Biomechanics and Gait Analysis 1st Edition by Nicholas Stergiou – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 0128133724 978-0128133729
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ISBN 10: 0128133724
ISBN 13: 978-0128133729
Author: Nicholas Stergiou
Biomechanics and Gait Analysis presents a comprehensive book on biomechanics that focuses on gait analysis. It is written primarily for biomedical engineering students, professionals and biomechanists with a strong emphasis on medical devices and assistive technology, but is also of interest to clinicians and physiologists. It allows novice readers to acquire the basics of gait analysis, while also helping expert readers update their knowledge. The book covers the most up-to-date acquisition and computational methods and advances in the field. Key topics include muscle mechanics and modeling, motor control and coordination, and measurements and assessments.
This is the go to resource for an understanding of fundamental concepts and how to collect, analyze and interpret data for research, industry, clinical and sport.
- Details the fundamental issues leading to the biomechanical analyses of gait and posture
- Covers the theoretical basis and practical aspects associated with gait analysis
- Presents methods and tools used in the field, including electromyography, signal processing and spectral analysis, amongst others
Biomechanics and Gait Analysis 1st Table of contents:
1 Introduction to biomechanics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The history of biomechanics
1.2.1 A trip down the memory lane
1.2.2 Archimedes: an early biomechanist
1.3 Areas of biomechanical inquiry: examples of diverse and unique questions in biomechanics
1.3.1 Developmental biomechanics
1.3.2 Exercise biomechanics
1.3.3 Rehabilitative biomechanics
1.3.4 Occupational biomechanics
1.3.5 Forensic biomechanics
1.4 A quick look into the future of biomechanics
References
Suggested readings
2 Basic biomechanics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Analysis of movement
2.3 Basic terminology for analyzing movement
2.3.1 Basic bio terms/concepts
2.3.2 Basic mechanics terms/concepts
2.4 Basic bio considerations
2.4.1 Basic biomechanics of bones
2.4.2 Basic biomechanics of joints
2.4.3 Basic biomechanics of muscles
2.5 Basic mechanics considerations
2.5.1 Linear kinematics
2.5.1.1 Special case of linear kinematics: projectiles
2.5.2 Angular kinematics
2.5.3 Linear kinetics
2.5.4 Angular kinetics
2.6 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further readings
3 Advanced biomechanics
3.1 Injuries and biomechanics
3.1.1 Running injuries
3.2 Biomechanical statistics
3.2.1 The single-subject approach for biomechanics and gait analysis
3.2.2 Bringing together running injuries and the single-subject approach
3.3 Final considerations
3.3.1 Take home messages
References
4 Why and how we move: the Stickman story
4.1 Briefly introducing Stickman
4.2 The Stickman’s evolution of movement
4.3 The Stickman’s performance of movement
4.4 The Stickman learns how to move
4.5 The Stickman’s mechanics
4.6 The Stickman’s goodbye
References
5 Power spectrum and filtering
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A simple composite wave
5.3 Spectral analysis
5.4 Fourier series
5.5 Discrete Fourier analysis
5.5.1 Data sampling
5.5.2 The discrete Fourier transform
5.5.3 Spectral leakage
5.6 Stationarity and the discrete Fourier transform
5.7 Short-time discrete Fourier transform
5.8 Noise
5.9 Data filtering
5.10 Practical implementation
5.11 Conclusion
References
6 Revisiting a classic: Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion by McMahon
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental muscle mechanics
6.2.1 Early ideas about muscle mechanics
6.2.2 Isolated muscles
6.2.3 Force–velocity curves
6.2.4 Active and passive components
6.2.5 Stress–strain relationship
6.2.6 Summary
6.3 Muscle heat and fuel
6.3.1 Heat production
6.3.2 Activation heat
6.3.3 Shortening and lengthening heat
6.3.4 Thermoelastic effects
6.3.5 Lactic acid
6.3.6 Phosphates
6.3.7 Effects of exercise
6.3.8 Summary
6.4 Contractile proteins
6.4.1 Organization of muscles
6.4.2 Actin, myosin, and troponin
6.4.3 Sliding filament model
6.4.4 Tension–length curves
6.4.5 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6.4.6 Tropomyosin and troponin
6.4.7 Titin
6.4.8 Summary
6.5 Sliding movement: Huxley’s model revisited
6.5.1 Other theoretical models
6.5.2 Evidence supporting independent force generators
6.5.3 Formulation of the model
6.5.4 Attachment and detachment
6.5.5 Crossbridge distribution for isotonic shortening
6.5.6 Setting the constants
6.5.7 Isotonic stretching
6.5.8 Hill’s revisions in heat production
6.5.9 Reversible detachment
6.5.10 Problems and further updates of the model
6.5.11 Summary
6.6 Force development in the crossbridge
6.6.1 Early transients
6.6.2 Rapid elasticity and the series elastic component
6.6.3 Summary
6.7 Reflexes and motor control
6.7.1 Organization of the motor control system
6.7.1.1 Spinal cord
6.7.1.2 Brain stem
6.7.1.3 Sensorimotor cortex and basal ganglia
6.7.1.4 Cerebellum
6.7.2 Muscle fiber types
6.7.3 Motor units
6.7.4 Muscle proprioceptors
6.7.5 Axons
6.7.6 Reflexes
