Contemporary Human Geography 4th editon by James Rubenstein ISBN 0134746228 9780134746227

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ISBN 10: 0134746228
ISBN 13: 9780134746227
Author: James M. Rubenstein

What’s your map to human geography? Contemporary Human Geography is a modular springboard into essential human and cultural geography concepts, designed for the modern geography reader. This brief, innovative text explores contemporary human geography with a bold, visual style, with topics organized into self-contained, two-page spreads. Rubenstein’s efficient writing presents information clearly without sacrificing high-quality content.   The 4th Edition offers new MapMaster 2.0, which is inspired by GIS and leverages recent data from the US Census Bureau, UN, CIA, World Bank, PRB, NOAA, NASA, USGS, and more. It enables readers to analyze and critically think about data through the visualization of mapping. This can help individuals connect critical, global issues to their local geography, addressing key concepts. With thousands of maps to explore, and the ability to upload their own data, readers can fully engage with the content.   Also available packaged with Mastering Geography or as an easy-to-use, standalone Pearson eText Mastering™ Geography is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Interactive, self-paced tutorials provide individualized coaching to help students stay on track. With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts. Learn more. Pearson eText allows educators to easily share their own notes with students so they see the connection between their reading and what they learn in class—motivating them to keep reading, and keep learning. Portable access lets students study on the go, even offline. And, reading analytics offer insight into how students use the eText, helping educators tailor their instruction. Learn more about Pearson eText. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Geography, search for: 0134747380 / 9780134747385 Contemporary Human Geography Plus Mastering Geography with Pearson eText — Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134746228 / 9780134746227 Contemporary Human Geography 0134747135 / 9780134747132 Mastering Geography with Pearson eText — ValuePack Access Card — for Contemporary Human Geography If you would like to purchase the standalone Pearson eText, search for: 0135213169 / 9780135213162 Pearson eText Contemporary Human Geography  — Access Card OR  0135213150 / 9780135213155Pearson eText Contemporary Human Geography  — Instant Access  

Contemporary Human Geography 4th Table of contents:

