Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured 11th Edition by Pollak, Andrew, Dennis Edgerly, Mckenna, Kim, Vitberg, David ISBN 1284158802 9781284158809

Section 1: Preparatory

CHAPTER 1 EMS Systems

Introduction

Course Description

EMT Training: Focus and Requirements

Licensure Requirements

Overview of the EMS System

History of EMS

Levels of Training

Public Basic Life Support and Immediate Aid

Emergency Medical Responders

Emergency Medical Technician

Advanced Emergency Medical Technician

Paramedic

Components of the EMS System

Public Access

Communication Systems

Clinical Care

Human Resources

Medical Direction

Legislation and Regulation

Integration of Health Services

Mobile Integrated Healthcare

Evaluation

Information Systems

System Finance

Education Systems

Prevention and Public Education

EMS Research

Roles and Responsibilities of the EMT

Professional Attributes

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 2 Workforce Safety and Wellness

Introduction

General Health and Wellness

Wellness and Stress Management

Sleep

Infectious and Communicable Diseases

Routes of Transmission

Risk Reduction and Prevention for Infectious and Communicable Diseases

Establishing an Infection Control Routine

Immunity

General Postexposure Management

Scene Safety

Scene Hazards

Protective Clothing: Preventing Injury

Cold Weather Clothing

Turnout Gear

Gloves

Helmets

Boots

Eye Protection

Ear Protection

Skin Protection

Body Armor

Long/Loose Hair, Rings, Jewelry

Caring for Critically Ill and Injured Patients

Responses of the Critical Patient

Techniques for Communicating With the Critical Patient

Locate and Notify Family Members

Injured and Critically Ill Children

Dealing With the Death of a Child

Helping the Family

Death and Dying

The Grieving Process

What Can the EMT Do?

Dealing With the Patient and Family Members

Stress Management on the Job

Emotional Aspects of Emergency Care

Stressful Situations

Workplace Issues

Cultural Diversity on the Job

Avoiding Sexual Harassment

Substance Abuse

Suicide Prevention

Injury and Illness Prevention

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 3 Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues

Introduction

Consent

Expressed Consent

Implied Consent

Involuntary Consent

Minors and Consent

Forcible Restraint

The Right to Refuse Treatment

Confidentiality

HIPAA

Advance Directives

Physical Signs of Death

Presumptive Signs of Death

Definitive Signs of Death

Medical Examiner Cases

Special Situations

Organ Donors

Medical Identification Insignia

Scope of Practice

Standards of Care

Standards Imposed by Local Custom

Standards Imposed by Law

Professional or Institutional Standards

Standards Imposed by Textbooks

Standards Imposed by States

Duty to Act

Negligence

Abandonment

Assault and Battery and Kidnapping

Defamation

Good Samaritan Laws and Immunity

Records and Reports

Special Mandatory Reporting Requirements

Abuse of Children, Older People, and Others

Injury During the Commission of a Felony

Drug-Related Injuries

Childbirth

Other Reporting Requirements

Scene of a Crime

The Deceased

Ethical Responsibilities

The EMT in Court

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 4 Communications and Documentation

Introduction

Therapeutic Communication

Age, Culture, and Personal Experience

Nonverbal Communication

Verbal Communication

Written Communications and Documentation

Patient Care Report

Types of Forms

Reporting Errors

Documenting Refusal of Care

Special Reporting Situations

Communications Systems and Equipment

Base Station Radios

Mobile and Portable Radios

Repeater-Based Systems

Digital Equipment

Cellular/Satellite Telephones

Other Communications Equipment

Radio Communications

Responding to the Scene

Communicating With Medical Control and Hospitals

Maintenance of Radio Equipment

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 5 Medical Terminology

Introduction

Anatomy of a Medical Term

Word Roots

Prefixes

Suffixes

Combining Vowels

Word Building Rules

Plural Endings

Special Word Parts

Numbers

Colors

Positions and Directions

Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms

Directional Terms

Movement Terms

Other Directional Terms

Anatomic Positions

Breaking Terms Apart

Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

Abbreviations

Symbols

Master Tables

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 6 The Human Body

Introduction

Topographic Anatomy

The Planes of the Body

The Skeletal System: Anatomy

The Axial Skeleton

The Spinal Column

The Thorax

The Appendicular Skeleton

The Pelvis

The Lower Extremities

The Skeletal System: Physiology

The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy

Skeletal Muscle

The Musculoskeletal System: Physiology

The Respiratory System: Anatomy

The Upper Airway

The Lower Airway

Lungs

The Respiratory System: Physiology

Respiration

Ventilation

Characteristics of Normal Breathing

Inadequate Breathing Patterns in Adults

The Circulatory System: Anatomy

The Heart

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

The Spleen

Blood Composition

The Circulatory System: Physiology

Normal Circulation in Adults

Inadequate Circulation in Adults

The Function of Blood

Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System

The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Integumentary System (Skin): Anatomy

