Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance A Companion to Braunwald’s 3rd edition by Warreng Mannin, Dudley Pennell – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 032341561X, 978-0323415613
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ISBN 10: 032341561X
ISBN 13: 978-0323415613
Author: Warreng Mannin, Dudley Pennell
Written by an expert team of cardiologists, radiologists, and basic scientists, this third edition of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance continues to bridge the divide among specialty areas in with cohesive presentation of this complex and fast-changing field. Offering comprehensive coverage of CMR and the latest cardiology applications, this practical reference enhances the understanding of cardiac physiology and the interpretation and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. This is an ideal resource for cardiologists, cardiovascular and general radiologists, and anyone who needs up-to-date information on CMR’s uses, benefits, and limitations in cardiovascular care.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance A Companion to Braunwald’s 3rd Table of contents:
Section I Basic Principles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
1 Basic Principles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Introduction
Detection of the MRI Signal
Spatial Localization
Pulse Sequences and Contrast
New Hardware Advances
References
2 Techniques for T1, T2, and Extracellular Volume Mapping
T1 and Extracellular Volume Mapping
T2 Mapping
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents
Introduction to the Biophysics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Relaxivity
Contrast-Enhanced Tissue Relaxation
Novel Contrast Agents in Development
Safety
Conclusion
References
4 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Theory
Introduction
The Physiologic Basis for Measuring Myocardial Perfusion
First-Pass Imaging With Exogenous Tracers
Advanced Techniques for Perfusion Imaging Acceleration
Endogenous Contrast for the Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion
Quantitative Evaluation of Myocardial Perfusion
Arterial Input Function
Practical Aspects of Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
5 Myocardial Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Advanced Techniques
Acceleration Methods
High-Resolution Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Three-Dimensional Whole-Heart Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Limitations of Highly Accelerated Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Quantitative Analysis
Optimal Use of Acceleration
Conclusion
References
6 Blood Flow Velocity Assessment
Time-of-Flight Methods
Phase Flow Imaging Methods
Improving the Accuracy of Phase Contrast Velocity Measurements
References
7 Use of Navigator Echoes in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Factors Affecting Their Implementation
Use of Navigator Information
Navigator Echo Implementation
Multiple Column Orientations
More Recent Approaches
Conclusion
References
8 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Myocardial Oxygenation
Myocardial Oxygenation: Supply Versus Demand
Biophysics of Myocardial BOLD Contrast
Vasodilators in the Assessment of Myocardial Oxygenation
Myocardial BOLD CMR: Preclinical Studies
Clinical Experience With BOLD CMR
Visualization and Quantification of BOLD Effects via Image Processing
Toward a More Reliable Stress BOLD CMR Examination
Future Directions of Myocardial BOLD CMR
Acknowledgment
References
9 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Introduction
Physical Principles
Experimental Foundations
Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Studies
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 3 T and 7 T
Modeling Studies
Perspective and General Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Special Considerations for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Safety of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Patient Monitoring and Electrocardiographic Setup
Contraindications to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
11 Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Safety and Safe Scanning
Cardiac Implanted Electronic Devices and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Interactions
Clinical Studies With Nonmagnetic Resonance Imaging Conditional Devices
The Johns Hopkins Protocol
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Conditional Devices
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device–Related Artifacts
Future Directions
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
12 Special Considerations
Generalized Protocol of CMR for Congenital Heart Disease
Other Important Techniques Used in Congenital Heart Disease
Technical Considerations in Pediatric CMR
Worked Examples of CMR for Congenital Heart Disease
A Taste of the Future
Conclusion
References
13 Human Cardiac Magnetic Resonance at Ultrahigh Fields
Enabling Technical Innovations for UHF-CMR
Safety of Human Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance at 7 T
Early Applications and Clinical Studies
Opportunities for Discoveries
Looking at the Horizon
Acknowledgments
References
14 Clinical Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques
Scouting (“Scan” = “Scout”)
Morphology (“Scan” = “Morphology”)
Contractile Function (“Scan” = “Cine”)
Perfusion at Stress and Rest (“Scan” = “Perfusion”)
Viability and Infarction (“Scan” = “Late Gadolinium Enhancement”)
Flow/Velocity Imaging (“Scan” = “Flow/Velocity”)
Angiography (“Scan” = “Angiography”)
Conclusion
References
15 Normal Cardiac Anatomy
Anatomic Variants
Common Variants
Normal Cardiac Systolic and Diastolic Function
Normal Valvular Function
Conclusion
References
Section II Ischemic Heart Disease
16 Assessment of Cardiac Function
The Population Impact of Cardiac Dysfunction
The Importance of Measuring Cardiac Function
Techniques for Assessing Cardiac Function
Accuracy and Reproducibility of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
A Practical Guide to Functional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Other Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Measures of Global Function: Brief Synopsis
The Future
References
17 Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Intravenous Dobutamine and Atropine
Safety Profile of Dobutamine and Atropine Stress Testing
Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography
Dobutamine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Utility of Dobutamine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Identifying Inducible Ischemia