Chapter 1 This is Geography

1.1 Key Issue 1 Why is geography a science?

Welcome to Geography

Geography and History

Geographers Explain Where and Why

1.2 Key Issue 1 Why is geography a science?

Ancient & Medieval Maps

Geography in the Ancient World

Geography’s Revival

1.3 Key Issue 1 Why is geography a science?

Contemporary Geographic Tools

GIScience: Analyzing Data

GPS: Pinpointing Locations

VGI: Collecting and Sharing Data

1.4 Key Issue 1 Why is geography a science?

Interpreting Maps

Map Scale

Projection

1.5 Key Issue 1 Why is geography a science?

The Geographic Grid

Latitude and Longitude

Telling Time

1.6 Key Issue 2 Why is every place unique?

Place: A Unique Location

Place Names

Site

Situation

1.7 Key Issue 2 Why is every place unique?

Region: A Unique Area

Cultural Landscape

Formal Region

Functional Region

Vernacular Region

1.8 Key Issue 3 Why are different places similar?

Scale: From Global to Local

Globalization of the Economy

Globalization of Culture

Local Diversity

Spatial Association

1.9 Key Issue 3 Why are different places similar?

Space: Distribution of Features

Distribution Properties: Density

Distribution Properties: Concentration

Distribution Properties: Pattern

Distribution Properties: Your Space

1.10 Key Issue 3 Why are different places similar?

Space: Identity & Inequality

Distribution by Ethnicity

Distribution by Sexual Orientation

Distribution by Gender

Unequal Access

1.11 Key Issue 4 Why are places connected?

Connection: Diffusion & Interaction

Expansion Diffusion

Relocation Diffusion

Spatial Interaction

1.12 Key Issue 4 Why are places connected?

Connection: Sustainability

Three Pillars of Sustainability

Earth’s Connected Physical Systems

1.13 Key Issue 4 Why are places connected?

Humans & Their Environment

Adjusting to the Environment

Sustainable Ecosystem: The Netherlands

Unsustainable Ecosystem: California

Chapter 2 Population & Health

2.1 Key Issue 1 Where are people distributed?

Population Concentrations

Population Portions

Population Cartogram

Population Clusters

2.2 Key Issue 1 Where are people distributed?

Population Density

Arithmetic Density

Physiological Density

Agricultural Density

2.3 Key Issue 2 Why is population increasing?

Population Change

Natural Increase

Fertility

Mortality

2.4 Key Issue 2 Why is population increasing?

The Demographic Transition

Stage 2 (High Growth): The Gambia

Stage 3 (Moderate Growth): Mexico

Stage 4 (Low Growth): Denmark

2.5 Key Issue 3 How does health vary by region?

Health & Gender

Baby Girls at Risk

Mothers at Risk

2.6 Key Issue 3 How does health vary by region?

Aging & Health

Caring for Younger People

Caring for Older People

Comparing Young and Old

2.7 Key Issue 3 How does health vary by region?

Medical Services

Health Care

Medical Facilities

2.8 Key Issue 3 How does health vary by region?

Epidemiologic Transition

Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (High CDR)