The Integumentary System (Skin): Physiology

The Digestive System: Anatomy

The Abdomen

Mouth

Oropharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Pancreas

Liver

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Appendix

Rectum

The Digestive System: Physiology

The Lymphatic System: Anatomy and Physiology

The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology

The Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology

The Genital System: Anatomy and Physiology

The Male Reproductive System and Organs

The Female Reproductive System and Organs

Life Support Chain

Pathophysiology

Respiratory Compromise

Shock

Alteration of Cellular Metabolism

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 7 Life Span Development

Introduction

Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

Toddlers (1 to 3 Years) and Preschoolers (3 to 6 Years)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

School-Age Children (6 to 12 Years)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

Middle Adults (41 to 60 Years)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Physical Changes

Psychosocial Changes

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 8 Lifting and Moving Patients

Introduction

The Wheeled Ambulance Stretcher

Backboards

Moving and Positioning the Patient

Body Mechanics

Anatomy Review

Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling

Principles of Safe Lifting and Carrying

Patient Weight

Lifting and Carrying a Patient on a Backboard or Stretcher

Moving a Patient With a Stair Chair

Moving a Patient on Stairs With a Stretcher

Loading a Wheeled Stretcher Into an Ambulance

Directions and Commands

Emergency Moves

Urgent Moves

Rapid Extrication Technique

Nonurgent Moves

Direct Ground Lift

Extremity Lift

Transfer Moves

Geriatrics

Bariatrics

Additional Patient-Moving Equipment

Bariatric Stretchers

Pneumatic and Electronic Powered Wheeled Stretchers

Portable/Folding Stretchers

Flexible Stretchers

Short Backboards

Vacuum Mattresses

Basket Stretchers

Scoop Stretchers

Neonatal Isolettes

Decontamination

Patient Positioning

Medical Restraints

Personnel Considerations

Prep Kit

Section 2: Patient Assessment

CHAPTER 9 Patient Assessment

Introduction

Scene Size-up

Ensure Scene Safety

Determine Mechanism of Injury/Nature of Illness

Take Standard Precautions

Determine Number of Patients

Consider Additional/Specialized Resources

Primary Assessment

Form a General Impression

Assess Level of Consciousness

Assess the Airway

Assess Breathing

Assess Circulation

Performing a Rapid Exam to Identify Life Threats

Determine Priority of Patient Care and Transport

History Taking

Investigate the Chief Complaint (History of Present Illness)

Obtain SAMPLE History

Secondary Assessment

Systematically Assess the Patient—Secondary Assessment

Systematically Assess the Patient—Focused Assessment

Assess Vital Signs Using the Appropriate Monitoring Device

Reassessment

Repeat the Primary Assessment

Reassess Vital Signs

Reassess the Chief Complaint

Recheck Interventions

Identify and Treat Changes in the Patient’s Condition

Reassess Patient

Prep Kit

Section 3: Airway

CHAPTER 10 Airway Management

Introduction

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Anatomy of the Upper Airway

Anatomy of the Lower Airway

Physiology of Breathing

Ventilation

Oxygenation

Respiration

Pathophysiology of Respiration

Factors in the Nervous System

Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio and Mismatch

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Factors Affecting Respiration