Utility of Dobutamine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Identifying Contractile Reserve
Determination of Cardiac Prognosis
Tissue Tagging During Dobutamine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Role of Dobutamine Perfusion Imaging
Limitations to Left Ventricular Wall Motion Assessments During Dobutamine Stress
Adenosine and Dipyridamole as Wall Motion Stress Agents During Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Left Ventricular Wall Motion During Exercise Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
18 Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
The Rationale for Perfusion Imaging
The Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Protocol
Endogenous Versus Exogenous Contrast Media
Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: What Is Established and What Is Not
Analysis of Perfusion Data
Clinical Performance of Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Perspectives
References
19 Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Detecting Acute Coronary Syndrome and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Late Gadolinium Enhancement of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Validation of Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Microvascular Obstruction After Acute Myocardial Infarction
T1, T2, T2*, and ECV as Quantitative CMR Characteristics of AMI
Prognosis in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Related to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Characteristics
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance to Assess Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Conclusion
References
20 Acute Myocardial Infarction
Ventricular Volumes, Ejection Fraction, and Mass
Regional Contractility
Myocardial Fiber Structure: Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Tissue Characterization
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in the Assessment of Post-MI Remodeling Therapies
Conclusion
References
21 Myocardial Viability
Features of Viable Myocardium Detectable by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance to Detect Viable Myocardium in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Chronic Myocardial Infarction
Conclusion
References
22 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Tagging for Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function
Cardiac Motion
Complementary Spatial Modulation of Magnetization: Technical Developments
Clinical Applications
Conclusion
References
23 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Coronary Arteries
Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Advanced Methods
References
24 Coronary Artery Imaging
Identification of Anomalous Coronary Arteries
Coronary Artery Aneurysms and Kawasaki Disease
Native Vessel Coronary Artery Stenoses
Comparison of Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance With Multidetector Computed Tomography
Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Assessment
Conclusion
References
25 Coronary Artery and Sinus Velocity and Flow
Indirect Assessment of Total Coronary Flow and Flow Reserve
Conclusion and Future Developments
References
26 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Imaging and Assessment of Flow
Imaging Modalities Capable of Evaluating Grafts
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Bypass Grafts
Bypass Graft Anatomic Imaging Techniques
Imaging Strategy
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Quantification of Graft Flow and Flow Reserve
Limitations
Indications
Conclusion
References
27 Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging
Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis
Imaging Atherosclerosis
Assessments of Plaque Burden
Plaque Characteristics
Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis
Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgments and Funding
References
28 Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging
Diagnostic Performance of Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques
Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Coronary Artery Disease
Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Coronary Artery Disease
Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Assessment of Endothelial Function by Noncontrast–Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
29 Assessment of the Biophysical Mechanical Properties of the Arterial Wall
Arterial Structure
Definition of Vascular Wall Stiffness
Measurement of Arterial Wall Stiffness
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Regional Aortic Compliance
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Flow Wave Velocity
Reflected Waves
Clinical Use of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Assessing Arterial Wall Stiffness
Assessment of Endothelial Function
Arterial Wall Shear Stress
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section III Functional Disease
30 Valvular Heart Disease
Basic Principles
Stenotic Heart Valve and Outflow Tract Lesions
Valvular Regurgitation
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Mechanical Heart Valves
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
31 Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Background
Treatment
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Research Techniques
Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Conclusion
References
32 T1 and T2 Mapping and Extracellular Volume in Cardiomyopathy
Tissue Characterization: Moving Beyond Late Gadolinium Enhancement
Histologic Validation of T1, T2, and Extracellular Volume
Native T1, Postcontrast T1, and Extracellular Volume
T2 Mapping and Myocardial Edema
T1 Mapping in Health and Disease
Infiltrative Cardiopathies: Amyloid, Iron Overload, Fabry Disease
Myocardial Edema
Diffuse Fibrosis in Heart Failure
Diffuse Fibrosis in Pressure Overload Hypertrophy
Genetic Cardiomyopathies
Conclusion
References
33 Cardiac Iron Loading and Myocardial T2*
Conditions Associated With Cardiac Iron Loading
Prevalence of Cardiac Iron Overload and Cardiomyopathy
Mechanisms of Cardiac Iron Entry and Toxicity
Assessment of the Heart in Thalassemia Major
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Cardiac Iron Using T2*
T2*, Prediction of Heart Failure, and Prognosis
Heart Failure Caused by Cardiac Iron Loading
Treatment of Thalassemia Major and Iron Chelators
Emerging Challenges and Treatments
References
34 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