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

2.9 Key Issue 4 How might population change in the future?

Population & Resources

Population and Resources: The Current Picture

Malthus’s Critics

Malthus’s Theory and Reality

2.10 Key Issue 4 How might population change in the future?

Population Futures

Total Fertility Rate

Population Futures in Asia

China’s Future Population

India’s Future Population

Japan’s Future Population

2.11 Key Issue 4 How might population change in the future?

Epidemiological Futures

Reason for Possible Stage 5: Evolution

Reason for Possible Stage 5: Poverty

Reason for Possible Stage 5: Increased Connections

2.12 Key Issue 4 How might population change in the future?

Family Futures

Lowering CBR through Education and Health Care

Lowering CBR through Contraception

Chapter 3 Migration

3.1 Key Issue 1 Where are migrants distributed?

Global Migration Patterns

Migration Transition

Distance of Migration

3.2 Key Issue 1 Where are migrants distributed?

Changing U.S. Immigration

U.S. Immigration at Independence

Nineteenth-Century Immigration

Current U.S. Immigration

3.3 Key Issue 2 Where do people migrate within countries?

Migration Between Regions

Interregional Migration in the United States

Interregional Migration in Russia

Interregional Migration in Brazil

Interregional Migration in Canada

Interregional Migration in China

3.4 Key Issue 2 Where do people migrate within countries?

Migration Within a Region

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas

Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

3.5 Key Issue 3 Why do people migrate?

Cultural & Forced Migration

Ravenstein’s Reasons for Migrating

Trail of Tears

Forced Political Migration

3.6 Key Issue 3 Why do people migrate?

Economic & Environmental Reasons to Migrate

Environmental Reasons for Migrating

Economic Reasons

Remittances

3.7 Key Issue 3 Why do people migrate?

Gender & Age of Migrants

Age of Migrants

Gender of Migrants

3.8 Key Issue 4 What challenges do migrants face?

Government Immigration Policies

U.S. Quota Laws

3.9 Key Issue 4 What challenges do migrants face?

U.S.–Mexico Immigration Issues

Characteristics of Unauthorized Immigrants

Mexico’s Border with the United States

3.10 Key Issue 4 What challenges do migrants face?

Europe Immigration Issues

Guest Workers

Migration Patterns in Europe

Attitudes toward Immigrants

Chapter 4 Folk & Popular Culture

4.1 Key Issue 1 How are leisure activities distributed?

Elements of Folk & Popular Culture

Origin

Diffusion

Distribution

4.2 Key Issue 1 How are leisure activities distributed?

Origin & Diffusion of Folk & Popular Music

Folk Music

Popular Music

4.3 Key Issue 1 How are leisure activities distributed?

Origin & Diffusion of Folk & Popular Sports

Soccer’s Folk Culture Origins

Soccer as Popular Culture

Olympic Sports

Regionally Distinctive Sports

4.4 Key Issue 2 How is material culture distributed?

Distribution of Folk & Popular Clothing

Folk Clothing Preferences

Popular Clothing Preferences

4.5 Key Issue 2 How is material culture distributed?

Distribution of Folk & Popular Food & Housing

Folk Housing

Popular Housing

Folk Food Customs

Popular Food Culture

4.6 Key Issue 2 Why is access to culture unequal?

Electronic Diffusion of Culture

Diffusion of TV: Mid-Twentieth Century

Diffusion of the Internet: Late Twentieth Century

4.7 Key Issue 3 Why is access to culture unequal?

Social Media & Interconnectivity

Diffusion of Facebook

Diffusion of Smartphones

Diffusion of Twitter and Instagram

4.8 Key Issue 3 Why is access to culture unequal?

Geographic Differences in Popular Culture

Interregional Differences

International Cultural Differences

Urban-Rural Differences

4.9 Key Issue 3 Why is access to culture unequal?

Accessing Media

Limiting Access to Media

Internet Restrictions

4.10 Key Issue 4 What challenges do folk and popular culture face?

Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture

Amish Migration: Preserving Cultural Identity

Marriage in India: Challenging Cultural Values

The Future of Folk Culture

4.11 Key Issue 4 What challenges do folk and popular culture face?

Sustainability Challenges for Popular Culture

Uniform Physical Landscapes

Uniform Cultural Experiences

Golf

Chapter 5 Languages

5.1 Key Issue 1 How are languages distributed?

Classifying Languages

Language Families

5.2 Key Issue 1 How are languages distributed?

Language Families

5.3 Key Issue 1 How are languages distributed?

Indo-European Languages

5.4 Key Issue 2 How do languages spread?

Origin & Diffusion of Languages

Language and Migration

Origin and Diffusion of English

Emergence of Language Families

Nomadic Warrior Theory

Sedentary Farmer Theory

5.5 Key Issue 2 How do languages spread?

English: The Leading Lingua Franca

Lingua Franca

English on the Internet

Global Distribution of English

Chinese: The Next Lingua Franca?

5.6 Key Issue 3 How do languages vary among places?

Dialects

Dialects in the United States

Dialects in the United Kingdom

5.7 Key Issue 3 How do languages vary among places?

Dialect or Language?