Circulatory Compromise

Patient Assessment

Recognizing Adequate Breathing

Recognizing Abnormal Breathing

Assessment of Respiration

Opening the Airway

Head Tilt–Chin Lift Maneuver

Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

Opening the Mouth

Suctioning

Suctioning Equipment

Techniques of Suctioning

Basic Airway Adjuncts

Oropharyngeal Airways

Nasopharyngeal Airways

Maintaining the Airway

Supplemental Oxygen

Supplemental Oxygen Equipment

Procedures for Operating and Administering Oxygen

Hazards of Supplemental Oxygen

Oxygen-Delivery Equipment

Nonrebreathing Masks

Nasal Cannulas

Partial Rebreathing Masks

Venturi Masks

Tracheostomy Masks

Humidification

Assisted and Artificial Ventilation

Assisting Ventilation in Respiratory Distress/Failure

Artificial Ventilation

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Mechanism

Indications

Contraindications

Application

Complications

Special Considerations

Stomas and Tracheostomy Tubes

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

Recognition

Emergency Medical Care for Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

Dental Appliances

Facial Bleeding

Prep Kit

Section 4: Pharmacology

CHAPTER 11 Principles of Pharmacology

Introduction

How Medications Work

Medication Names

Routes of Administration

Medication Forms

Tablets and Capsules

Solutions and Suspensions

Metered-Dose Inhalers

Topical Medications

Transcutaneous Medications

Gels

Gases for Inhalation

General Steps in Administering Medication

Medication Administration and the EMT

Medications Used by EMTs

Oral Medications

Sublingual Medications

Intramuscular Medications

Intranasal Medications

Inhalation Medications

Patient Medications

Medication Errors

Prep Kit

Section 5: Shock and Resuscitation

CHAPTER 12 Shock

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Perfusion

Causes of Shock

Types of Shock

Cardiogenic Shock

Obstructive Shock

Distributive Shock

Hypovolemic Shock

Respiratory Insufficiency

The Progression of Shock

Patient Assessment for Shock

Emergency Medical Care for Shock

Treating Cardiogenic Shock

Treating Obstructive Shock

Treating Septic Shock

Treating Neurogenic Shock

Treating Anaphylactic Shock

Treating Psychogenic Shock

Treating Hypovolemic Shock

Treating Respiratory Insufficiency

Treating Shock in Older Patients

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 13 BLS Resuscitation

Introduction

Elements of BLS

The Components of CPR

Assessing the Need for BLS

Basic Principles of BLS

Automated External Defibrillation

AED Usage in Children

Special AED Situations

Positioning the Patient

Check for Breathing and a Pulse

Provide External Chest Compressions

Proper Hand Position and Compression Technique

Opening the Airway and Providing Artificial Ventilation

Opening the Airway in Adults

Recovery Position

Breathing

Provide Artificial Ventilations

One-Rescuer Adult CPR

Two-Rescuer Adult CPR

Switching Positions

Devices and Techniques to Assist Circulation

Active Compression-Decompression CPR

Impedance Threshold Device

Mechanical Piston Device

Load-Distributing Band CPR or Vest CPR

Infant and Child CPR

Determining Responsiveness

Check for Breathing and a Pulse

Airway

Provide Rescue Breathing

Interrupting CPR

When Not to Start CPR

When to Stop CPR

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Adults

Recognizing Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in an Adult

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Infants and Children

Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in a Child

Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Infants

Special Resuscitation Circumstances

Opioid Overdose

Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy

Grief Support for Family Members and Loved Ones

Education and Training for the EMT

Education and Training for the Public

Prep Kit

Section 6: Medical

CHAPTER 14 Medical Overview

Introduction

Types of Medical Emergencies

Patient Assessment

Management, Transport, and Destination

Scene Time

Type of Transport

Destination Selection

Infectious Diseases

General Assessment Principles

General Management Principles

Epidemic and Pandemic Considerations

Common or Serious Communicable Diseases

Influenza

Herpes Simplex

HIV Infection

Hepatitis

Meningitis

Tuberculosis

Whooping Cough

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Global Health Issues

Travel Medicine

Conclusion

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 15 Respiratory Emergencies

Introduction

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Physiology of Respiration

Pathophysiology

Carbon Dioxide Retention and Hypoxic Drive

Causes of Dyspnea

Upper or Lower Airway Infection

Acute Pulmonary Edema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Asthma, Hay Fever, and Anaphylaxis

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Pleural Effusion

Obstruction of the Airway

Pulmonary Embolism

Hyperventilation

Environmental/Industrial Exposure

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Metered-Dose Inhaler and Small-Volume Nebulizer

Administration of a Metered-Dose Inhaler

Administration of Small-Volume Nebulizer

Treatment of Specific Conditions

Upper or Lower Airway Infection

Acute Pulmonary Edema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Asthma, Hay Fever, and Anaphylaxis

