Test Bank for Clinical Immunology and Serology A Laboratory Perspective 3rd Edition by Christine Dorresteyn Stevens ISBN 0803624107 9780803624108

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ISBN 10: 0803624107
ISBN 13: 9780803624108
Author: Christine Dorresteyn Stevens

Clinical immunology and serology made clear! This practical introduction to clinical immunology covers all of the essential theoretical principles and the serology techniques most commonly used in the laboratory. The 3rd Edition is completely updated throughout, including new chapters on automated assays and immune response to bacterial infections, and expanded chapters on fungal and parasitic infections and molecular techniques. Easy-to-read, student-friendly sections focus on the direct application of theory to clinical laboratory practice. Case studies make topics more relevant and help to explain the “big picture.” Full-color slides illustrate what to expect in the lab and show the relationship between immunology and hematology. Additional resources for students and instructors are available online at DavisPlus.

Test Bank for Clinical Immunology and Serology A Laboratory Perspective 3rd  Table of contents:

Section 1. Nature of the Immune System

Chapter 1. Introduction and Natural Immunity

And Immunization

Versus Humoral Immunity

External Defense System

Internal Defense System

Acute-Phase Reactants

Cellular Defense Mechanisms

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Summary

Chapter 2. The Lymphoid System

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Bone Marrow

Thymus

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Spleen

Lymph Nodes

Other Secondary Organs

Surface Markers On Lymphocytes

Stages In B-Cell Differentiation

Pro-B Cells

Pre-B Cells

Immature B Cells

Mature B Cells

Activated B Cells

Plasma Cells

T-Cell Differentiation

Double-Negative Stage

Double-Positive Stage

Mature T Cells

Antigen Activation

Third Population Or Natural Killer Cells

Mechanism of Cytotoxicity

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

Laboratory Identification Of Lymphocytes

Manual Method

Summary

Chapter 3. Nature of Antigens and the Major Histocompatibility Complex

Factors Influencing The Immune Response

Traits Of Immunogens

Nature Of Epitopes

Haptens

Relationship Of Antigens To The Host

Adjuvants

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Genes Coding for MHC Molecules (HLA Antigens)

Structure of Class I Molecules

Structure of Class Ii Molecules

Role of Class I Molecules

Role of Class Ii Molecules

Clinical Significance of Mh

Summary

Chapter 4. Antibody Structure and Function

Tetrapeptide Structure Of Immunoglobulins

Cleavage with Papain

Pepsin Digestion

The Nature Of Light Chains

Heavy Chain Sequencing

Hinge Region

Three-Dimensional Structure Of Antibodies

IgG

IgM

IgA

IgD

IgE

Antibody Diversity

Ehrlich’s Side-Chain Theory

Clonal Selection

Genes Coding For Immunoglobulins

Rearrangement of Heavy Chain Genes

Light Chain Rearrangement

Monoclonal Antibody

Hybridoma Production

Selection of Specific Antibody-Producing Clones

Clinical Applications

Summary

Chapter 5. Cytokines

Introduction To Cytokines

Cytokines In The Innate Immune Response

Interleukin-1 (Il-1)

