The Basics of Social Research 7th edition by Earl Babbie – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1305503074 , 978-1305503076
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ISBN 10: 1305503074
ISBN 13: 978-1305503076
Author: Earl Babbie
This thorough revision of Babbie’s standard-setting text presents a succinct, straightforward introduction to the field of research methods as practiced by social scientists. Contemporary examples, such as terrorism, Alzheimer’s disease, anti-gay prejudice and education, and the legalization of marijuana, introduce you to the “how-tos” and “whys” of social research methods. With new data, new coverage of online research and other timely topics, and Learning Objectives for each chapter that help you focus on important concepts, this edition continues to be authoritative yet student-friendly and engaging as it helps you connect the dots between the world of social research and the real world.
The Basics of Social Research 7th Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Human Inquiry and Science
Looking for Reality
Knowledge from Agreement Reality
Ordinary Human Inquiry
Tradition
Authority
Errors in Inquiry and Some Solutions
The Foundations of Social Science
Theory, Not Philosophy or Belief
Social Regularities
Aggregates, Not Individuals
Concepts and Variables
The Purposes of Social Research
The Ethics of Human Inquiry
Some Dialectics of Social Research
Idiographic and Nomothetic Explanation
Inductive and Deductive Theory
Determinism versus Agency
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
The Research Proposal
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Introduction
Review Questions
Chapter 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research
Some Social Science Paradigms
Macrotheory and Microtheory
Early Positivism
Conflict Paradigm
Symbolic Interactionism
Ethnomethodology
Structural Functionalism
Feminist Paradigms
Critical Race Theory
Rational Objectivity Reconsidered
Two Logical Systems Revisited
The Traditional Model of Science
Deduction and Induction Compared
Deductive Theory Construction
Getting Started
Constructing Your Theory
An Example of Deductive Theory: Distributive Justice
Inductive Theory Construction
An Example of Inductive Theory: Why Do People Smoke Marijuana?
The Links between Theory and Research
The Importance of Theory in the “Real World”
Research Ethics and Theory
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Theory
Review Questions
Chapter 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research
Ethical Issues in Social Research
Voluntary Participation
No Harm to the Participants
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Deception
Analysis and Reporting
Institutional Review Boards
Professional Codes of Ethics
Two Ethical Controversies
Trouble in the Tearoom
Observing Human Obedience
The Politics of Social Research
Objectivity and Ideology
Politics with a Little “p”
Politics in Perspective
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Ethical Issues
Review Questions
Chapter 4. Research Design
Three Purposes of Research
Exploration
Description
Explanation
Idiographic Explanation
The Logic of Nomothetic Explanation
Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
Nomothetic Causal Analysis and Hypothesis Testing
False Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
Necessary and Sufficient Causes
Units of Analysis
Individuals
Groups
Organizations
Social Interactions
Social Artifacts
Units of Analysis in Review
Faulty Reasoning about Units of Analysis: The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism
The Time Dimension
Cross-Sectional Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Approximating Longitudinal Studies
Examples of Research Strategies
Mixed Modes
How to Design a Research Project
Getting Started
Conceptualization
Choice of Research Method
Operationalization
Population and Sampling
Observations
Data Processing
Analysis
Application
Research Design in Review
The Research Proposal
Elements of a Research Proposal
The Ethics of Research Design
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Design
Review Questions
Chapter 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement
Measuring Anything That Exists
Conceptions, Concepts, and Reality
Concepts as Constructs
Conceptualization
Indicators and Dimensions
The Interchangeability of Indicators
Real, Nominal, and Operational Definitions
Creating Conceptual Order
An Example of Conceptualization: The Concept of Anomie
Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies
Operationalization Choices
Range of Variation
Variations between the Extremes
A Note on Dimensions
Defining Variables and Attributes
Levels of Measurement
Single or Multiple Indicators
Some Illustrations of Operationalization Choices
Operationalization Goes on and on
Criteria of Measurement Quality
Precision and Accuracy
Reliability
Validity
Who Decides What’s Valid?
Tension between Reliability and Validity
The Ethics of Measurement
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Measurement
Review Questions
Chapter 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies
Indexes versus Scales
Index Construction
Item Selection
Examination of Empirical Relationships
Index Scoring
Handling Missing Data
Index Validation
The Status of Women: An Illustration of Index Construction
Scale Construction
Bogardus Social Distance Scale
Thurstone Scales
Likert Scaling
Semantic Differential
Guttman Scaling
Typologies
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Composite Measures
Review Questions
Chapter 7. The Logic of Sampling
A Brief History of Sampling
President Alf Landon
President Thomas E. Dewey
Two Types of Sampling Methods
Nonprobability Sampling
Reliance on Available Subjects
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Quota Sampling
Selecting Informants
The Logic and Techniques of Probability Sampling
Conscious and Subconscious Sampling Bias
Representativeness and Probability of Selection
Random Selection
Probability Theory, Sampling Distributions, and Estimates of Sampling Error
Populations and Sampling Frames
Review of Populations and Sampling Frames
Types of Sampling Designs
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Implicit Stratification in Systematic Sampling
Illustration: Sampling University Students
Sample Modification
Multistage Cluster Sampling
Multistage Designs and Sampling Error
Stratification in Multistage Cluster Sampling
Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) Sampling
Disproportionate Sampling and Weighting
Probability Sampling in Review
The Ethics of Sampling
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Sampling
Review Questions
Chapter 8. Experiments
Topics Appropriate for Experiments
The Classical Experiment
Independent and Dependent Variables
Pretesting and Posttesting
Experimental and Control Groups
The Double-Blind Experiment
Selecting Subjects
Probability Sampling
Randomization
Matching
Matching or Randomization?