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Pleural Effusion

Obstruction of the Airway

Pulmonary Embolism

Hyperventilation

Environmental/Industrial Exposure

Foreign Body Aspiration

Tracheostomy Dysfunction

Asthma

Cystic Fibrosis

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular Emergencies

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Circulation

Pathophysiology

Atherosclerosis

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Cardiogenic Shock

Congestive Heart Failure

Hypertensive Emergencies

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care for Chest Pain or Discomfort

Administering Nitroglycerin

Cardiac Monitoring

Heart Surgeries and Cardiac Assistive Devices

Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators

External Defibrillator Vest

Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Cardiac Arrest

Automated External Defibrillation

Emergency Medical Care for Cardiac Arrest

Preparation

Performing Defibrillation

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 17 Neurologic Emergencies

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Headache

Stroke

Types of Stroke

Signs and Symptoms of Stroke

Conditions That May Mimic Stroke

Seizures

Causes of Seizures

The Importance of Recognizing Seizures

The Postictal State

Syncope

Altered Mental Status

Causes of Altered Mental Status

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Headache

Stroke

Seizure

Altered Mental Status

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 18 Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

The Gastrointestinal System

Additional Abdominal Organs

The Genital System

The Urinary System

Pathophysiology

Abdominal Pain

Causes of Acute Abdomen

Urinary System

Kidneys

Female Reproductive Organs

Other Organ Systems

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Dialysis Emergencies

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 19 Endocrine and Hematologic Emergencies

Introduction

Endocrine Emergencies

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Patient Assessment of Diabetes

Emergency Medical Care for Diabetic Emergencies

Giving Oral Glucose

The Presentation of Hypoglycemia

Seizures

Altered Mental Status

Misdiagnosis of Neurologic Dysfunction

Relationship to Airway Management

Hematologic Emergencies

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Patient Assessment of Hematologic Disorders

Emergency Medical Care for Hematologic Disorders

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 20 Immunologic Emergencies

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Common Allergens

Insect Stings

Patient Assessment of an Immunologic Emergency

Emergency Medical Care of Immunologic Emergencies

Epinephrine

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 21 Toxicology

Introduction

Identifying the Patient and the Poison

How Poisons Enter the Body

Inhaled Poisons

Absorbed and Surface Contact Poisons

Ingested Poisons

Injected Poisons

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Specific Poisons

Alcohol

Opiates and Opioids

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Abused Inhalants

Hydrogen Sulfide

Sympathomimetics

Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts)

Marijuana

Hallucinogens

Anticholinergic Agents

Cholinergic Agents

Miscellaneous Drugs

Food Poisoning

Plant Poisoning

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 22 Psychiatric Emergencies

Introduction

Myth and Reality

Defining a Behavioral Crisis

The Magnitude of Mental Health Disorders

Pathophysiology

Organic

Functional

Safe Approach to a Behavioral Crisis

Patient Assessment

Acute Psychosis

Schizophrenia

Excited Delirium

Restraint

Risks Associated With Patient Restraint

The Process of Restraining a Patient

Performing Patient Restraint

The Potentially Violent Patient

Suicide

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Returning Combat Veterans

Signs and Symptoms of PTSD

Caring for the Combat Veteran

Medicolegal Considerations

Consent

Limited Legal Authority

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 23 Gynecologic Emergencies

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Vaginal Bleeding

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Assessment and Management of Specific Conditions