Tumor Necrosis Factor-

Il-6

Chemokines

Tgf-ß

Ifn-a and Ifn-ß

Cytokines In The Adaptive Immune Response

Th1 Cytokines

Th2 Cytokines

Cytokines Associated with T Regulatory Cells

Erythropoietin And Colony Stimulating Factors

Cytokines And Anticytokine Therapies

Clinical Assays For Cytokines

Summary

Chapter 6. Complement System

The Classical Pathway

Recognition Unit

Activation Unit

The Membrane Attack Complex

The Alternative Pathway

The Lectin Pathway

System Controls

Regulation of the Classical and Lectin Pathways

Regulation of the Alternative Pathway

Regulation of Terminal Components

Complement Receptors And Their Biological Roles

Biological Manifestations Of Complement Activation

Complement And Disease States

Complement Deficiencies

Major Pathway Components

Regulatory Factor Components

Laboratory Detection Of Complement Abnormalities

Immunologic Assays of Individual Components

Assays for the Classical Pathway

Alternative Pathway Assays

Interpretation of Laboratory Findings

Complement Fixation Testing

Summary

Section 2. Basic Immunological Procedures

Chapter 7. Safety and Specimen Preparation

Biological Hazards

Handwashing

Personal Protective Equipment

Procedure Precautions

Biological Waste Disposal

Transporting Patient Specimens

Sharps Hazards

Government Regulations

Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens

Chemical Hazards

General Precautions

Material Safety Data Sheets

Chemical Hygiene Plan

Chemical Waste Disposal

Radioactive Hazards

General Precautions

Radioactive Waste Disposal

Serological Testing

Specimen Preparation and Processing

Simple Dilutions

Compound Dilutions

Summary

Chapter 8. Precipitation Reactions

Antigen–Antibody Binding

Affinity

Avidity

Law of Mass Action

Precipitation Curve

Zone of Equivalence

Prozone and Postzone

Measurement Of Precipitation By Light Scattering

Turbidimetry

Nephelometry

Passive Immunodiffusion Techniques

Radial Immunodiffusion

Ouchterlony Double Diffusion

Electrophoretic Techniques

Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

Immunoelectrophoresis

Immunofixation Electophoresis

Sources of Error in Electrophoresis

Comparison Of Precipitation Techniques

Summary

Chapter 9. Agglutination

Steps In Agglutination

Sensitization

Lattice Formation

Enhancement of Lattice Formation

Types Of Agglutination Reactions

Direct Agglutination

Passive Agglutination

Reverse Passive Agglutination

Agglutination Inhibition

Coagglutination

Antiglobulin-Mediated Agglutination

Direct Antiglobulin Test

Indirect Antiglobulin Test

Instrumentation

Quality Control And Quality Assurance

Summary

Chapter 10. Labeled Immunoassays

Characteristics Of Labeled Assays

Competitive versus Noncompetitive Assays

Antibodies

Standards or Calibrators

Separation Methods

Detection of the Label

Quality Control

Radioimmunoassay

Competitive Binding Assays

Advantages and Disadvantages of Radioimmunoassay

Enzyme Immunoassay

Heterogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay

Rapid Immunoassays

Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzyme Immunoassay

Fluorescent Immunoassay

Direct Immunofluoescent Assays

Indirect Immunofluoescent Assays

Other Fluorescent Immunoassays

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fluorescent Immunoassay

Chemiluminescent Immunoassays

Principle of Chemiluminescence

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemiluminescent Assays

Summary

Chapter 11. Molecular Diagnostic Techniques

Characteristics Of Nucleic Acids

Composition of DNA and RNA

Replication of DNA

Types of RNA

Hybridization Techniques

Solid Support Hybridization

Solution Hybridization

In Situ Hybridization

DNA Chip Technology

Drawbacks of Hybridization Techniques

DNA Sequencing

Target Amplification

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Transcription-Based Amplification

Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA)

Probe Amplification

Signal Amplification

Drawbacks Of Amplification Systems

Future Of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques

Summary

Chapter 12. Flow Cytometry and Laboratory Automation

Cell Flow Cytometry

Principle

Instrumentation

Data Acquisition and Analysis

Sample Preparation

Clinical Applications

Immunoassay Automation

Validation

Summary

Section 3. Immune Disorders

Chapter 13. Hypersensitivity

Type I Hypersensitivity

Triggering of Type I Reactions by IgE

Role of Mast Cells and Basophils

Mediators Released from Granules

Clinical Manifestations of Immediate Hypersensitivity

Treatment of Immediate Hypersensitivity

Testing for Immediate Hypersensitivity

Type II Hypersensitivity

Transfusion Reactions

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Type II Reactions Involving Tissue Antigens

Testing for Type Ii Hypersensitivity

Type III Hypersensitivity

Arthus Reaction

Serum Sickness

Autoimmune Diseases

Testing for Type Iii Hypersensitivity

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Contact Dermatitis

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Tuberculin-Type Hypersensitivity

Testing for Delayed Hypersensitivity

Summary

Chapter 14. Autoimmunity

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Clinical Signs

Immunologic Findings

Laboratory Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Clinical Signs

Immunologic Findings

Laboratory Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Treatment

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Genetic Predisposition

Clinical Signs and Immunologic Findings for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Clinical Signs and Immunologic Findings for Graves’ Disease

