Brunnstrom’s Clinical Kinesiology 6th Edition by Peggy Houglum, Dolores Bertoti ISBN 0803623526 978-0803623521

Unit 1: BasicConcepts

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Kinesiology: Kinematics

Historical Perspective: A Glance at the Past

Introduction

Kinesiology Terminology

Human Movement: Kinetics and Kinematics

Planes of Motion and Axes of Motion

Frontal Plane

Sagittal Plane

Horizontal Plane

Segment and Body Motion

Naming Movements at Joints

Special Cases

Osteokinematics: Joint Motion in Terms of Position and Type

Definition

Description of Types of Motion

Translatory Motion

Rotary Motion

Impact of Translatory and Rotary Motion

Degrees of Freedom

Clinical Goniometry

End Feel

Kinematic Chains

Open and Closed Kinematic Chains

Arthrokinematics: Joint Surface Motion

Definition

Types of Joints

Joint Structure

Synarthrodial Joints

Amphiarthrodial Joints

Diarthrodial Joints

Joint Capsule

Other Materials Found in Synovial Joints

Basic Arthrokinematic Joint Motions

Joint Shapes as They Pertain to Arthrokinematic Motion

Joint Axes in Function

Close-Packed and Open-Packed Joint Positions

Clinical Applications

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 2: Mechanical Principles: Kinetics

Introduction

Determinants of Motions

Types of Motion

Location of Motion

Magnitude of Motion

Direction of Motion

Rate of Motion and Change of Motion

Forces

Types of Forces

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia

Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Acceleration

Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Action-Reaction

Force Vectors and Their Considerations

Force Vector Diagrams

Composition of Forces

Levers

First-Class Lever

Second-Class Lever

Third-Class Lever

Mechanical Advantage

Static Equilibrium

Torque

Parallel Force Systems

Resolution of Forces

Forces Acting at Angles

Laws of the Right Triangle

Force Applications to the Body

Weight and Center of Gravity (Center of Mass)

Center of Gravity or Center of Mass

Stable, Unstable, and Neutral Equilibrium

Base of Support

Levers and Muscle Activity

Free Body Diagrams

Calculation of Muscle and Joint Forces

Muscles

Joints

Applying Resistances to the Body

Clinical Application of Concepts

Pulleys

Single Fixed Pulley

Movable Pulley

Anatomic Pulleys

Leverage Factor

Stretching vs. Joint Mobilization

Pressure

SUMMARY

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 3: The Movement System: Nerve and Muscle Physiology and the Control of Human Movement

Introduction

Physiology of Excitable Tissue: Nerve and Muscle

Nervous System Anatomy Overview

Nervous System Classifications

Nerve Fibers

Nerve Fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System

Classification of Motor and Sensory Nerve Fiberson the Basis of Axonal Diameter in the PeripheralNer

Classification of Sensory Fibers on the Basis ofFiber Origin within the Peripheral Nervous System

Classification of Motor Fibers on the Basis of FiberDestination within the Peripheral Nervous System

Nerve Fibers in the Central Nervous System

Muscular System

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Muscle and Muscle Fiber Structure

Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

Myoneural Junction:Transmission of Impulses fromNerves to Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Conduction of Muscle Impulses to the Interiorof the Muscle Fiber: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction

Muscle Relaxation

Muscle Fiber Types

The Motor Unit

Gradation of Strength of Muscle Contraction

Joint, Tendon, and Muscle Receptors

Joint Receptors

Golgi Tendon Organs

Muscle Spindles

Focus on the Sensory Function of the Muscle Spindle

Focus on the Motor Function of the Muscle Spindle

Summary of Muscle Spindle Functions

Kinesthesia and Proprioception

Movement or “Motor” Control

Dynamic Systems Approach to Understanding Motor Control

Motor Control at the Spinal Region

Reflexes

Pattern Generators

Motor Control within the Brainstem

Cerebral Motor Centers

Motor Cortex

Intermediate Control Centers

Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

Integration of Motor Control to Produce Functional Movement

Functional Applications and Clinical Considerations

Muscle Weakness

Abnormal Muscle Tone

Coordination Problems

Involuntary Movements

Common Pathological Conditions Affecting Movement System Function

Peripheral Nerve Injury

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebrovascular Accident

Basal Ganglia Disorders

Cerebellar Disorders

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 4: Muscle Activity and Strength