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Sexual Assault and Rape

Prep Kit

Section 7: Trauma

CHAPTER 24 Trauma Overview

Introduction

Energy and Trauma

Mechanism of Injury Profiles

Blunt and Penetrating Trauma

Blunt Trauma

Vehicular Crashes

Car Versus Pedestrian

Car Versus Bicycle

Car Versus Motorcycle

Falls

Penetrating Trauma

Blast Injuries

Tissues at Risk

Multisystem Trauma

Golden Principles of Prehospital Trauma Care

Patient Assessment

Injuries to the Head

Injuries to the Neck and Throat

Injuries to the Chest

Injuries to the Abdomen

Management: Transport and Destination

Scene Time

Type of Transport

Destination Selection

Special Considerations

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 25 Bleeding

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System

The Heart

Blood Vessels and Blood

Pathophysiology and Perfusion

External Bleeding

The Significance of External Bleeding

Characteristics of External Bleeding

Internal Bleeding

Mechanism of Injury for Internal Bleeding

Nature of Illness for Internal Bleeding

Signs and Symptoms of Internal Bleeding

Patient Assessment for External and Internal Bleeding

Emergency Medical Care for External Bleeding

Hemostatic Agents

Tourniquets

Splints

Bleeding From the Nose, Ears, and Mouth

Emergency Medical Care for Internal Bleeding

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 26 Soft-Tissue Injuries

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin

Anatomy

Physiology

Pathophysiology of Closed and Open Injuries

Closed Injuries

Open Injuries

Patient Assessment of Closed and Open Injuries

Emergency Medical Care for Closed Injuries

Emergency Medical Care for Open Injuries

Abdominal Wounds

Impaled Objects

Neck Injuries

Bites

Burns

Pathophysiology of Burns

Complications of Burns

Burn Severity

Patient Assessment of Burns

Emergency Medical Care for Burns

Management of Specific Burns

Dressing and Bandaging

Sterile Dressings

Bandages

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 27 Face and Neck Injuries

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

The Eye

Injuries of the Face and Neck

Soft-Tissue Injuries

Dental Injuries

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Emergency Medical Care for Specific Injuries

Injuries of the Eyes

Injuries of the Nose

Injuries of the Ear

Facial Fractures

Dental Injuries

Injuries of the Cheek

Injuries of the Neck

Laryngeal Injuries

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 28 Head and Spine Injuries

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Nervous System

How the Nervous System Works

Skeletal System

Head Injuries

Scalp Lacerations

Skull Fracture

Traumatic Brain Injuries

Intracranial Pressure

Concussion

Contusion

Other Brain Injuries

Spine Injuries

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care of Head Injuries

Managing the Airway

Circulation

Emergency Medical Care of Spinal Injuries

Managing the Airway

Immobilization of the Cervical Spine

Preparation for Transport

Supine Patients

Sitting Patients

Standing Patients

Spinal Immobilization Devices

Helmet Removal

Preferred Method

Alternate Method

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 29 Chest Injuries

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Mechanics of Ventilation

Injuries of the Chest

Signs and Symptoms of Chest Injury

Patient Assessment

Complications and Management of Chest Injuries

Pneumothorax

Hemothorax

Cardiac Tamponade

Rib Fractures

Flail Chest

Other Chest Injuries

Pulmonary Contusion

Other Fractures

Traumatic Asphyxia

Blunt Myocardial Injury

Commotio Cordis

Laceration of the Great Vessels

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 30 Abdominal and Genitourinary Injuries

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology of the Abdomen

Abdominal Quadrants

Hollow and Solid Organs

Injuries to the Abdomen

Closed Abdominal Injuries

Open Abdominal Injuries

Hollow Organ Injuries

Solid Organ Injuries

Patient Assessment of Abdominal Injuries

Assessment of an Isolated Abdominal Injury

Emergency Medical Care of Abdominal Injuries

Closed Abdominal Injuries

Open Abdominal Injuries

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System

Injuries of the Genitourinary System

Injuries of the Kidneys

Injuries to the Urinary Bladder

Injuries of the External Male Genitalia

Injuries of the Female Genitalia

Patient Assessment of the Genitourinary System

Emergency Medical Care of Genitourinary Injuries

Kidneys

Urinary Bladder

External Male Genitalia

Female Genitalia

Rectal Bleeding

Sexual Assault and Rape

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 31 Orthopaedic Injuries

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System

Muscles

The Skeleton

Musculoskeletal Injuries

Mechanism of Injury

Fractures

Dislocations

Sprains

Strain

Amputations

Complications

Assessing the Severity of Injury

Patient Assessment

Emergency Medical Care

Splinting

Transportation

Specific Musculoskeletal Injuries

Injuries of the Clavicle and Scapula

Dislocation of the Shoulder

Fracture of the Humerus

Elbow Injuries

Fractures of the Forearm

Injuries of the Wrist and Hand

Fractures of the Pelvis

Dislocation of the Hip

Fractures of the Proximal Femur

Femoral Shaft Fractures

Injuries of Knee Ligaments

Dislocation of the Knee

Fractures About the Knee

Dislocation of the Patella

Injuries of the Tibia and Fibula

Ankle Injuries

Foot Injuries

Sprains and Strains

Amputations

Compartment Syndrome

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 32 Environmental Emergencies

