Biochemistry A Short Course 3rd Edition by John Tymoczko, Jeremy Berg, Lubert Stryer – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1464126135 , 978-1464126130
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ISBN 10: 1464126135
ISBN 13: 978-1464126130
Author: John Tymoczko, Jeremy Berg, Lubert Stryer
Derived from the classic text originated by Lubert Stryer and continued by John Tymoczko and Jeremy Berg, Biochemistry: A Short Course focuses on the major topics taught in a one-semester biochemistry course. With its short chapters and relevant examples, it’s uniquely effective in helping students see the connections between the biochemistry they’re studying and their own lives.
This new edition takes into account recent discoveries and advances that have changed how we think about the fundamental concepts in biochemistry and human health. A number of new interactive features are designed to help instructors create a more active environment in the classroom. Those new resources are found in LaunchPad, the third edition’s dedicated version of W.H. Freeman’s breakthrough online course space.
Biochemistry A Short Course 3rd Table of contents:
PART I: The Molecular Design of Life
SECTION 1 Biochemistry Helps Us to Understand Our World
Chapter 2 Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos
2.1 Thermal Motions Power Biological Interactions
2.2 Biochemical Interactions Take Place in an Aqueous Solution
2.3 Weak Interactions Are Important Biochemical Properties
Electrostatic Interactions Are Between Electrical Charges
Hydrogen Bonds Form Between an Electronegative Atom and Hydrogen
van der Waals Interactions Depend on Transient Asymmetry in Electrical Charge
Weak Bonds Permit Repeated Interactions
2.4 Hydrophobic Molecules Cluster Together
Membrane Formation Is Powered by the Hydrophobic Effect
Protein Folding Is Powered by the Hydrophobic Effect
Functional Groups Have Specific Chemical Properties
2.5 pH Is an Important Parameter of Biochemical Systems
Water Ionizes to a Small Extent
An Acid Is a Proton Donor, Whereas a Base Is a Proton Acceptor
Acids Have Differing Tendencies to Ionize
Buffers Resist Changes in pH
Buffers Are Crucial in Biological Systems
Making Buffers Is a Common Laboratory Practice
SECTION 2 Protein Composition and Structure
Chapter 3 Amino Acids
Two Different Ways of Depicting Biomolecules Will Be Used
3.1 Proteins Are Built from a Repertoire of 20 Amino Acids
Most Amino Acids Exist in Two Mirror-Image Forms
All Amino Acids Have at Least Two Charged Groups
3.2 Amino Acids Contain a Wide Array of Functional Groups
Hydrophobic Amino Acids Have Mainly Hydrocarbon Side Chains
Polar Amino Acids Have Side Chains That Contain an Electronegative Atom
Positively Charged Amino Acids Are Hydrophilic
Negatively Charged Amino Acids Have Acidic Side Chains
The Ionizable Side Chains Enhance Reactivity and Bonding
3.3 Essential Amino Acids Must Be Obtained from the Diet
Clinical Insight: Pathological Conditions Result If Protein Intake Is Inadequate
Chapter 4 Protein Three-Dimensional Structure
4.1 Primary Structure: Amino Acids Are Linked by Peptide Bonds to Form Polypeptide Chains
Proteins Have Unique Amino Acid Sequences Specified by Genes
Polypeptide Chains Are Flexible Yet Conformationally Restricted
4.2 Secondary Structure: Polypeptide Chains Can Fold into Regular Structures
The Alpha Helix Is a Coiled Structure Stabilized by Intrachain Hydrogen Bonds
Beta Sheets Are Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonding Between Polypeptide Strands
Polypeptide Chains Can Change Direction by Making Reverse Turns and Loops
Fibrous Proteins Provide Structural Support for Cells and Tissues
Clinical Insight: Defects in Collagen Structure Result in Pathological Conditions
4.3 Tertiary Structure: Water-Soluble Proteins Fold into Compact Structures
Myoglobin Illustrates the Principles of Tertiary Structure
The Tertiary Structure of Many Proteins Can Be Divided into Structural and Functional Units