Laboratory Testing for Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Treatment for Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Immunopathology

Laboratory Testing

Treatment

Other Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis

Myasthenia Gravis

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

Summary

Chapter 15. Immunoproliferative Diseases

Concepts Of Malignant Transformation

Lymphomas

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Lymphoblastic Leukemias

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia/Lymphoma

Hairy Cell Leukemia

Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

Multiple Myeloma

Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia

Role Of The Laboratory In Evaluating Immunoproliferative Diseases

Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry

Evaluation of Immunoglobulins

Serum Protein Electrophoresis

Immunofixation Electophoresis

Evaluation of Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

Summary

Chapter 16. Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

General Observations

Deficiencies of the B-Cell System (Agammaglobulinemias)

of Cellular Immunity

Deficiencies of Cellular and Humoral Immunity

Defects of Neutrophil Function

Complement Deficiencies

Laboratory Evaluation Of Immune Dysfunction

Screening Tests

Confirmatory Tests

Evaluation of Immunoglobulins

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Summary

Chapter 17. Transplantation Immunology

Introduction

Histocompatibility Systems

Minor Histocompatibility Antigens

MIC Antigens

ABO Blood Group Antigens

Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors

Allorecognition

Transplant Rejection

Hyperacute Rejection

Acute Cellular Rejection

Chronic Rejection

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Immunosuppressive Agents

Corticosteroids

Antimetabolic Agents

Calcineurin Inhibitors

Monoclonal Antibodies

Polyclonal Antibodies

Clinical Histocompatibility Testing

HLA Typing

HLA Phenotyping

HLA Genotyping

HLA Antibody Screening and Identification

Summary

Chapter 18. Tumor Immunology

Introduction And Description Of Tumors

Immunosurveillance

Tumor-Associated Antigens

Principles Of Lab Tests For Screening, Diagnosing, And Managing Tumors

Lab Tests For Tumor Marker Detection

Immunotherapy

Passive Immunotherapy

Active Immunotherapy

Summary

Section 4. Serological Diagnosis of Infectious Disease

Chapter 19. Serological and Molecular Detection of Bacterial Infections

Immune Defenses Against Bacterial Infections And Mechanisms Of Evasion

Group A Streptococci

Clinical Manifestations of Group A Streptococcal Infection

Detection of Group A Streptococcal Antigens

Detection of Streptococcal Antibodies

Helicobacter Pylori

Characteristics of Helicobacter Pylori Infections

Antigen-Detection Procedures

Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Antibodies

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Characteristics of Mycoplasma Infection

Detection of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae by Culture

Detection of Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Molecular Techniques

Rickettsial Infections

Characteristics of Rickettsial Infections

Serological Diagnosis

Molecular Techniques

Summary

Chapter 20. Serological Response to Parasitic and Fungal Infections

Parasitic Immunology

Evasion of Host Defenses

Immunologic Response to Parasites

Serology in Protozoan Diseases

Helminth Infections

Limitations of Parasitic Serology

Fungal Immunology

Characteristics of Fungi

Mycotic Infections (Mycoses)

Immune Response to Fungi

Serology in Mycotic Diseases

Molecular Testing

Summary

Chapter 21. Spirochete Diseases

Syphilis

Characteristics of the Organism

Mode of Transmission

Stages of the Disease

Congenital Syphilis

Nature of the Immune Response

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Lyme Disease

Characteristics of the Organism

Stages of the Disease

Nature of the Immune Response

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Summary

Chapter 22. Serology and Molecular Detection of Viral Infections

Immune Defenses Against Viral Infections And Viral Escape Mechanisms

Laboratory Testing For Viral Infections

Hepatitis

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis C

Viruses with Uncertain Association with Hepatitis

Herpes Virus Infections

Epstein-Barr Virus

Cytomegalovirus

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Viral Infections Of Childhood

Rubella

Rubeola

Mumps

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses

Other Viral Infections

Summary

Chapter 23. Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection

HIV Transmission

Characteristics Of HIV Composition of the Virus

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