History of Writing 1st edition by Steven Roger Fischer 1861891016 9781861891013

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• ISBN 10:1861891016

• ISBN 13:9781861891013

• Author:9781861891013

From the earliest scratches on stone and bone to the languages of computers and the internet, A History of Writing offers a fascinating investigation into the origin and development of writing throughout the world.

Commencing with the first stages of information storage, Fischer focuses on the emergence of complete writing systems in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. He documents the rise of Phoenician and its effect on the Greek alphabet, generating the many alphabetic scripts of the West. Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese writing systems are dealt with in depth, as is writing in pre-Columbian America. Also explored are Western Europe’s medieval manuscripts and the history of printing, leading to the innovations in technology and spelling rules of the 19th and 20th centuries.

History of Writing 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Getting Started 
1.A. Find a Historical Conflict 
1.B. Explore Your Interests 
1.C. Focus Your Interests Early. 
1.D. Move from a Historical Interest to a Research Topic 
1.E. Start with a General Search on the Internet 
1.F. Scrutinize the Search Results 
1.G. Get a Quick First Impression 
1.H. Critcally Assess Sources on the Internet 
1.I. Follow Up on the Initial Search 
1.J. Search Preselected Databases on the Internet 
1.K. Use Print Sources to Begin a Project 
1.L. The A.H.A Guide 
1.M. Speak with a Librarian 
1.N. When in Doubt, Speak with Your Professor 
1.O. Approach Your Topic from a Particular Angle 
1.P. Go to the Library and Do Some Background Reading 
1.Q. Browse for More Sources 
1.R. Form a Hypothesis 
1.S. Craft a Proposal 
1.T. Write an Annotated Bibliography 
1.U. Talk to People About Your Topic 
1.V. If You Have to Abandon a Topic, Do It Early 
Chapter 2 Interpreting Source Materials 
2.A. Work Systematically 
2.B. Distinguish Primary Sources from Secondary Works 
2.C. Refine Your Hypothesis with Who, What, Why,
Where, and When 
2.D. Re Sensitive to Points of View in Your Sources 
2.E. Select the Most Important Source Materials 
2.F. Take Notes by Being Selective 
Chapter 3 Writing History Faithfully 
3.A. Collect and Report Your Sources Carefully 
3.B. Incorporate the Ideas of Others with Care and Respect
3.C. Summarize and Paraphrase Fairly 
3.D. Quote Occasionally 
3.E. Use Ellipses and Brackets, but Do Justice to Your
Sources 
3.F. Learn How to Use Quotation Marks 
3.G. Dont Plagiarize 
3.H. Be Honest, but Dont Give Unnecessary Citations 
3.I. Choose a Citation System That Suits Your Audience 
Chapter 4 Use Sources to Make Inferences 
4.A. Be True to Recognized Facts 
4.B. Transform Facts into Evidence 
4.C. Check Your Facts 
4.D. Check the Internal Consistency of Primary Sources 
4.E. Check Primary Sources Against Each Other 
4.F. Compare Primary Sources with Secondary Works 
4.G. Conduct Interviews Systematically 
4.H. Juxtapose Sources to Make Inferences 
4.I. Make Inferences from Material Sources 
4.J. Move from Inferences to Arguments 
4.K. Make Reasonable Inferences from Your Sources 
4.L. Make Inferences That Are Warranted 
4.M. Avoid Unwarranted Comparisons 
4.N. Avoid Anachronistic Inferences 
Chapter 5 Get Writing! 
5.A. Consider Narratives and Analysis 
5.B. Create a Draft Outline of an Analytical Essay 
5.C. Create a Draft Outline of a Narrative Essay 
5.D. Complete Your Analytical Outline 
5.E. Complete Your Narrative Outline 
5.F. Choose a Framework for Your Essay 
Chapter 6 Build an Argument 
6.A. Start to Write a First Draft 
6.B. Grab Your Reader¿s Attention, but Do It Gently 
6.C. State Your Intellectual Interests Early 
6.D. Build Your Essay with Good Paragraphs 
6.E. Define Your Key Terms Early 
6.F. Set an Appropriate Tone 
6.G. Treat Other Writers with Consideration 
6.H. Account for Counterarguments 
6.I. Lead Your Readers to an Interesting Conclusion 
Chapter 7 Narrative Techniques for Historians 
7.A. Write a Narrative to Tell a Story 
7.B. Write a Narrative to Support an Argument 
7.C. Combine Chronology with Causation 
7.D. Get a Sense of Change and Continuity 
7.E. Select the Key Participants in Your Story 
7.F. Find Your Own Voice as a Narrator 
7.G. Choose Your Own Beginning and End 
Chapter 8 Writing Sentences in History 
8.A. Choose Verbs That Are Precise 
8.B. Make Passive Sentences Active 
8.C. Write in the Past Tense 
8.D. Avoid Split Infinitives If You Can 
8.E. Put Verbs in Your Sentences 
8.F. Put Your Ideas in an Intelligible Order 
8.G. Begin a Sentence on Common Ground and Gradually
Build a New Point 
8.H. The Emphasis Comes at the End 
8.I. Construct Parallel Forms for Emphasis 
Contents vii
8.J. Form the Possessive Correctly 
8.K. Break the Rules If You Must 
Chapter 9 Choose Precise Words 103
9.A. Be Concise 
9.B. Write in Language That Your Audience Can
Understand 
9.C. Avoid Pretentious Language 
9.D. Avoid Colloquial Language
9.E. Be Sensitive to the Politics of Diction 
9.F. Be Sensitive to Gender-Specific Language 
9.G. Avoid Euphemisms 
9.H. Choose Figurative Language Carefully 
9.I. Use Metaphors and Similes Judiciously 
9.J. Use Color, but Avoid Clichés 
9.K. Use Foreign Words That Are Familiar to Your
Audience 
9.L. Check for These Common Diction Problems 
Chapter 10 Revising and Editing 
10.A. Get Some Perspective on Your Draft 
10.B. Work with a Peer Editor 
10.C. Revise Your Draft 
10.D. Evaluate Your Own Arguments and Narratives 
10.E. Evaluate Your Sentences and Word Choices 
10.F. Proofread the Final Draft 
10.G. Keep the Rules in Mind, but Enjoy Your Writing 
Notes 
Index 

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