4.4 Quaternary Structure: Multiple Polypeptide Chains Can Assemble into a Single Protein
4.5 The Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
Proteins Fold by the Progressive Stabilization of Intermediates Rather Than by Random Search
Some Proteins Are Inherently Unstructured and Can Exist in Multiple Conformations
Clinical Insight: Protein Misfolding and Aggregation Are Associated with Some Neurological Diseases
SECTION 3 Basic Concepts and Kinetics of Enzymes
Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action
6.1 Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts
Proteolytic Enzymes Illustrate the Range of Enzyme Specificity
There Are Six Major Classes of Enzymes
6.2 Many Enzymes Require Cofactors for Activity
6.3 Gibbs Free Energy Is a Useful Thermodynamic Function for Understanding Enzymes
The Free-Energy Change Provides Information About the Spontaneity but Not the Rate of a Reaction
The Standard Free-Energy Change of a Reaction Is Related to the Equilibrium Constant
Enzymes Alter the Reaction Rate but Not the Reaction Equilibrium
6.4 Enzymes Facilitate the Formation of the Transition State
The Formation of an Enzyme–Substrate Complex Is the First Step in Enzymatic Catalysis
The Active Sites of Enzymes Have Some Common Features
The Binding Energy Between Enzyme and Substrate Is Important for Catalysis
Transition-State Analogs Are Potent Inhibitors of Enzyme
Chapter 7 Kinetics and Regulation
7.1 Kinetics Is the Study of Reaction Rates
7.2 The Michaelis–Menten Model Describes the Kinetics of Many Enzymes
Clinical Insight: Variations in K[sub(M)] Can Have Physiological Consequences
K[sub(M)] and V[sub(max)] Values Can Be Determined by Several Means
K[sub(M)] and V([sub]max) Values Are Important Enzyme Characteristics
k[sub(cat)]/K[sub(M)] Is a Measure of Catalytic Efficiency
Most Biochemical Reactions Include Multiple Substrates
7.3 Allosteric Enzymes Are Catalysts and Information Sensors
Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Products of the Pathways Under Their Control
Allosterically Regulated Enzymes Do Not Conform to Michaelis–Menten Kinetics
Allosteric Enzymes Depend on Alterations in Quaternary Structure
Regulator Molecules Modulate the R (Omitted) T Equilibrium
The Sequential Model Also Can Account for Allosteric Effects
Clinical Insight: Loss of Allosteric Control May Result in Pathological Conditions
7.4 Enzymes Can Be Studied One Molecule at a Time
Chapter 8 Mechanisms and Inhibitors
8.1 A Few Basic Catalytic Strategies Are Used by Many Enzymes
8.2 Enzyme Activity Can Be Modulated by Temperature, pH, and Inhibitory Molecules
Temperature Enhances the Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Most Enzymes Have an Optimal pH
Enzymes Can Be Inhibited by Specific Molecules
Reversible Inhibitors Are Kinetically Distinguishable
Irreversible Inhibitors Can Be Used to Map the Active Site
Clinical Insight: Penicillin Irreversibly Inactivates a Key Enzyme in Bacterial Cell-Wall Synthesis
8.3 Chymotrypsin Illustrates Basic Principles of Catalysis and Inhibition
Serine 195 Is Required for Chymotrypsin Activity
Chymotrypsin Action Proceeds in Two Steps Linked by a Covalently Bound Intermediate
The Catalytic Role of Histidine 57 Was Demonstrated by Affinity Labeling
Serine Is Part of a Catalytic Triad That Includes Histidine and Aspartic Acid
Chapter 9 Hemoglobin, an Allosteric Protein
9.1 Hemoglobin Displays Cooperative Behavior
9.2 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin Bind Oxygen in Heme Groups
Clinical Insight: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Regions of the Brain Processing Sens
9.3 Hemoglobin Binds Oxygen Cooperatively
9.4 An Allosteric Regulator Determines the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
Clinical Insight: Hemoglobin’s Oxygen Affinity Is Adjusted to Meet Environmental Needs
Biological Insight: Hemoglobin Adaptations Allow Oxygen Transport in Extreme Environments
9.5 Hydrogen Ions and Carbon Dioxide Promote the Release of Oxygen
9.6 Mutations in Genes Encoding Hemoglobin Subunits Can Result in Disease
