Test Bank for Psychology for Goldstein’s Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience 4th Edition by Goldstein ISBN 1337100064 9781337100069

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ISBN 10: 1337100064
ISBN 13: 9781337100069
Author: Goldstein

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Psychology for Goldstein’s Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience 4th Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Psychology: Studying the Mind

What Is the Mind?

Studying the Mind: Early Work in Cognitive Psychology

Abandoning the Study of the Mind

Watson Founds Behaviorism

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Setting the Stage for the Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology

The Rebirth of the Study of the Mind

Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts

Introduction of the Digital Computer

Conferences on Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory

The Cognitive “Revolution” Took a While

The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology

What Neisser Wrote

Studying Higher Mental Processes

Studying the Physiology of Cognition

New Perspectives on Behavior

Something to Consider

Learning from This Book

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 2. Cognitive Neuroscience

Levels of Analysis

Neurons: Basic Principles

Early Conceptions of Neurons

The Signals That Travel in Neurons

Representation by Neural Firing

The Story of Neural Representation and Cognition: A Preview

Feature Detectors

Neurons That Respond to Complex Stimuli

Sensory Coding

Localized Representation

Localization Determined by Neuropsychology

Localization Determined by Recording from Neurons

Localization Demonstrated by Brain Imaging

Distributed Representation

Looking at a Face

Remembering

Producing and Understanding Language

Neural Networks

Structural Connectivity

Functional Connectivity

The Dynamics of Cognition

The Default Mode Network

Something to Consider

Technology Determines the Questions We Can Ask

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 3. Perception

The Nature of Perception

Some Basic Characteristics of Perception

A Human Perceives Objects and a Scene

A Computer-Vision System Perceives Objects and a Scene

Why Is It So Difficult to Design a Perceiving Machine?

The Stimulus on the Receptors Is Ambiguous

Objects Can Be Hidden or Blurred

Objects Look Different from Different Viewpoints

Scenes Contain High-Level Information

Information for Human Perception

Perceiving Objects

Hearing Words in a Sentence

Conceptions of Object Perception

Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

The Gestalt Principles of Organization

Taking Regularities of the Environment into Account

Bayesian Inference

Comparing the Four Approaches

Neurons and Knowledge About the Environment

Neurons That Respond to Horizontals and Verticals

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

Perception and Action: Behavior

Movement Facilitates Perception

The Interaction of Perception and Action

Perception and Action: Physiology

What and Where Streams

Perception and Action Streams

Mirror Neurons

Something to Consider: Knowledge, Inference, and Prediction

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 4. Attention

Attention as Information Processing

Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

Modifying Broadbent’s Model: More Early Selection Models

A Late Selection Model

Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load

Directing Attention By Scanning a Scene

Scanning a Scene With Eye Movements

Scanning Based on Stimulus Salience

Scanning Based on Cognitive Factors

Scanning Based on Task Demands

Outcomes of Attention

Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to a Location

Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to Objects

Attention Affects Perception

Attention Affects Physiological Responding

Divided Attention: Can We Attend to More Than One Thing at a Time?

Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing

Divided Attention Becomes More Difficult When Tasks Are Harder

Distractions

Cell Phone Distractions While Driving

Distractions by the Internet

Distraction Caused by Mind Wandering

What Happens When We Don’t Attend?

Inattentional Blindness

Inattentional Deafness

Change Detection

What About Everyday Experience?

Attention and Experiencing a Coherent World

Feature Integration Theory

Evidence for Feature Integration Theory

Something to Consider

Attentional Networks

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 5. Short-Term and Working Memory

The Modal Model of Memory

Sensory Memory

The Sparkler’s Trail and the Projector’s Shutter

Sperling’s Experiment: Measuring the Capacity and Duration of the Sensory Store

Short-Term Memory: Storage

What Is the Duration of Short-Term Memory?

How Many Items Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory?

How Much Information Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory?

Working Memory: Manipulating Information

The Phonological Loop

The Visuospatial Sketch Pad

The Central Executive

An Added Component: The Episodic Buffer

Working Memory and the Brain

The Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex

Prefrontal Neurons That Hold Information

The Neural Dynamics of Working Memory

Something to Consider: Why Is More Working Memory Better?

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 6. Long-Term Memory: Structure

Comparing Short-Term and Long-Term Memory Processes

Serial Position Curve

Coding in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

Comparing Coding in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

Locating Memory in the Brain

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Distinctions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

Interactions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

What Happens to Episodic and Semantic Memories as Time Passes?

Back to the Future

Procedural Memory, Priming, and Conditioning

Procedural Memory

Priming

Classical Conditioning

Something to Consider

Memory Loss in the Movies

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 7. LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Encoding: Getting Information into Long-Term Memory

Levels of Processing Theory

Forming Visual Images

Linking Words to Yourself

Generating Information

Organizing Information

Relating Words to Survival Value

Retrieval Practice

Effective Studying

Elaborate

Generate and Test

Organize

Take Breaks

Avoid “Illusions of Learning”

Be An “Active” Note-Taker

Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory

Retrieval Cues

Matching Conditions of Encoding and Retrieval

Consolidation: Establishing Memories

Synaptic Consolidation: Experience Causes Changes at the Synapse

Systems Consolidation: The Hippocampus and the Cortex

Consolidation and Sleep: Enhancing Memory

Reconsolidation: The Dynamics of Memory

Reconsolidation: A Famous Rat Experiment

Reconsolidation in Humans

A Practical Outcome of Reconsolidation Research

Something to Consider: Alternative Explanations in Cognitive Psychology

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 8. Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

The Journey So Far

Autobiographical Memory: What Has Happened in My Life

The Multidimensional Nature of Autobiographical Memory

Memory Over the Life Span

Memory for “Exceptional” Events

Memory and Emotion

Flashbulb Memories

The Constructive Nature of Memory

Source Monitoring Errors

The Illusory Truth Effect

How Real-World Knowledge Affects Memory

What Is It Like to Have “Exceptional” Memory?