6.7.7 Tremor
6.7.8 Negative feedback and time delays
6.7.9 Renshaw Cells
6.7.10 Summary
6.8 Neural control of locomotion
6.8.1 Gait comparisons
6.8.2 Control of a single limb
6.8.3 Reflex reversal
6.8.4 Mechanical oscillator
6.8.5 Entrainment of frequency
6.8.6 Stimulated locomotion
6.8.7 Legged vehicles
6.8.8 Summary
6.9 Mechanisms of locomotion
6.9.1 Motion-capture laboratories
6.9.2 Determinants of gait
6.9.3 Inverted pendulum walking
6.9.4 Locomotion in reduced gravity
6.9.5 Elastic storage of energy
6.9.6 Cost of running
6.9.7 Up- and downhills
6.9.8 Running with weights
6.9.9 Summary
6.10 Effects of scale
6.10.1 Dimensionless analysis
6.10.2 Scaling by geometric similarity
6.10.3 The role of gravity and geometry
6.10.4 Body proportions
6.10.5 Metabolic power
6.10.6 Summary
6.11 Conclusion
References
Further reading
7 The basics of gait analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The concept of skill
7.3 The skill of gait
7.3.1 Definition of gait analysis
7.4 Periods and phases of gait
7.5 Spatiotemporal parameters of gait
7.5.1 Step width and lateral stepping gait: a special case
7.5.2 Stride time and variability: a special case
7.6 Determinants of gait
7.7 Conclusions
References
Further reading
8 Gait variability: a theoretical framework for gait analysis and biomechanics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conceptual approaches to gait variability
8.2.1 Amount of variability
8.2.2 Complexity of variability
8.2.3 Optimal movement variability
8.2.4 Summary: sources of gait variability
8.3 Gait analysis and biomechanical measurements for gait variability
8.3.1 Equipment options for data collection
8.3.1.1 Visual observation
8.3.1.2 Instrumented gait walkways
8.3.1.3 Foot-switch systems
8.3.1.4 Inertial sensors
8.3.1.5 Three-dimensional motion capture systems
8.3.1.6 Force plate systems
8.3.2 Selection of task demands and environmental conditions
8.3.3 Analyzing the amount of gait variability
8.3.4 Analyzing the complexity of gait variability
8.3.4.1 Largest Lyapunov exponent
8.3.4.2 Approximate entropy
8.3.4.3 Detrended fluctuation analysis
8.4 Examples from clinical research
8.4.1 Gait variability as a biomarker of aging or pathology
8.4.2 Gait variability as an outcome measure following intervention
8.5 Future directions
References
9 Coordination and control: a dynamical systems approach to the analysis of human gait
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hallmark properties of a dynamical system
9.2.1 State space
9.2.2 Modality, inaccessibility, and sudden jumps
9.2.3 Divergence
9.2.4 Critical fluctuations, critical slowing down, and hysteresis
9.2.5 Interim summary
9.3 A dynamical systems approach to gait analysis
9.3.1 Phase portraits and phase angles
9.3.2 Continuous and point estimate relative phase
9.3.3 Phase portrait normalization
9.3.4 The Hilbert transform for estimating relative phase
9.3.5 Statistical summaries of relative phase dynamics
9.4 Applications of relative phase dynamics to human gait
9.4.1 Relative phase dynamics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery
9.4.2 Relative phase dynamics and aging
9.5 Summary and concluding remarks
References
10 A tutorial on fractal analysis of human movements
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fractal theory and its connection to human movement
10.2.1 A geometrical interpretation
10.2.2 A statistical interpretation: demystifying fractal analysis
10.2.3 Fractals in physiology and psychology
10.3 Fractal analysis of time series data
10.3.1 Detrended fluctuation analysis
10.3.1.1 Best practices suggestions for applying detrended fluctuation analysis to human movement da
Plot your data
Time series length
Choosing a polynomial order
Which timescales should you use?
10.3.2 Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis: It’s still that simple (almost)
10.3.2.1 An intuitive introduction to multifractals
10.3.2.2 A brief tutorial on multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis
10.3.2.3 Practical considerations
10.4 Applications to laboratory data
10.4.1 Example 1: Application to human gait
10.4.1.1 Monofractal results and discussion
10.4.1.2 Multifractal results and discussion
10.4.1.3 General discussion
10.4.2 Example 2: Detrended fluctuation analysis applied to visual-motor tracking
10.4.2.1 Results and discussion
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Future directions in biomechanics: 3D printing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Lower extremity applications
11.2.1 Foot orthoses
11.2.2 Ankle foot orthoses
11.3 Upper extremity applications
11.4 Methods for three-dimensional printing assistive devices
11.5 Anatomical modeling for surgical planning
11.6 Fracture casting
11.7 Upper extremity three-dimensional printed exoskeleton for stroke patients
11.8 Implementation of a three-dimensional printing research laboratory
11.9 Current Food and Drug Administration recommendations of three-dimensional printed medical devic
11.9.1 Design
11.9.2 Materials
11.9.3 Printing characteristics/parameters
11.9.4 Physical/mechanical assessment
11.9.5 Biological considerations
11.10 Limitations
11.11 Future perspectives
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