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Cambridge University Press The Measure of All Minds Evaluating Natural and Artificial Intelligence 1st edition by Jose Hernandez Orallo ISBN 9781316942246, 1316942244

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ISBN 10: 1316942244
ISBN 13: 9781316942246

Author: José Hernández-Orallo

The Measure of All Minds
Evaluating Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Are psychometric tests valid for a new reality of artificial intelligence systems, technology-enhanced humans, and hybrids yet to come? Are the Turing Test, the ubiquitous CAPTCHAs, and the various animal cognition tests the best alternatives? In this fascinating and provocative book, José Hernández-Orallo formulates major scientific questions, integrates the most significant research developments, and offers a vision of the universal evaluation of cognition. By replacing the dominant anthropocentric stance with a universal perspective where living organisms are considered as a special case, long-standing questions in the evaluation of behavior can be addressed in a wider landscape. Can we derive task difficulty intrinsically? Is a universal g factor – a common general component for all abilities – theoretically possible? Using algorithmic information theory as a foundation, the book elaborates on the evaluation of perceptual, developmental, social, verbal and collective features and critically analyzes what the future of intelligence might look like.

Cambridge University Press The Measure of All Minds Evaluating Natural and Artificial Intelligence 1stTable of contents:

Part I A Long-Pondered Outfit
1 Extended Nature
1.1 Face the Diversity
1.2 The Machine Kingdom
1.3 The Space of Behavioural Features
1.4 Psychometric Profiles and Intelligence
1.5 An Opportune Venture
1.6 Formulating the Quest
2 Mind the Step: Scala Universalis
2.1 Taxonomies, Measurements and Definitions
2.2 Paradigms of Behavioural Measurement
2.3 Accuracy, Specialisation and Calibration
2.4 The Difficulties of Universal Scales
2.5 Factors: Subjective or Relative?
2.6 The Relevance of Algorithmic Information
2.7 Driven by Refutation
Part II The Evaluation Discordance
3 The Evaluation of Human Behaviour
3.1 Telling Idiots Savants Apart
3.2 The Assessment of Personality
3.3 The Assessment of Cognitive Abilities
3.4 Intelligence, IQ and the g Factor
3.5 The Testing Bazaar
3.6 Item Response Theory
3.7 Discrimination and Adaptive Tests
3.8 Population Relativity
4 The Evaluation of Non-human Natural Behaviour
4.1 The Biological Role of Behavioural Features
4.2 The Study of Animal Behaviour
4.3 Measurement in Animal Behaviour Research
4.4 More Systematic Animal Evaluation
4.5 The Far-Reaching Roots of Cognitive Life
5 The Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence
5.1 Baring Intelligence: The AI Effect
5.2 Horses for Courses
5.3 The Mythical Human-Level Machine Intelligence
5.4 Telling Computers and Humans Apart Automatically
5.5 Task-Oriented Evaluation
5.6 Characterising General-Purpose AI Systems
5.7 Towards a Feature-Oriented Evaluation
6 The Boundaries against a Unified Evaluation
6.1 The Fragmented Evaluation of Behaviour
6.2 Tools for the Boundaries
6.3 IQ Tests Are Not for Machines
6.4 Cross-Discipline Unification or Refoundation?
Part III The Algorithmic Confluence
7 Intelligence and Algorithmic Information Theory
7.1 Information and Algorithms
7.2 Simplicity in Cognition: Ants and Bits
7.3 Induction and Compression
7.4 Intelligence Tests from AIT: The C-test
7.5 What Do IQ Tests Really Measure?
8 Cognitive Tasks and Difficulty
8.1 Interpreting Tasks and Instances
8.2 Tasks as Stochastic Interactive Machines
8.3 Trials, Solutions and Policies
8.4 The Elusiveness of Difficulty
8.5 Difficulty as an Intrinsic Property
8.6 Algorithmic Notions of Policy Acquisition Effort
8.7 Task Difficulty as Policy Search
8.8 Task instance difficulty
9 From Tasks to Tests
9.1 Agent Characteristic Curves
9.2 Sampling Task Items Effectively
9.3 Item Choice by Difficulty
9.4 Revisiting Discriminating Power and IRT
9.5 Scrutinising Item Pool Design
10 The Arrangement of Abilities
10.1 Facing the Task Continuum
10.2 Nonalgorithmic Models of Cognitive Abilities
10.3 Task Composition: Pureness and Breadth
10.4 Task Similarity: Information and Difficulty
10.5 From Tasks to Abilities
11 General Intelligence
11.1 Ars Generalis Ultima: Optimal Agents
11.2 Considering All Tasks
11.3 Task Diversity from a Universal Distribution?
11.4 Ensuring Diversity: Considering All Policies
11.5 Is There a Universal g Factor?
11.6 What Makes g Stronger?
Part IV The Society of Minds
12 Cognitive Development and Potential
12.1 Early Sensorimotor Representations
12.2 Cognitive Development Evaluation
12.3 Different Aids to Cumulative Acquisition
12.4 The Conceptual Landscape
12.5 The Dynamics of Behavioural Features
12.6 The Power of Being Universal
12.7 Estimating Potential Abilities
13 Identifying Social Skills
13.1 What Is Distinctive about Social Contexts?
13.2 Multi-agent Test Beds
13.3 Social Tasks: Competition and Co-operation
13.4 Populating Tasks
13.5 Assessing Policy Acquisition in Social Contexts
14 Communication Abilities
14.1 The Role of Communication
14.2 What Are Verbal Abilities?
14.3 Assessing Language Development
14.4 Languages: Created to Be Learnt
14.5 How Much Does Language Facilitate Cognition?
15 Evaluating Collective and Hybrid Systems
15.1 Characterising Collective Tasks
15.2 Crowds and Teams
15.3 Analysis of Collective Psychometric Profiles
15.4 Mustering a Hybrid
Part V The Kingdom of Ends
16 Universal Tests
16.1 One Test for All?
16.2 Choosing the Right Interface
16.3 Resolution Range: Test Adaptation
16.4 Unorthodox Universal Assessment
16.5 Desiderata for Universal Tests
17 Rooting for Ratiocentrism
17.1 Personhood
17.2 Assessing Moral Agency and Patiency
17.3 The Directions of Cognitive Modification
17.4 Agents of Risk: the Role of Evaluation
17.5 Superintelligence
17.6 Demography, Democracy and Intelligence
18 Exploitation and Exploration
18.1 New Grounds
18.2 The Impact of Universal Psychometrics
18.3 Coping with Demands
18.4 A Short Distance Ahead, Plenty to Be Done

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