A Historical Perspective on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Acquisition for Suspected Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Findings Associated With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Genetic Background of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Management
Future Perspective on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Evaluation Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
35 Myocarditis
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Approach to the Patient With Myocarditis
Follow-up
References
36 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Diagnosis
Phenotype Characterization of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Assessment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Family Members
Differentiation of Other Etiologies of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
Pathophysiology and Clinical Profile of Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Prognosis
Quantification of Late Gadolinium Enhancement
Other Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Conclusion
References
37 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Cardiac Transplantation
Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection
Coronary Allograft Vasculopathy
Allograft Remodeling and Prognosis
Conclusion
References
38 Cardiac and Paracardiac Masses
Technical Considerations
Contrast Agents
Benign Tumors of the Heart
Malignant Tumors of the Heart
Metastatic Tumors of the Heart
Cardiac Thrombus
Pericardial Lesions
Approach to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Acquisition of Cardiac Masses
Approach to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Interpretation of Cardiac Masses
Prognosis of Cardiac Tumors
Conclusion
References
Section IV Right Ventricular and Congenital Heart Disease
39 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Right Ventricular Anatomy and Function
Normal Right Ventricular Anatomy
Normal Right Ventricular Volumes and Systolic Function
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Right Ventricular Anatomy and Function in Disease
Conclusion
References
40 Simple and Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Principles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluation in Congenital Heart Disease
Atrial Septal Defects and Other Interatrial Communications
Ventricular Septal Defects
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Partially Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Coarctation of the Aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Single Ventricle
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
41 Simple and Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Ebstein Anomaly
Coarctation of the Aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
D-Loop Transposition of the Great Arteries
L-Loop Transposition of the Great Arteries
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Single Ventricle (Fontan Procedure)
Conclusion
References
Section V Vascular/Pericardium
42 Pulmonary Vein and Left Atrial Imaging
Imaging Methods: Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Vein Embryology
Congenital Pulmonary Venous Anomalies
Pulmonary Veins and the Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation
Imaging Before and After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
References
43 Thoracic Aortic Disease
Principles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Aortic Imaging
Dissection of the Thoracic Aorta
Aortic Intramural Hematoma
Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Trauma to the Aorta
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
44 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Technical Approach
Contrast-Enhanced Versus Non–Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Artifacts in Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of Extracranial Carotid Arteries
Aortic Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Renal Artery Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Mesenteric Arteries
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Peripheral Arteries
References
45 Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Congenital Vascular Disorders
Pulmonary Artery Tumors
Conclusion
References
46 The Pericardium
Imaging Modalities
Normal Pericardial Anatomy
Pericardial Diseases
Pericardial Tumors
Conclusion
References
Section VI Interventional
47 Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Laboratory Configuration
Real-Time Imaging
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Catheter Devices
Applications
Conclusion
References
48 Pediatric Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Systems
Merits of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Guidance
Magnetic Instrumentation and Visualization Strategies
Safety Issues
X-Ray and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Guidance
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section VII Economics and Guidelines
49 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Basic Terminology
Challenges in Conducting Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Cardiovascular Imaging
Cost-Effective Analyses of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
50 Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance
Technical Aspects and Implementation
Radiation Exposure
Coronary Artery Disease
Inflammatory Heart Disease
Cardiac Tumors
Reporting
Conclusion
References
51 Guidelines for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
References
52 Noncardiac Pathology
What Is an Incidental Noncardiac Finding?
Classification of Incidental Noncardiac Findings Based on Clinical Significance
Importance of the Incidental Noncardiac Findings
Prevalence of Incidental Findings in the Literature
Prevalence of Important Incidental Findings on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Impact of Patient’s Gender on Incidental Findings
Impact of Patient’s Age on Incidental Findings
Cardiology and Radiology Reviewing of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Impact of Different Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Sequences in Detecting Incidental Pathology
Cost Effectiveness of Reporting Incidental Noncardiac Pathologies
Incidental Findings Classified by Body System
Conclusion: Pros and Cons of Reporting Incidental Findings
References
Appendix A CMR Screening Form: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC)—CMR Center
Appendix B CMR Sequence Protocols in Use (2018) at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC)—CMR Center
Appendix C Analogous CMR Terminology Used by Various Vendors
Index
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