Clinical Insight: Sickle-Cell Anemia Is a Disease Caused by a Mutation in Hemoglobin
NEW Clinical Insight: Thalassemia is Caused by an Imbalanced Production of Hemoglobin Chains
SECTION 4 Carbohydrates and Lipids
Chapter 10 Carbohydrates
10.1 Monosaccharides Are the Simplest Carbohydrates
Many Common Sugars Exist in Cyclic Forms
NEW: Pyranose and Furanose Rings Can Assume Different Conformations
NEW Clinical Insight: Glucose Is a Reducing Sugar
Monosaccharides Are Joined to Alcohols and Amines Through Glycosidic Bonds
Biological Insight: Glucosinolates Protect Plants and Add Flavor to Our Diets
10.2 Monosaccharides Are Linked to Form Complex Carbohydrates
Specific Enzymes Are Responsible for Oligosaccharide Assembly
Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose Are the Common Disaccharides
Glycogen and Starch Are Storage Forms of Glucose
Cellulose, a Structural Component of Plants, Is Made of Chains of Glucose
10.3 Carbohydrates Are Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates May Be Linked to Asparagine, Serine, or Threonine Residues of Proteins
Clinical Insight: The Hormone Erythropoietin Is a Glycoprotein
Proteoglycans, Composed of Polysaccharides and Protein, Have Important Structural Roles
Clinical Insight: Proteoglycans Are Important Components of Cartilage
Clinical Insight: Mucins Are Glycoprotein Components of Mucus
Biological Insight: Blood Groups Are Based on Protein Glycosylation Patterns
Clinical Insight: Lack of Glycosylation Can Result in Pathological Conditions
10.4 Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins
Lectins Promote Interactions Between Cells
Clinical Insight: Lectins Facilitate Embryonic Development
Clinical Insight: Influenza Virus Binds to Sialic Acid Residues
Chapter 11 Lipids
11.1 Fatty Acids Are a Main Source of Fuel
Fatty Acids Vary in Chain Length and Degree of Unsaturation
The Degree and Type of Unsaturation Are Important to Health
11.2 Triacylglycerols Are the Storage Form of Fatty Acids
11.3 There Are Three Common Types of Membrane Lipids
Phospholipids Are the Major Class of Membrane Lipids
Membrane Lipids Can Include Carbohydrates
Steroids Are Lipids That Have a Variety of Roles
Biological Insight: Membranes of Extremophiles Are Built from Ether Lipids with Branched Chains
Membrane Lipids Contain a Hydrophilic and a Hydrophobic Moiety
Some Proteins Are Modified by the Covalent Attachment of Hydrophobic Groups
Clinical Insight: Premature Aging Can Result from the Improper Attachment of a Hydrophobic Group to
PART II: Transducing and Storing Energy
SECTION 6 Basic Concepts and Design of Metabolism
Chapter 14 Digestion: Turning a Meal into Cellular Biochemicals
14.1 Digestion Prepares Large Biomolecules for Use in Metabolism
Most Digestive Enzymes Are Secreted as Inactive Precursors
14.2 Proteases Digest Proteins into Amino Acids and Peptides
NEW Clinical Insight: Protein Digestion Begins in the Stomach
NEW: Protein Digestion Continues in the Intestine
NEW Clinical Insight: Celiac Disease Results from the Inability to Properly Digest Certain Proteins
14.3 Dietary Carbohydrates Are Digested by Alpha-Amylase
14.4 The Digestion of Lipids Is Complicated by Their Hydrophobicity
Biological Insight: Snake Venoms Digest from the Inside Out
Chapter 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design
15.1 Energy Is Required to Meet Three Fundamental Needs
15.2 Metabolism Consists of Energy-Yielding Reactions and Energy-Requiring Reactions
Metabolism Consists of Energy-Yielding Reactions and Energy-Requiring Reactions
A Thermodynamically Unfavorable Reaction Can Be Driven by a Favorable Reaction
15.3 ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy
ATP Hydrolysis Is Exergonic
ATP Hydrolysis Drives Metabolism by Shifting the Equilibrium of Coupled Reactions
The High Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential of ATP Results from Structural Differences Between ATP and It
Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential Is an Important Form of Cellular Energy Transformation