Introduction

Factors Affecting Exposure

Cold Exposure

Hypothermia

Local Cold Injuries

Assessment of Cold Injuries

General Management of Cold Emergencies

Emergency Care of Local Cold Injuries

Cold Exposure and You

Heat Exposure

Heat Cramps

Heat Exhaustion

Heat Stroke

Assessment of Heat Emergencies

Management of Heat Emergencies

Heat Cramps

Heat Exhaustion

Heat Stroke

Drowning

Spinal Injuries in Submersion Incidents

Recovery Techniques

Resuscitation Efforts

Diving Emergencies

Descent Emergencies

Emergencies at the Bottom

Ascent Emergencies

Assessment of Drowning and Diving Emergencies

Emergency Care for Drowning or Diving Emergencies

Other Water Hazards

Prevention

High Altitude

Lightning

Emergency Medical Care

Bites and Envenomations

Spider Bites

Hymenoptera Stings

Snake Bites

Scorpion Stings

Tick Bites

Injuries From Marine Animals

Prep Kit

Section 8: Special Patient Populations

CHAPTER 33 Obstetrics and Neonatal Care

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

Normal Changes in Pregnancy

Complications of Pregnancy

Diabetes

Hypertensive Disorders

Bleeding

Abortion

Abuse

Substance Abuse

Special Considerations for Trauma and Pregnancy

Maternal Cardiac Arrest

Assessment and Management

Cultural Value Considerations

Teenage Pregnancy

Patient Assessment

Stages of Labor

Normal Delivery Management

Preparing for Delivery

The Delivery

Postdelivery Care

Neonatal Assessment and Resuscitation

Additional Resuscitation Efforts

The Apgar Score

Complicated Delivery Emergencies

Breech Delivery

Presentation Complications

Spina Bifida

Multiple Gestation

Premature Birth

Postterm Pregnancy

Fetal Demise

Delivery Without Sterile Supplies

Postpartum Complications

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 34 Pediatric Emergencies

Introduction

Communication With the Patient and the Family

Growth and Development

The Infant

The Toddler

The Preschool-Age Child

School-Age Years

Adolescents

Anatomy and Physiology

The Respiratory System

The Circulatory System

The Nervous System

The Gastrointestinal System

The Musculoskeletal System

The Integumentary System

Patient Assessment

Respiratory Emergencies and Management

Airway Obstruction

Asthma

Pneumonia

Croup

Epiglottitis

Bronchiolitis

Pertussis

Airway Adjuncts

Oxygen Delivery Devices

Cardiopulmonary Arrest

Circulation Emergencies and Management

Shock

Bleeding Disorders

Neurologic Emergencies and Management

Altered Mental Status

Seizures

Meningitis

Gastrointestinal Emergencies and Management

Poisoning Emergencies and Management

Dehydration Emergencies and Management

Fever Emergencies and Management

Febrile Seizures

Drowning Emergencies and Management

Pediatric Trauma Emergencies and Management

Physical Differences

Psychologic Differences

Injury Patterns

Injuries to Specific Body Systems

Burns

Injuries of the Extremities

Pain Management

Disaster Management

Child Abuse and Neglect

Signs of Abuse

Symptoms and Other Indicators of Abuse

Sexual Abuse

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Patient Assessment and Management

Scene Assessment

Communication and Support of the Family After the Death of a Child

Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 35 Geriatric Emergencies

Introduction

Generational Considerations

Communication and Older Adults

Communication Techniques

Common Complaints and the Leading Causes of Death in Older People

Changes in the Body

Changes in the Respiratory System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in the Cardiovascular System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in the Nervous System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in the Gastrointestinal System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in the Renal System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in the Endocrine System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in the Immune System

Changes in the Musculoskeletal System

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathophysiology

Changes in Skin

Toxicology

Behavioral Emergencies

Depression

Suicide

The GEMS Diamond

Special Considerations in Assessing a Geriatric Medical Patient

Trauma and Geriatric Patients

Anatomic Changes and Fractures

Environmental Injury

Special Considerations in Assessing Geriatric Trauma Patients

Assessment of Falls

Response to Nursing and Skilled Care Facilities

Dying Patients

Advance Directives

Elder Abuse and Neglect

Assessment of Elder Abuse

Signs of Physical Abuse

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 36 Patients With Special Challenges