Dialects become Languages

Official Languages

Mixing Languages

5.8 Key Issue 3 How do languages vary among places?

Multilingual Places

Switzerland: Institutionalized Diversity

Belgium: Barely Speaking

Canada: Bilingual Autonomy

Nigeria: Spatial Compromise

5.9 Key Issue 4 Why do languages survive or perish?

Extinct & Endangered Languages

Extinct Languages

Languages Threatened with Extinction

Isolated Languages

5.10 Key Issue 4 Why do languages survive or perish?

Preserving & Reviving Languages

Preserving Languages

Growing Languages

Chapter 6 Religions

6.1 Key Issue 1 Where are religions distributed?

Distribution of Religions

Universalizing and Ethnic Religions

6.2 Key Issue 1 Where are religions distributed?

Distribution of Christians

Branches of Christianity

Branches in Europe

Branches in the Western Hemisphere

6.3 Key Issue 1 Where are religions distributed?

Distribution of Buddhists & Muslims

Distribution of Buddhists

Distribution of Muslims

6.4 Key Issue 1 Where are religions distributed?

Distribution of Ethnic Religions

Distribution of Hindus

Chinese Traditional Religions

Primal-Indigenous Religions

African Traditional Religions

6.5 Key Issue 1 Where are religions distributed?

Distribution of Other Religions

Religions with 14 to 23 Million Adherents

Religions with 2 to 10 Million Adherents

6.6 Key Issue 2 Why do religions have distinctive distributions?

Origin of Religions

Buddhism

Christianity

Islam

Hinduism

6.7 Key Issue 2 Why do religions have distinctive distributions?

Historical Diffusion of Religions

Diffusion of Christianity

Diffusion of Islam

Diffusion of Buddhism

6.8 Key Issue 2 Why do religions have distinctive distributions?

Recent Diffusion of Religions

Migration Patterns of Christians

Migration Patterns of Muslims

Migration Patterns of Jews

6.9 Key Issue 3 How do religions organize space?

Sacred Space

Places of Worship

Places of Pilgrimage

6.10 Key Issue 3 How do religions organize space?

Administration of Space

Examples of Hierarchical Religions

Locally Autonomous Religions

Utopian Settlements

Religious Place Names

6.11 Key Issue 3 How do religions organize space?

Religions & the Physical Environment

Hinduism’s South Asian Landscape

The Solstice

The Calendar in Universalizing Religions

The Calendar in Judaism

6.12 Key Issue 4 Why do conflicts arise among religions?

Challenges for Religions

Hinduism and Social Equality

Religion and Communism

Islamic Fundamentalism and Democratic Values

6.13 Key Issue 4 Why do conflicts arise among religions?

Geographic Perspectives on Religious Conflicts in the Middle East

Religious Importance

Jerusalem: Challenging Geography

Competing Israeli and Palestinian Perspectives

Chapter 7 Ethnicities

7.1 Key Issue 1 Where are ethnicities distributed?

Ethnicity & Race

Ethnicity and Race

Ethnicities and Races in Brazil

7.2 Key Issue 1 Where are ethnicities distributed?

U.S. Ethnicities

Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities

7.3 Key Issue 1 Where are ethnicities distributed?

Ethnic Enclaves

Ethnic Enclaves

Changing Ethnic Enclaves

7.4 Key Issue 2 Why do ethnicities have distinctive distributions?

Migration of African Americans

Forced Migration from Africa

Interregional Migration of African Americans

Intraregional Migration of African Americans

7.5 Key Issue 2 Why do ethnicities have distinctive distributions?

Segregation by Race

“Separate but Equal” in the United States

Apartheid in South Africa

7.6 Key Issue 3 Why might ethnicities face conflicts?

Ethnicities & Nationalities

Ethnicity and Nationality in North America

Clarifying Ethnicity and Nationality

Ethnicity and Nationality in the British Isles

Nationalism

7.7 Key Issue 3 Why might ethnicities face conflicts?

Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia

Ethnicities in Turkey

Ethnicities in Iraq

Ethnicities in Syria

Ethnicities in Lebanon

Kurds

Mapping Western Asia’s Ethnicities

7.8 Key Issue 3 Why might ethnicities face conflicts?

Ethnic Diversity in West-Central Asia

Ethnicities in Pakistan

Ethnicities in Iran

Ethnicities in Afghanistan

Ethnicities in the Caucasus

Ethnicities in Central Asia States

7.9 Key Issue 4 Why do ethnic cleansing and genocide occur?

Ethnic Cleansing in Europe

Yugoslavia: Many Ethnicities

Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia

Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo

7.10 Key Issue 4 Why do ethnic cleansing and genocide occur?

Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Asia & Africa

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Myanmar

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa

Africa’s Complex Map

Chapter 8 Political Geography

8.1 Key Issue 1 Where are states distributed?

A World of States

The United Nations

UN Growth

8.2 Key Issue 1 Where are states distributed?

Challenges in Defining States

Korea

Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)

China and Taiwan

Senkaku / Diaoyu Islands

The Law of the Sea

8.3 Key Issue 2 How are states created?

Evolution of States

Ancient States

From the Roman Empire to Medieval States

States in Twentieth Century Europe

8.4 Key Issue 2 How are states created?

Nation-States

Multinational states

Dismantling Multinational States

Russia: The Largest Multinational State

8.5 Key Issue 2 How are states created?

Colonies

Colonialism

The Remaining Colonies

Polar Regions: Many Claims

8.6 Key Issue 3 How are states organized?

Boundaries

Physical Boundaries

Cultural Boundaries

Geometric Boundaries

8.7 Key Issue 3 How are states organized?

Shapes of States

Compact States: Efficient

Perforated State: South Africa

Prorupted States: Access or Disruption

Elongated States: Potential Isolation

Fragmented States: Problematic

Landlocked States

8.8 Key Issue 3 How are states organized?

Governing States

Local Scale: Unitary and Federal

National Scale: Regime Types

8.9 Key Issue 3 How are states organized?

Electoral Geography

Gerrymandering

Redrawing Boundaries

8.10 Key Issue 4 What threats do states face?

Europe’s Fragile Cooperation

Economic Cooperation in Europe

The Eurozone

Military Cooperation in Europe

8.11 Key Issue 4 What threats do states face?

Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations

Terrorism against Americans

Al-Qaeda

The Islamic State

Chapter 9 Food & Agriculture

9.1 Key Issue 1 How did agriculture originate?

Origin of Agriculture

Hunters and Gatherers

Agricultural Revolution

Agriculture Hearths

9.2 Key Issue 1 How did agriculture originate?

Subsistence & Commercial Agriculture

Farmers: Fewer Grow More

Technology: Agriculture’s Game Changer

Farm Size: Is Bigger Better?