Clinical Insight: Exercise Depends on Various Means of Generating ATP
Phosphates Play a Prominent Role in Biochemical Processes
15.4 The Oxidation of Carbon Fuels Is an Important Source of Cellular Energy
Carbon Oxidation Is Paired with a Reduction
Compounds with High Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential Can Couple Carbon Oxidation to ATP Synthesis
15.5 Metabolic Pathways Contain Many Recurring Motifs
Activated Carriers Exemplify the Modular Design and Economy of Metabolism
Clinical Insight: Lack of Activated Pantothenate Results in Neurological Problems
Many Activated Carriers Are Derived from Vitamins
15.6 Metabolic Processes Are Regulated in Three Principal Ways
The Amounts of Enzymes Are Controlled
Catalytic Activity Is Regulated
The Accessibility of Substrates Is Regulated
SECTION 7 Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Chapter 16 Glycolysis
16.1 Glycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway
Hexokinase Traps Glucose in the Cell and Begins Glycolysis
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Is Generated from Glucose 6-phosphate
Clinical Insight: The Six-Carbon Sugar Is Cleaved into Two Three-Carbon Fragments
The Oxidation of an Aldehyde Powers the Formation of a Compound Having High Phosphoryl-Transfer Pote
ATP Is Formed by Phosphoryl Transfer from 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Additional ATP Is Generated with the Formation of Pyruvate
Two ATP Molecules Are Formed in the Conversion of Glucose into Pyruvate
16.2 NAD[sup(+)] Is Regenerated from the Metabolism of Pyruvate
Fermentations Are a Means of Oxidizing NADH
Biological Insight: Fermentations Provide Usable Energy in the Absence of Oxygen
16.3 Fructose and Galactose Are Converted into Glycolytic Intermediates
NEW: Fructose Is Converted into Glycolytic Intermediates by Fructokinase
NEW Clinical Insight: Excessive Fructose Consumption Can Lead to Pathological Conditions
NEW: Galactose Is Converted into Glucose 6-phosphate
Clinical Insight: Many Adults Are Intolerant of Milk Because They Are Deficient in Lactase
Clinical Insight: Galactose Is Highly Toxic If the Transferase Is Missing
16.4 The Glycolytic Pathway Is Tightly Controlled
Glycolysis in Muscle Is Regulated by Feedback Inhibition to Meet the Need for ATP
The Regulation of Glycolysis in the Liver Corresponds to the Biochemical Versatility of the Liver
A Family of Transporters Enables Glucose to Enter and Leave Animal Cells
NEW Clinical Insight: Aerobic Glycolysis Is a Property of Rapidly Growing Cells
Clinical Insight: Cancer and Exercise Training Affect Glycolysis in a Similar Fashion
16.5 Metabolism in Context: Glycolysis Helps Pancreatic Beta Cells Sense Glucose
Chapter 17 Gluconeogenesis
17.1 Glucose Can Be Synthesized from Noncarbohydrate Precursors
Gluconeogenesis Is Not a Complete Reversal of Glycolysis
The Conversion of Pyruvate into Phosphoenolpyruvate Begins with the Formation of Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate Is Shuttled into the Cytoplasm and Converted into Phosphoenolpyruvate
The Conversion of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into Fructose 6-phosphate and Orthophosphate Is an Irrev
The Generation of Free Glucose Is an Important Control Point
Six High-Transfer-Potential Phosphoryl Groups Are Spent in Synthesizing Glucose from Pyruvate
17.2 Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis Are Reciprocally Regulated
Energy Charge Determines Whether Glycolysis or Gluconeogenesis Will Be More Active
The Balance Between Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis in the Liver Is Sensitive to Blood-Glucose Concen
Clinical Insight: Insulin Fails to Inhibit Gluconeogenesis in Type 2 Diabetes
Clinical Insight: Substrate Cycles Amplify Metabolic Signals
17.3 Metabolism in Context: Precursors Formed by Muscle Are Used by Other Organs
SECTION 8 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 18 Preparation for the Cycle