Introduction

Intellectual Disability

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Down Syndrome

Patient Interaction

Sensory Disabilities

Visual Impairment

Hearing Impairment

Physical Disabilities

Cerebral Palsy

Spina Bifida

Paralysis

Bariatric Patients

Interaction With Patients With Obesity

Interaction With Patients With Morbid Obesity

Patients With Medical Technology Assistance

Tracheostomy Tubes

Mechanical Ventilators

Apnea Monitors

Internal Cardiac Pacemakers

Left Ventricular Assist Devices

External Defibrillator Vest

Central Venous Catheter

Gastrostomy Tubes

Shunts

Vagus Nerve Stimulators

Colostomies, Ileostomies, and Urostomies

Patient Assessment Guidelines

Home Care

Hospice Care and Terminally Ill Patients

Poverty and Homelessness

Prep Kit

Section 9: EMS Operations

CHAPTER 37 Transport Operations

Introduction

Emergency Vehicle Design

Phases of an Ambulance Call

The Preparation Phase

The Dispatch Phase

En Route to the Scene

Arrival at the Scene

The Transfer Phase

The Transport Phase

The Delivery Phase

En Route to the Station

The Postrun Phase

Defensive Ambulance Driving Techniques

Driver Characteristics

Safe Driving Practices

Air Medical Operations

Helicopter Medical Evacuation Operations

Establishing a Landing Zone

Landing Zone Safety and Patient Transfer

Special Considerations

Medivac Issues

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 38 Vehicle Extrication and Special Rescue

Introduction

Safety

Vehicle Safety Systems

Fundamentals of Extrication

Preparation

En Route to the Scene

Arrival and Scene Size-up

Hazard Control

Support Operations

Gaining Access

Emergency Care

Removal of the Patient

Transfer of the Patient

Termination

Specialized Rescue Situations

Technical Rescue Situations

Search and Rescue

Trench Rescue

Tactical Emergency Medical Support

Structure Fires

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 39 Incident Management

Introduction

National Incident Management System

Incident Command System

Incident Command System Roles and Responsibilities

Communications and Information Management

Mobilization and Deployment

EMS Response Within the Incident Command System

Preparedness

Scene Size-up

Establishing Command

Communications

The Medical Branch of Incident Command

Triage Supervisor

Treatment Supervisor

Transportation Supervisor

Staging Supervisor

Physicians on Scene

Rehabilitation Supervisor

Extrication and Special Rescue

Morgue Supervisor

Mass-Casualty Incidents

Triage

Triage Categories

Triage Tags

START Triage

JumpSTART Triage for Pediatric Patients

Triage Special Considerations

Destination Decisions

Disaster Management

Introduction to Hazardous Materials

Recognizing a Hazardous Material

Occupancy and Location

Senses

Containers

The Department of Transportation Marking System

Other Considerations

References

Identification

HazMat Scene Operations

Classification of Hazardous Materials

Personal Protective Equipment Level

Caring for Patients at a HazMat Incident

Prep Kit

CHAPTER 40 Terrorism Response and Disaster Management

Introduction

What Is Terrorism?

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Chemical Terrorism/Warfare

Biologic Terrorism/Warfare

Nuclear/Radiologic Terrorism

EMT Response to Terrorism

Recognizing a Terrorist Event (Indicators)

Response Actions

Chemical Agents

Vesicants (Blister Agents)

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents)

Nerve Agents

Metabolic Agents (Cyanides)

Biologic Agents

Viruses

Bacteria

Neurotoxins

Other EMT Roles During a Biologic Event

Radiologic/Nuclear Devices

What Is Radiation?

Sources of Radiologic Material

Radiologic Dispersal Devices (RDD)

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Weapons

Symptomatology

Medical Management

Protective Measure

Incendiary and Explosive Devices

Mechanisms of Injury

Prep Kit

Section 10: The Team Approach to Health Care

CHAPTER 41 A Team Approach to Health Care

Introduction

An Era of Team Health Care

Community Paramedicine and Mobile Integrated Healthcare Teams

Differences Among Teams

Types of Teams

Regular Teams

Temporary Teams

Special Teams

Groups Versus Teams

Groups

Dependent, Independent, and Interdependent Groups

Dependent

Independent

Interdependent

Effective Team Performance

A Shared Goal

Clear Roles and Responsibilities

Diverse and Competent Skill Sets

Effective Collaboration and Communication

Supportive and Coordinated Leadership

Transfer of Patient Care

General Guidelines

BLS and ALS Providers Working Together

Where BLS Care Ends and ALS Care Begins

Assisting With ALS Skills

Assisting with Placement of Advanced Airways

Vascular Access

Troubleshooting Team Conflicts