9.3 Key Issue 2 What do people eat?

Diet

Total Consumption of Food

Dietary Energy Needs

9.4 Key Issue 2 What do people eat?

Food Security

Source of Nutrients

Undernourishment

9.5 Key Issue 3 Where is agriculture distributed?

Agricultural Regions

Developing and Developed Agriculture Regions

Agricultural Regions and Climate

9.6 Key Issue 3 Where is agriculture distributed?

Agriculture in Developing Regions

Intensive Subsistence, Wet Rice Dominant

Intensive Subsistence, Wet Rice Not Dominant

Pastoral Nomadism

Shifting Cultivation

Plantation Farming

9.7 Key Issue 3 Where is agriculture distributed?

Fishing

Fish Production

Fish Consumption

Overfishing

9.8 Key Issue 3 Where is agriculture distributed?

Agriculture in Developed Regions

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Dairy Farming

Grain Farming

Livestock Ranching

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

Mediterranean Agriculture

Von Thünen Model

9.9 Key Issue 4 What challenges do farmers face?

Trade in Food & Agriculture

Food Trade

Drug Trade

Government Policies

Food Prices

9.10 Key Issue 4 What challenges do farmers face?

Agricultural Productivity

Supply of Agricultural Land

Intensification

The Green Revolution

Commercial Agriculture Productivity

9.11 Key Issue 4 What challenges do farmers face?

Biotechnology & Sustainability

Genetically Modified Organisms

Organic Farming

Sustainable Land Management

Chapter 10 Development

10.1 Key Issue 1 How does development vary among countries?

Development Regions

Human Development Index

Regional Differences in Development

10.2 Key Issue 1 How does development vary among countries?

A Decent Standard of Living

Income

Economic Structure

Productivity

Consumer Goods

10.3 Key Issue 1 How does development vary among countries?

Access to Knowledge & Health

Health

Education

10.4 Key Issue 2 What inequalities are found in development?

Unequal & Uneven Development

Inequality-adjusted HDI

Widening Inequality within Developed Countries

Inequality within Developing Countries

10.5 Key Issue 2 What inequalities are found in development?

Gender Inequality

Gender-related Development Index

Gender Inequality Index

Reproductive Health

10.6 Key Issue 2 What inequalities are found in development?

Gender Empowerment & Employment

Empowerment

Employment

10.7 Key Issue 3 How do countries become more developed?

Two Paths to Development

Self-Sufficiency Path

Self-sufficiency Example: India

International Trade Path

10.8 Key Issue 3 How do countries become more developed?

World Trade

Shortcomings of Self-sufficiency

Transition to International Trade

World Trade Organization

International Trade Critics

10.9 Key Issue 3 How do countries become more developed?

Financing Development

Foreign Direct Investment

Loans

Structural Adjustment Programs

10.10 Key Issue 4 What progress towards development are countries achieving?

Fair Trade

Fair Trade Producer Standards

Fair Trade Worker Standards

Fair Trade and Consumers

10.11 Key Issue 4 What progress towards development are countries achieving?

Progress in Development

Sustainable Development Goals

Chapter 11 Industry

11.1 Key Issue 2 Where is industry distributed?

Industry Past & Present

Europe: Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

East Asia: Twenty-first Century’s Industrial Leader

North America: Industrial Powerhouse

Industrial Clusters

11.2 Key Issue 2 Why are site factors important for industry?

Site Factors in Industry

Labor

Capital

Land

11.3 Key Issue 2 Why are site factors important for industry?

Changing Site Factors: Clothing

Spinning

Weaving

Assembly

11.4 Key Issue 3 Why are situation factors important for industry?

Proximity to Inputs

Bulk Reducing Industry: Copper

Mineral Resources

11.5 Key Issue 3 Why are situation factors important for industry?

Proximity to Markets

Bulk-Gaining Industries

Single-Market Manufacturers

Perishable-Products Companies

Motor Vehicle Production

11.6 Key Issue 3 Why are situation factors important for industry?

Changing Situation Factors: Steel

Changing Distribution of U.S. Steel Production

Changing Distribution of World Steel Production

11.7 Key Issue 3 Why are situation factors important for industry?

Ship by Boat, Rail, Truck, or Air?

