appeals to Emotion

Ad Hominem Attacks

Straw Man Fallacy

Playing with Words Fallacy

Misuse of Authority Fallacy

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 8 Valid Inferences

The Structure of the Reasoning

Inferences Offered as Certain

Reasoning with Declarative Statements

Denying the Consequent

Affirming the Antecedent

Disjunctive Syllogism

Reasoning about Classes of Objects

Applying a Generalization

Applying an Exception

The Power of Only

Reasoning about Relationships

Transitivity, reflexivity, and Identity

Fallacies Masquerading as Valid Arguments

Fallacies When Reasoning with Declarative Statements

Affirming the Consequent

Denying the Antecedent

Fallacies When Reasoning about Classes of Objects

False Classification

Fallacies of Compositionand Division

Fallacies of False Reference

Personal Infallibility? We Don’t Think So

Summing up this chapter

Key Concept

Applications

Chapter 9 Warranted Inferences

The Evidence Currently at Hand

The “Weight of Evidence”

Evaluating Generalizations

Was the Correct Group Sampled?

Were the Data Obtained in an Effective Way?

Were Enough Cases Considered?

Was the Sample representatively Structured?

Coincidences, Patterns, Correlations, and Causes

Coincidences

Patterns

Correlations

Causes

Fallacies Masquerading as Warranted Arguments

Erroneous Generalization

Playing with Numbers

False Dilemma

The Gambler’s Fallacy

False Cause

Slippery Slope

Summing up this chapter

Key Concept

Applications

Chapter 10 Snap Judgments: Risks and Benefits of Heuristic Thinking

Our Two Human Decision-Making Systems

The “Two-Systems” Approach to Human Decision Making

Reactive (System-1) Thinking

Reflective (System-2)Thinking

The Value of Each System

Heuristics: Their Benefits and Risks

Individual Cognitive Heuristics

1. Satisficing and 2. Temporizing

3. Affect: “Go withYour Gut”

4. Simulation

5. Availability

6. Representation

7. Association

8. Stereotyping

9. “Us vs.Them”

10. Power Differential

11. Anchoring with Adjustment

12. Illusion of Control

13. Optimistic Bias and 14. Hindsight Bias

15. Elimination by Aspect:“One Strike and You’re Out”

16. Loss and Risk Aversion

17. “All or Nothing”

Heuristics in Action

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 11 Reflective Decision Making

Dominance Structuring: A Fortress of Conviction

“I Would Definitely Go to the Doctor”

Explaining and Defending Ourselves

A Poorly Crafted Assignment

Moving from Decision to Action

Phase 1: Pre-Editing

Phase 2: Identifying One Promising Option

Phase 3: Testing the Promising Option

Phase 4: Fortifying the To-Be-Chosen Option

Benefits and Risks of Dominance Structuring

Self-Regulation Critical Thinking Skill Strategies

Precautions When Pre-Editing

Be Sure about “The Problem”

Specify the Decision-Critical Attributes

Be Clear about Whyan Option Is In or Out

Precautions When Identifying the Promising Option

Scrutinize Options with Disciplined Impartiality

Listen to Both Sides First

Precautions When Testing the Promising Option

Use All the Essential Criteria

Treat Equals as Equals

Diligently Engage in Truth-Seeking and remain Impartial

Precautions When Fortifying the To-Be-Chosen Option

Be Honest with Yourself

Critical Thinking Strategies for Better Decision Making

Task Independent Teams with the Same Problem

Decide When It’s Time to Decide

Analyze Indicators and Make Midcourse Corrections

Create a Culture of respect for Critical Thinking

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 12 Comparative Reasoning

Recognizing Comparative Reasoning

Our Minds Crave Patterns

Comparative, Ideological, and Empirical Inferences

How This Chapter Connects to Others

Gardens of Comparatives

Powerful Comparisons Connect Intellect and Emotion

Evaluating Comparative Inferences

Do the Four Tests of Acceptability Apply?

Five Criteria for Evaluating Comparative Reasoning

Familiarity

Simplicity

Comprehensiveness

Productivity

Testability

Models and Metaphors Shape Expectations

Creative Suggestions vs. Solid Proofs

The Center of the Universe for Two Thousand Years

The Many Uses of Comparative Inferences

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 13 Ideological Reasoning

Recognizing Ideological Reasoning

Examples of Ideological Reasoning

Three Features of Ideological Reasoning

Ideological reasoning Is Deductive in Character

Ideological Premises Are Axiomatic

The Argument Maker Takes the Ideological Absolutes on Faith

Evaluating Ideological Reasoning

Are the Ideological Premises True?

Logical Strength and Ideological Belief Systems

Relevancy, Non-Circularity, and Ideological Reasoning

Uses, Benefits, and Risks of Ideological Reasoning

Summing up this chapter

Key Concept

Applications

Chapter 14 Empirical Reasoning

Recognizing Empirical Reasoning

Characteristics of Empirical Reasoning

Empirical Reasoning Is Inductive

Empirical ReasoningIs Self-Corrective

Empirical Reasoning Is Open to Independent Verification

Hypotheses, Conditions, and Measurable Manifestations

Conducting an Investigation Scientifically

Perhaps the First Recorded Empirical Investigation

Steps in the Process: An Extended Example

Evaluating Empirical Reasoning

Benefits and Risks Associated with Empirical Reasoning

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 15 Write Sound and Effective Arguments

What Critical Thinking Questions Do Effective Writers Ask?

The Rhetorical Situation

Think Author

Find Your Voice

Think about Who You Read

Think Audience

What Does the Audience Care About?

Writing for You

Who Is Your Audience?

Same Author and Audience, Different Purpose

Think Purpose and Circumstances

Think Tactics

Clues from Contextual Cues

Organize and Develop Your Presentation

Reach Out and Grab Someone

Crafting a Presentation

Good News: Writing Is Work

An Arguable Thesis Statement and Solid Research

Map Out the Arguments Proand Con—Then Outline Your Case

“BART’S Decision—Draft”

Evaluating the Credibility of Sources

Prewriting, Writing, and Rewriting

Two Practical Tips

Evaluating Effectiveness

Features of Sound and Effective Written Argumentation

A Tool for Evaluating Critical Thinking and Writing

How to Apply the Rubric for Evaluating Written Argumentation

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 16 Ethical Decision Making

Ethical Imperatives

Think Consequences

Think Duties

Think Virtues

Decision Making and Ethical Decision Making

Reactive and Reflective Ethical Decision Making

Thinking Through Diverging Ethical Imperatives

Prioritize, Create, and Negotiate

Establish Priorities

Create Additiona Options

Negotiate Based on Each Party’s Interests

Personal Consistency and Respect for Others

Apply the “Golden Rule”—Do Unto Others As You Would Have Others Do Unto You

Summing up this chapter

Key Concepts

Applications

Chapter 17 The Logic of Declarative Statements

Declarative Statements

Simple Statements

Negations

Statement Compounds: And, Or, If . . . Then, etc.

Conjunctions

Disjunctions

Conditionals

Translating Between Symbolic Logic and a Natural Language

Grammatically Correct Expressions

Translation to English

Translating to Symbolic Logic

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