Introduction

Muscle Activity

Recording Muscle Activity

Muscle Activation

Isometric

Concentric

Eccentric

Isotonic

Isokinetic

Muscle Anatomic Activity

Muscle Attachments

Muscle Fiber Types

Muscle Functional Activity

Agonist

Antagonist

Synergist

Muscle Characteristics

Viscosity

Elasticity and Extensibility

Stress-Strain

Creep

Muscle Strength

Muscle Size

Fiber Architecture

Passive Components

Length-Tension Relationships and Physiological Length of Muscle

Moment Arm

Speed of Contraction

Active Tension

Age and Gender

Passive Excursion of Muscles

Passive Insufficiency

Tendon Action of Muscle

Active Excursion of Muscles

Active Insufficiency

Leverage and Length-Tension Interactions

Positive and Negative Work

Eccentric Muscle Forces

Energy Expenditure

Differences in Crossbridge Mechanisms

Elastic Forces of Muscle

Open Kinetic Chain versus Closed Kinetic Chain

Factors Affecting Maximum Isometric Muscle Force

Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury

Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

Hamstring Strain

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Unit 2: UpperQuarter

Chapter 5: Shoulder Complex

Introduction

Bones

Manubrium

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Joints

Definition of Shoulder Girdle Movements

Shoulder Girdle Elevation

Type of Joint

Capsular Reinforcement

Coracoacromial Arch

Bursae

Glenohumeral Joint Kinematics

Glenohumeral Arthrokinematic Motions

Shoulder Abduction in the Plane of the Scapula (Scaption)

Resting and Close-Packed Positions of the Shoulder Complex Joints

The Bicipital Groove

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

Muscles of the Shoulder Complex

Scapular Stabilizer Muscles of the Shoulder Complex

Serratus Anterior

Trapezius

Rhomboid Major and Minor

Rotator Cuff Stabilization

Biceps Brachii

The Deltoid and Rotator Cuff

Synergistic Muscle Actions

Muscle Forces and Moment (Lever) Arm Lengths

Muscle Activity during Functional Motions

Placing the Hand behind the Head

Pulling

Functional Deficiency Applications

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 6: Elbow and Forearm Complex

Introduction

Bones

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Joints

Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints

Osteokinematics

Arthrokinematics

Humeroulnar Arthrokinematics

Humeroradial Arthrokinematics

Carrying Angle

Soft Tissue of the Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Articulations

Radioulnar Articulations

Radioulnar Joint Kinematics

Comparison of actions of the pronator teresand the pronator quadratus in pronation

Extension: Comparison of action of the triceps and the anconeus

Closed Kinematic Chain Motion at the Elbow Complex

Analyses of Muscle Activity during Common Functional Movements

Placing the Hand behind the Head

Pulling

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 7: Wrist and Hand

Introduction

Bones

Wrist

Distal Ulna

Distal Radius

Carpal Bones

Hand

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Joints

Wrist

Radiocarpal Joint

Midcarpal Joint

Hand

Carpometacarpal Joints

Fingers and Thumb

Metacarpophalangeal Joints

Interphalangeal Joints

Soft Tissue Supporting Structures

Ligaments of the Wrist

Ligaments of the Hand and Fingers

Muscles

Muscles Acting on the Wrist

Wrist Extensors

Wrist Flexors

Radial and Ulnar Motions

Muscles Acting on the Digits

Extrinsic Muscles

Long Finger Extensors

Long Finger Flexors

Thumb Muscles

Thumb Flexors

Thumb Extensors

Thumb Abductors

Intrinsic Muscles

Thenar Muscle Group

Hypothenar Muscle Group

Deep Muscle (Midpalm) Group

Extensor Mechanism

Tendinous System

Retinacular System

Extensor Hood

Flexor Pulleys

Motions

Motions of the Wrist

Osteokinematic Wrist Motions

Arthrokinematic Wrist Motions

Motions of the Fingers

Osteokinematic Motions of the Fingers

Arthrokinematic Motions of the Fingers

Functional Movements of the Wrist and Hand

Types of Grasp

Strength of Grip

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 8: Head, Neck, and Trunk

Introduction

Bones

Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column

Nonpalpable Structures

Palpable Structures

First and Second Cervical Vertebrae

Third to Sixth Cervical Vertebrae

C-7 Vertebra Prominence

Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum and Coccyx

Thorax (Rib Cage)

Sternum

Vertebral Joints, Ligaments, and Motions

Vertebral Motions

Anterior Vertebral Joint Elements

Longitudinal Ligaments

Disc Pressures

Posterior Vertebral Joint Elements

Ligaments

Coupling Motions

Cervical Region

Thoracic Region

Facet Joints

Deep Muscles of the Back

Transversospinal Muscles

Thoracic and Lumbar Erector Spinae Muscles

Quadratus Lumborum

Anterior and Lateral Trunk Muscles

Rectus Abdominis

External Abdominal Oblique

Internal Abdominal Oblique

Transverse Abdominis

External and Internal Intercostals

Diaphragm

Functions of the Head, Neck, and Trunk Muscles

Balancing of the Head and the Vertebral Column

Trunk Motions and Stabilization of the Vertebrae

Forward Bending and Lifting (Knees Extended)

Squat Lifting

Functional Activities (Muscles of the Extremities and Trunk)

