Critical Thinking Concise 1st Edition By William Hughes, Jonathan Lavery- Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1554812674 , 978-1554812677
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ISBN 10: 1554812674
ISBN 13: 978-1554812677
Author: William Hughes, Jonathan Lavery
Critical Thinking is a comprehensive introduction to the essential skills of good reasoning, refined and updated through seven editions published over more than two decades. This concise edition offers a succinct presentation of the essential elements of reasoning that retains the rigor and sophistication of the original text. The authors provide a thorough treatment of such central topics as deductive and inductive reasoning, logical fallacies, how to recognize and avoid ambiguity, and how to distinguish what is relevant from what is not. A companion website provides a range of interesting supplements, including interactive review materials, supplemental readings, and writing tips.
Critical Thinking Concise 1st Table of contents:
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: Reasoning and Critical Thinking
1.1 Reasoning
1.2 The Concept of Logical Strength
1.3 Truth, Logical Strength, and Soundness
1.4 Critical Thinking Skills
1.5 Critical Thinking and the Science of Logic
1.6 Self-Test No. 1
1.7 Questions for Discussion
PART TWO: MEANING
Chapter 2: Meaning and Definition
2.1 The Complexity of Language
2.2 The Meaning of Language
2.2.1 The Reference Theory of Meaning
2.2.2 The Idea Theory of Meaning
2.2.3 Meaning as Use
2.3 The Main Functions of Language
2.4 Self-Test No. 2
2.5 Questions for Discussion
2.6 Definition
2.7 The Purposes of Definition
2.7.1 Reportive Definitions
2.7.2 Stipulative Definitions
2.7.3 Essentialist Definitions
2.8 Methods of Definition
2.8.1 Genus-Species Method
2.8.2 Ostensive Method
2.8.3 Synonym Method
2.8.4 Operational Method
2.8.5 Contextual Method
2.9 Assessing Reportive Definitions
2.9.1 Too Broad a Definition
2.9.2 Too Narrow a Definition
2.9.3 Too Broad and Too Narrow a Definition
2.9.4 Circular Definition
2.9.5 Obscure Definition
2.10 Assessing Stipulative and Essentialist Definitions
2.11 A Warning
2.12 Self-Test No. 3
2.13 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 3: Clarifying Meaning
3.1 The Principle of Charity
3.2 Linguistic Ambiguity
3.2.1 Ambiguity and Vagueness
3.2.2 Referential Ambiguity
3.2.3 Grammatical Ambiguity
3.2.4 Use and Mention
3.3 Self-Test No. 4
3.4 Analytic, Contradictory, and Synthetic Statements
3.5 Self-Test No. 5
3.6 Descriptive and Evaluative Meaning
3.7 Self-Test No. 6
3.8 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
3.9 Self-Test No. 7
3.10 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 4: Reconstructing Arguments
4.1 Reconstruction
4.2 Missing Premises and Conclusions
4.3 Self-test No. 8
4.4 Special Cases
4.4.1 Reports of Arguments
4.4.2 Explanations
4.5 Self-Test No. 9
4.6 The Structure of Arguments
4.6.1 Simple Arguments
4.6.2 T Arguments
4.6.3 V Arguments
4.6.4 Complex Arguments
4.7 Self-Test No. 10
4.8 Another Warning
4.9 Questions for Discussion
PART THREE: ASSESSING ARGUMENTS
Chapter 5: Strategies for Assessing Arguments
5.1 The Fallacies Approach
5.2 The Criterial Approach
5.2.1 The Three Criteria of a Sound Argument
5.3 Seven Rules for Assessing Arguments
5.3.1 Rule 1. Identify the Main Conclusion
5.3.2 Rule 2. Identify the Premises
5.3.3 Rule 3. Identify the Structure of the Argument
5.3.4 Rule 4. Check the Acceptability of the Premises
5.3.5 Rule 5. Check the Relevance of the Premises
5.3.6 Rule 6. Check the Adequacy of the Premises
5.3.7 Rule 7. Look for Counter-Arguments
Chapter 6: Assessing Truth-Claims
6.1 Theories of Truth
6.1.1 The Correspondence Theory
6.1.2 The Coherence Theory
6.1.3 The Pragmatic Theory
6.2 Types of Truth-Claims
6.2.1 Empirical Truth-Claims
6.2.2 Non-Empirical Truth-Claims
6.3 Acceptability
6.4 Self-Test No. 11
6.5 Questions for Discussion
6.6 Assessing the Acceptability of Premises
6.7 Some Particular Fallacies
6.7.1 Begging the Question
6.7.2 inconsistency
6.7.3 Equivocation
6.7.4 False Dichotomy
6.8 Self-Test No. 12
6.9 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 7: Assessing Relevance
7.1 The Criterion of Relevance
7.2 Recognizing Irrelevant Premises
7.3 Appeals to Authority (1)
7.4 Some Particular Fallacies
7.4.1 Ad Hominem
7.4.2 Tu Quoque
7.4.3 Straw Man
7.5 Self-Test No. 13
7.6 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 8: Assessing Adequacy
8.1 The Criterion of Adequacy
8.2 Appeals to Authority (2)
8.3 Appeals to Anecdotal Evidence
8.4 Appeals to Ignorance
8.5 The Slippery Slope Fallacy
8.6 Causal Fallacies
8.6.1 Post Hoc
8.6.2 Confusing Cause and Effect
8.6.3 Common Cause
8.7 Self-Test No. 14
8.8 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 9: Deductive Reasoning
9.1 The Nature of Deductive Reasoning
9.2 Truth-Functional Statements
9.3 Formal Validity and Soundness
9.4 Valid Argument Forms
9.5 Formal Invalidity
9.6 Self-Test No. 15
9.7 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 10: Inductive Reasoning
10.1 The Nature of Inductive Reasoning
10.2 Inductive Generalization
10.3 Statistical Syllogism
10.4 Induction by Confirmation
10.5 Analogical Reasoning
10.6 Self-Test No. 16
10.7 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 11: Arguing Back
11.1 Explaining the Weakness
11.2 Counter-Examples
11.3 Absurd Examples
11.4 Counter-Arguments
11.5 Self-Test No. 17
11.6 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 12: Irrational Techniques of Persuasion
12.1 Loaded Terms
12.2 Vague Terms
12.3 Loaded Questions
12.4 False Confidence
12.5 Selectivity
12.6 Misleading Statistics
12.7 Humor
12.8 Red Herring
12.9 Guilt by Association
12.10 Persuasive Redefinition
12.11 Self-Test No. 18
12.12 Questions for Discussion
Appendix: Answers to Self-Tests
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