18.1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Forms Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate
The Synthesis of Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate Requires Three Enzymes and Five Coenzymes
Flexible Linkages Allow Lipoamide to Move Between Different Active Sites
18.2 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Is Regulated by Two Mechanisms
Clinical Insight: Defective Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Results in Lactic Acidosis
Clinical Insight: Enhanced Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Activity Facilitates the Development of Can
Clinical Insight: The Disruption of Pyruvate Metabolism Is the Cause of Beriberi
Chapter 19 Harvesting Electrons from the Cycle
19.1 The Citric Acid Cycle Consists of Two Stages
19.2 Stage One Oxidizes Two Carbon Atoms to Gather Energy-Rich Electrons
Citrate Synthase Forms Citrate from Oxaloacetate and Acetyl Coenzyme A
The Mechanism of Citrate Synthase Prevents Undesirable Reactions
Citrate Is Isomerized into Isocitrate
Isocitrate Is Oxidized and Decarboxylated to Alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl Coenzyme A Is Formed by the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Alpha-Ketoglutarate
19.3 Stage Two Regenerates Oxaloacetate and Harvests Energy-Rich Electrons
A Compound with High Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential Is Generated from Succinyl Coenzyme A
Succinyl Coenzyme A Synthetase Transforms Types of Biochemical Energy
Oxaloacetate Is Regenerated by the Oxidation of Succinate
The Citric Acid Cycle Produces High-Transfer-Potential Electrons, an ATP, and Carbon Dioxide
19.4 The Citric Acid Cycle Is Regulated
The Citric Acid Cycle Is Controlled at Several Points
The Citric Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors
The Citric Acid Cycle Must Be Capable of Being Rapidly Replenished
Clinical Insight: Defects in the Citric Acid Cycle Contribute to the Development of Cancer
19.5 The Glyoxylate Cycle Enables Plants and Bacteria to Convert Fats into Carbohydrates
SECTION 9 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chapter 21 The Proton-Motive Force
21.1 A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP
ATP Synthase Is Composed of a Proton-Conducting Unit and a Catalytic Unit
Proton Flow Through ATP Synthase Leads to the Release of Tightly Bound ATP
Rotational Catalysis Is the World’s Smallest Molecular Motor
Proton Flow Around the c Ring Powers ATP Synthesis
21.2 Shuttles Allow Movement Across Mitochondrial Membranes
Electrons from Cytoplasmic NADH Enter Mitochondria by Shuttles
The Entry of ADP into Mitochondria Is Coupled to the Exit of ATP
Mitochondrial Transporters Allow Metabolite Exchange Between the Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
21.3 Cellular Respiration Is Regulated by the Need for ATP
The Complete Oxidation of Glucose Yields About 30 Molecules of ATP
The Rate of Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Determined by the Need for ATP
NEW Clinical Insight: ATP Synthase Can Be Regulated
Biological Insight: Regulated Uncoupling Leads to the Generation of Heat
Clinical Insight: Oxidative Phosphorylation Can Be Inhibited at Many Stages
Clinical Insight: Mitochondrial Diseases Are Being Discovered in Increasing Numbers
Power Transmission by Proton Gradients Is a Central Motif of Bioenergetics
SECTION 11 Glycogen Metabolism and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Chapter 24 Glycogen Degradation
24.1 Glycogen Breakdown Requires Several Enzymes
Phosphorylase Cleaves Glycogen to Release Glucose 1-phosphate
A Debranching Enzyme Also is Needed for the Breakdown of Glycogen
Phosphoglucomutase Converts Glucose 1-phosphate into Glucose 6-phosphate
Liver Contains Glucose 6-phosphatase, a Hydrolytic Enzyme Absent from Muscle
24.2 Phosphorylase Is Regulated by Allosteric Interactions and Reversible Phosphorylation
Liver Phosphorylase Produces Glucose for Use by Other Tissues
Muscle Phosphorylase is Regulated by the Intracellular Energy Charge