The Misinformation Effect

Creating Memories for Events in People’s Lives

Creating Childhood Memories

Legal Implications of False Memory Research

Why Do People Make Errors in Eyewitness Testimony?

Errors of Eyewitness Identification

Errors Associated with Perception and Attention

Misidentifications Due to Familiarity

Errors Due to Suggestion

What Is Being Done to Improve Eyewitness Testimony?

Eliciting False Confessions

Something To Consider

Music- and Odor-Elicited Autobiographical Memories

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 9. Conceptual Knowledge

How Are Objects Placed into Categories?

Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories

The Prototype Approach: Finding the Average Case

The Exemplar Approach: Thinking About Examples

Which Approach Works Better: Prototypes or Exemplars?

Is There a Psychologically “Basic” Level of Categories?

Rosch’s Approach: What’s Special About Basic Level Categories?

How Knowledge Can Affect Categorization

Representing Relationships Among Categories: Semantic Networks

Introduction to Semantic Networks: Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model

Criticism of the Collins and Quillian Model

The Connectionist Approach

What Is a Connectionist Model?

How Are Concepts Represented in a Connectionist Network?

Four Proposals About How Concepts Are Represented in the Brain

The Sensory-Functional Hypothesis

The Multiple-Factor Approach

The Semantic Category Approach

The Embodied Approach

Summarizing the Approaches

Something to Consider: The Hub and Spoke Model

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 10. Visual Imagery

Imagery in the History of Psychology

Early Ideas About Imagery

Imagery and the Cognitive Revolution

Imagery and Perception: Do They Share the Same Mechanisms?

Kosslyn’s Mental Scanning Experiments

The Imagery Debate: Is Imagery Spatial or Propositional?

Comparing Imagery and Perception

Imagery and the Brain

Imagery Neurons in the Human Brain

Brain Imaging

Multivoxel Pattern Analysis

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Neuropsychological Case Studies

Conclusions from the Imagery Debate

Using Imagery to Improve Memory

Placing Images at Locations

Associating Images with Words

Something to Consider

Individual Differences in Visual Imagery

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 11. Language

What is Language?

The Creativity of Human Language

The Universal Need to Communicate with Language

Studying Language

Understanding Words: A Few Complications

Not All Words Are Created Equal: Differences in Frequency

The Pronunciation of Words Is Variable

There Are No Silences Between Words in Normal Conversation

Understanding Ambiguous Words

Accessing Multiple Meanings

Frequency Influences Which Meanings Are Activated

Understanding Sentences

Parsing: Making Sense of Sentences

The Garden Path Model of Parsing

The Constraint-Based Approach to Parsing

Prediction, Prediction, Prediction…

Understanding Text and Stories

Making Inferences

Situation Models

Having Conversations

The Given–New Contract

Common Ground: Taking the Other Person into Account

Establishing Common Ground

Syntactic Coordination

Something to Consider

Music and Language

Music and Language: Similarities and Differences

Expectations in Music and Language

Do Music and Language Overlap in the Brain?

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

CogLab Experiments

Chapter 12. Problem Solving & Creativity

What Is a Problem?

The Gestalt Approach

Representing a Problem in the Mind

The Idea of Insight

Functional Fixedness and Mental Set

The Information-Processing Approach

Newell and Simon’s Approach

The Importance of How a Problem Is Stated

Using Analogies to Solve Problems

Analogical Transfer

Analogical Encoding

Analogy in the Real World

How Experts Solve Problems

Differences Between How Experts and Novices Solve Problems

Expertise Is Only an Advantage in the Expert’s Specialty

Creative Problem Solving

What Is Creativity?

Practical Creativity

Generating Ideas

Creativity and the Brain

Opening the Mind to Think “Outside the Box”

Brain “Preparation” for Insight and Analytical Problem Solving

Networks Associated with Creativity

Something to Consider

Wired to Create: Things Creative People Do Differently

Daydreaming

Solitude

Mindfulness

Chapter Summary

Think About It

Key Terms

Chapter 13. Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning: Making Judgments from Observations

The Availability Heuristic

The Representativeness Heuristic

Attitudes Can Affect Judgment

Evaluating False Evidence

Deductive Reasoning: Syllogisms and Logic

Categorical Syllogisms

Mental Models of Deductive Reasoning

Conditional Syllogisms

Conditional Reasoning: The Wason Four-Card Problem

Decision Making: Choosing Among Alternatives

The Utility Approach to Decisions

How Emotions Affect Decisions

Decisions Can Depend on the Context Within Which They Are Made

Decisions Can Depend on How Choices Are Presented

Neuroeconomics: The Neural Basis of Decision Making

Something to Consider

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