Variations on Experimental Design
Preexperimental Research Designs
Validity Issues in Experimental Research
Examples of Experimentation
Web-Based Experiments
“Natural” Experiments
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method
Ethics and Experiments
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Experiments
Review Questions
Chapter 9. Survey Research
Topics Appropriate for Survey Research
Guidelines for Asking Questions
Choose Appropriate Question Forms
Make Items Clear
Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
Respondents Must Be Competent to Answer
Respondents Must Be Willing to Answer
Questions Should Be Relevant
Short Items Are Best
Avoid Negative Items
Avoid Biased Items and Terms
Questionnaire Construction
General Questionnaire Format
Formats for Respondents
Contingency Questions
Matrix Questions
Ordering Items in a Questionnaire
Questionnaire Instructions
Pretesting the Questionnaire
A Sample Questionnaire
Self-Administered Questionnaires
Mail Distribution and Return
Monitoring Returns
Follow-Up Mailings
Response Rates
Compensation for Respondents
A Case Study
Interview Surveys
The Role of the Survey Interviewer
General Guidelines for Survey Interviewing
Coordination and Control
Telephone Surveys
Positive and Negative Factors
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
Response Rates in Interview Surveys
Online Surveys
Online Devices
Instrument Design
Improving Response Rates
Mixed-Mode Surveys
Comparison of the Different Survey Methods
Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research
Secondary Analysis
Ethics and Survey Research
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Survey Research
Review Questions
Chapter 10. Qualitative Field Research
Topics Appropriate for Field Research
Special Considerations in Qualitative Field Research
The Various Roles of the Observer
Relations to Subjects
Some Qualitative Field Research Paradigms
Naturalism
Ethnomethodology
Grounded Theory
Case Studies and the Extended Case Method
Institutional Ethnography
Participatory Action Research
Conducting Qualitative Field Research
Preparing for the Field
Qualitative Interviewing
Focus Groups
Recording Observations
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Field Research
Validity
Reliability
Ethics in Qualitative Field Research
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Field Research
Review Questions
Chapter 11. Unobtrusive Research
Content Analysis
Topics Appropriate for Content Analysis
Sampling in Content Analysis
Coding in Content Analysis
Illustrations of Content Analysis
Strengths and Weaknesses of Content Analysis
Analyzing Existing Statistics
Durkheim’s Study of Suicide
The Consequences of Globalization
Units of Analysis
Problems of Validity
Problems of Reliability
Sources of Existing Statistics
Comparative and Historical Research
Examples of Comparative and Historical Research
Sources of Comparative and Historical Data
Analytic Techniques
Unobtrusive Online Research
Ethics and Unobtrusive Measures
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Unobtrusive Measures
Review Questions
Chapter 12. Evaluation Research
Topics Appropriate for Evaluation Research
Formulating the Problem: Issues of Measurement
Specifying Outcomes
Measuring Experimental Contexts
Specifying Interventions
Specifying the Population
New versus Existing Measures
Operationalizing Success/Failure
Types of Evaluation Research Designs
Experimental Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Qualitative Evaluations
Logistical Problems
Use of Research Results
Social Indicators Research
The Death Penalty and Deterrence
Computer Simulation
Ethics and Evaluation Research
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Evaluation Research
Review Questions
Chapter 13. Qualitative Data Analysis
Linking Theory and Analysis
Discovering Patterns
Grounded Theory Method
Semiotics
Conversation Analysis
Qualitative Data Processing
Coding
Memoing
Concept Mapping
Computer Programs for Qualitative Data
QDA Programs
Leviticus as Seen through Qualrus
NVivo
The Qualitative Analysis of Quantitative Data
Evaluating the Quality of Qualitative Research
Ethics and Qualitative Data Analysis
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Qualitative Data Analysis
Review Questions
Chapter 14. Quantitative Data Analysis
Quantification of Data
Developing Code Categories
Codebook Construction
Data Entry
Univariate Analysis
Distributions
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Continuous and Discrete Variables
Detail versus Manageability
Subgroup Comparisons
“Collapsing” Response Categories
Handling “Don’t Knows”
Numerical Descriptions in Qualitative Research
Bivariate Analysis
Percentaging a Table
Constructing and Reading Bivariate Tables
Introduction to Multivariate Analysis
Sociological Diagnostics
Ethics and Quantitative Data Analysis
Main Points
Key Terms
Proposing Social Research: Quantitative Data Analysis
Review Questions
Chapter 15. Reading and Writing Social Research
Reading Social Research
Organizing a Review of the Literature
Reading Journals versus Books
Evaluation of Research Reports
Using the Internet Wisely
Writing Social Research
Some Basic Considerations
Organization of the Report
Guidelines for Reporting Analyses
Going Public
The Ethics of Reading and Writing Social Research
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