Biochemical Characteristics of Muscle Fiber Types Differ
NEW: Phosphorylation Promotes the Conversion of Phosphorylase b to Phosphorylase a
Phosphorylase Kinase Is Activated by Phosphorylation and Calcium Ions
Clinical Insight: Hers Disease is Due to a Phosphorylase Deficiency
24.3 Epinephrine and Glucagon Signal the Need for Glycogen Breakdown
G Proteins Transmit the Signal for the Initiation of Glycogen Breakdown
Glycogen Breakdown Must Be Rapidly Turned Off When Necessary
Biological Insight Glycogen Depletion Coincides with the Onset of Fatigue
Chapter 25 Glycogen Synthesis
25.1 Glycogen Is Synthesized and Degraded by Different Pathways
UDP-Glucose Is an Activated Form of Glucose
Glycogen Synthase Catalyzes the Transfer of Glucose from UDP-Glucose to a Growing Chain
A Branching Enzyme Forms Alpha-1,6 Linkages
Glycogen Synthase Is the Key Regulatory Enzyme in Glycogen Synthesis
Glycogen Is an Efficient Storage Form of Glucose
25.2 Metabolism in Context: Glycogen Breakdown and Synthesis Are Reciprocally Regulated
Protein Phosphatase 1 Reverses the Regulatory Effects of Kinases on Glycogen Metabolism
Insulin Stimulates Glycogen Synthesis by Inactivating Glycogen Synthase Kinase
Glycogen Metabolism in the Liver Regulates the Blood-Glucose Concentration
Clinical Insight: Diabetes Mellitus Results from Insulin Insufficiency and Glucagon Excess
Clinical Insight: A Biochemical Understanding of Glycogen-Storage Diseases Is Possible
Chapter 26 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
26.1 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Yields NADPH and Five-Carbon Sugars
Two Molecules of NADPH Are Generated in the Conversion of Glucose 6-phosphate into Ribulose 5-phosph
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glycolysis Are Linked by Transketolase and Transaldolase
26.2 Metabolism in Context: Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Are Coordinately Controlled
The Rate of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Is Controlled by the Level of NADP+
The Fate of Glucose 6-phosphate Depends on the Need for NADPH, Ribose 5-phosphate, and ATP
NEW Clinical Insight: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Is Required For Rapid Cell Growth
26.3 Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Lessens Oxidative Stress
Clinical Insight: Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Causes a Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemi
Biological Insight: A Deficiency of Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Confers an Evolutionary Advant
SECTION 12 Fatty Acid and Lipid Metabolism
Chapter 27 Fatty Acid Degradation
27.1 Fatty Acids Are Processed in Three Stages
Clinical Insight: Triacylglycerols Are Hydrolyzed by Hormone-Stimulated Lipases
NEW: Free Fatty Acids and Glycerol Are Released into the Blood
Fatty Acids Are Linked to Coenzyme A Before They Are Oxidized
Clinical Insight: Pathological Conditions Result if Fatty Acids Cannot Enter the Mitochondria
Acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH[sub(2)] Are Generated by Fatty Acid Oxidation
The Complete Oxidation of Palmitate Yields 106 Molecules of ATP
27.2 The Degradation of Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Requires Additional Steps
An Isomerase and a Reductase Are Required for the Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Yield Propionyl CoA in the Final Thiolysis Step
27.3 Ketone Bodies Are Another Fuel Source Derived from Fats
Ketone-Body Synthesis Takes Place in the Liver
NEW Clinical Insight: Ketogenic Diets May Have Therapeutic Properties
Animals Cannot Convert Fatty Acids into Glucose
27.4 Metabolism in Context: Fatty Acid Metabolism Is a Source of Insight into Various Physiological
Clinical Insight: Diabetes Can Lead to a Life-Threatening Excess of Ketone-Body Production
Clinical Insight: Ketone Bodies Are a Crucial Fuel Source During Starvation
NEW Clinical Insight: Some Fatty Acids May Contribute to the Development of Pathological Condition
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