Breathing and Coughing

Temporomandibular Joints

Motions of the Temporomandibular Joint

Muscles

Jaw Closure

Jaw Opening

Temporomandibular Dysfunction

Summary

Lab Activities

References

Unit 3: LowerQuarter

Chapter 9: Pelvis and Hip

Introduction

Bones

Pelvis

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Acetabulum

Femur

Biomechanical Angulations of the Femur

Angle of Inclination

Angle of Torsion

Biomechanical Angulations of the Acetabulum

Center Edge Angle

Acetabular Anteversion Angle

Joints

Pelvis

Hip Joint

Osteokinematics

Pelvic Motion on the Femur

Hip Motion on the Pelvis

Arthrokinematics

Soft Tissue at the Hip Joint

Muscles

Flexors

Iliopsoas

Rectus Femoris

Sartorius

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Pectineus

Secondary Flexors

Adductors

Adductor longus and brevis

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Extensors

Gluteus Maximus

Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus

Abductors

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Lateral Rotators

Medial Rotators

Factors Affecting the Roles of the Muscles of the Pelvis and Hip

Muscle Line of Pull and Leverage

Muscular Sufficiency: Multi-Joint versus Single-Joint Muscles

Weight-bearing and Nonweight-bearing Functions of Hip Muscles

Analysis of Muscle Activity at Pelvis and Hip

Analysis of Sagittal Plane Motion at the Hip and Pelvis

Overview of Hip Flexion Function

Hip Flexion in Standing

Hip Flexion in the Sitting Position

Sit-ups and Straight Leg Raises

Overview of Hip Extension Function

Hip Extension in Prone

Hip Extensors in Stance and in the Sitting Position

Analysis of Frontal Plane Motion and Control at the Hip and Pelvis

Overview of Abduction Function

Overview of Adduction Function

Analysis of Transverse Plane Motion at the Hip and Pelvis

Pelvic Rotation

Overview of Hip Medial and Lateral Rotation Function

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 10: Knee

Introduction

Bones

Femur

Tibia

Patella

Joints

Tibiofemoral Joint

Menisci

Ligaments and Capsule

Collateral Ligaments

Cruciate Ligaments

Capsule and Other Inert Soft Tissue Structures

Kinematics of the Tibiofemoral Joint

Axes for Flexion and Extension

Axial Rotation

Terminal Rotation of the Knee

Arthrokinematics of the Tibiofemoral Joint

Patellofemoral Joint

Kinematics of the Patellofemoral Joint

Patellofemoral Contact

Patellofemoral Static and Dynamic Alignment

Arthrokinematics of the Patellofemoral Joint

Q Angle

Muscles

Knee Extensors

Knee Flexors

Tibial Rotators

Functions of Muscles of the Knee

Knee Extensors

Knee Flexors

Hamstrings

Popliteus

One-Joint and Two-Joint Muscles Acting at the Knee

Knee Flexion Combined with Hip Extension

Knee Extension Combined with Hip Flexion

Knee Flexion Combined with Hip Flexion

Knee Extension Combined with Hip Extension

Knee Flexion Combined with Ankle Plantarflexion

Knee Extension Combined with Ankle Plantarflexion

Joint Forces

Tibiofemoral Joint Forces

Patellofemoral Joint Forces

Torque of Muscles Acting at the Knee

Quadriceps Femoris Torque

Knee Flexor Muscle Torque

Hamstrings to Quadriceps Torque Ratio

Interaction of Muscles and Ligaments in Function

Sensory Innervation and Reflexes

Static and Dynamic Connections

Muscle Protection of Ligaments

Summary

Discussion Questions

Lab Activities

References

Chapter 11: Ankle and Foot

Introduction

Bones

Leg Bones

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal Bones

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Three Cuneiforms

Cuboid

Metatarsal Bones

Phalanges

Joints

Motion Terminology

Tibiofibular Joints

Kinematics

Arthrokinematics

Talocrural Joint

Kinematics

Arthrokinematics

Subtalar Joint

Kinematics

Arthrokinematics

Transverse Tarsal Joint

Talonavicular Joint

Calcaneocuboid Joint

Kinematics

Arthrokinematics

Tarsometatarsal Joints

Intermetatarsal Joints

Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints

Muscles of the Ankle and Foot

Posterior Group of Muscles

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Plantaris

Function of the Triceps Surae

Tibialis Posterior

Flexor Digitorum Longus and Flexor Hallucis Longus

Functions of the Deep Muscles of the Calf

Lateral Group of Muscles

Peroneus (fibularis) Longus and Brevis

Functions of the Peroneal Muscles

Anterior Group of Muscles

Tibialis Anterior

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Extensor Digitorum Longus and Peroneus Tertius

Function of the Pretibial Group

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

Function of Leg and Foot Muscles and Joints

Pronation and Supination

At the Subtalar Joint

Other Joints

Arches of the Foot

Loading of the Foot

References

Glossary

Index