Break of Bulk Points

Trucks: Short-distance Delivery

Trains: Cross-country Shipment

Ships: For Crossing Oceans

Airplanes: For Small Valuable Packages

Just-in-time Delivery

11.8 Key Issue 4 Why are industries changing locations?

Emerging Industrial Regions

New International Division of Labor

Outsourcing

Mexico and NAFTA

BRICS Countries

11.9 Key Issue 4 Why are industries changing locations?

Industrial Change in Developed Regions

Intraregional Shifts in North America

Intraregional Shifts in Europe

Skilled Labor

Chapter 12 Services

12.1 Key Issue 1 Where are services distributed?

Types of Services

Three Types of Services

Services and Settlements

Changes in Job Sectors

12.2 Key Issue 2 Where are consumer services distributed?

Central Place Theory

Market Area of a Service

Range of a Service

Threshold of a Service

The Geometry of Market Areas

12.3 Key Issue 2 Where are consumer services distributed?

Hierarchy of Consumer Services

Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements

Nesting of Services and Settlements

12.4 Key Issue 2 Where are consumer services distributed?

Market Area Analysis

Gravity Model

Profitability of a Location

12.5 Key Issue 2 Where are consumer services distributed?

Periodic & Sharing Services

Periodic Markets

Sharing Services

12.6 Key Issue 3 Where are business services distributed?

Hierarchy of Business Services

Levels of Global Cities

Consumer and Public Services in Global Cities

Business Services in Global Cities

12.7 Key Issue 3 Where are business services distributed?

Business Services in Developing Countries

Offshore Financial Services

Business-Process Outsourcing

12.8 Key Issue 3 Where are business services distributed?

Economic Specialization of Settlements

Economic Base

Distribution of Talent

12.9 Key Issue 4 Why do services cluster in settlements?

Services in Rural Settlements

Clustered Rural Settlements

Dispersed Rural Settlements

12.10 Key Issue 4 Why do services cluster in settlements?

Services in Early Urban Settlements

Prehistoric Urban Settlements

Urban Settlements Since Ancient Times

12.11 Key Issue 4 Why do services cluster in settlements?

Urbanization

Percentage in Urban Settlements

Number in Urban Settlements

Chapter 13 Urban Patterns

13.1 Key Issue 1 How are cities defined?

Defining Urban Settlements

Metropolitan Area

Central City

Urban Area

Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

13.2 Key Issue 1 How are cities defined?

The Central Business District

Other land uses

13.3 Key Issue 2 Where are people distributed within an urban area?

Models of Urban Structure

Concentric Zone Model

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei and Galactic Models

13.4 Key Issue 2 Where are people distributed within an urban area?

Applying the Models

Social Area Analysis

Social Area Analysis: Concentric Zones

Social Area Analysis: Sectors

Social Area Analysis: Nuclei

Limitations of the Models

13.5 Key Issue 3 How are cities outside North America structured?

Structure of Europe’s Cities

CBDs in Europe

Concentric Zones in Europe

Sectors in Europe

Multiple Nuclei in Europe

13.6 Key Issue 3 How are cities outside North America structured?

Cities in Developing Countries

Medieval City: Beijing

Precolonial City: Mexico City

Colonial Cities

13.7 Key Issue 3 How are cities outside North America structured?

Applying the Models to Developing Countries

Concentric Zones in Developing Countries

Sectors in Developing Countries

Multiple Nuclei in Developing Countries

13.8 Key Issue 4 How do cities become more sustainable?

Suburbs

Annexation and Fragmentation

Sprawl

Smart Growth

Density Gradient

13.9 Key Issue 4 How do cities become more sustainable?

Urban Transportation

Transportation Epochs

Motor Vehicles

Public Transport

13.10 Key Issue 4 How do cities become more sustainable?

Sustainable Cities

The City Challenged

Gentrification

Chapter 14 Resource Issues

14.1 Key Issue 1 What are Earth’s principal energy resources?

Energy Sources

Three Fossil Fuels

Distribution of Demand and Supply

14.2 Key Issue 1 What are Earth’s principal energy resources?

Energy Production

Distribution of Coal

Distribution of Petroleum

Distribution of Natural Gas

Control of Petroleum Supply

14.3 Key Issue 2 What is the future for energy resources?

Energy Reserves

Proven Reserves and Potential Reserves

Unconventional Resources

Reducing Demand

World Oil Trade

14.4 Key Issue 2 What is the future for energy resources?

Energy Alternatives

Nuclear Energy

Hydroelectric Power

Wind Power

Geothermal Energy

Solar

14.5 Key Issue 3 How are resources polluted?

Air Pollution

Local-scale Air Pollution

Regional-scale Air Pollution

Global-scale Air Pollution

14.6 Key Issue 3 How are resources polluted?

Water Pollution

Demand for Water

Impact on Aquatic Life

Point-source Pollution

Nonpoint-source Pollution

14.7 Key Issue 3 How are resources polluted?

Solid Waste Pollution

Sanitary Landfill

Hazardous Waste

14.8 Key Issue 4 How are resources protected?

Recycling

Pick-up and Processing

Remanufacturing

14.9 Key Issue 4 How are resources protected?

The Car of the Future

Ethanol

Full Electric

Hybrid

Plug-in Hybrid

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Regional Variations in Electricity

14.10 Key Issue 4 How are resources protected?

A More Sustainable Future

Sustainable Development

Biodiversity

Looking to the Future

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