The Enduring Vision Volume 1 To 1877 9th edition by Paul Boyer, Clifford Clark, Karen Halttunen, Joseph Kett, Neal Salisbury ISBN 133711376X 978-1337113762

Unit 1. Introducing the Land and the People

1. The Enduring Vision

1-1. The First Americans, ca. 13,000–2500 b.c.e.

1-1.1. Peopling New Worlds

1-1.2. Archaic Societies

1-2. The Emergence of Tribal Societies, ca. 2500 b.c.e.–c.e. 1500

1-2.1. Mesoamerica and South America

1-2.2. The Southwest

1-2.3. The Eastern Woodlands

1-2.4. Nonfarming Societies

1-3. Native American Kinship, Gender, and Culture, ca. 1500 c.e.

1-3.1. Kinship and Marriage

1.3.2. Gender and Work

1-3.3. Spirituality, Rituals, and Beliefs

1-3.4. Native American Social Values

Going to the Source. A Cherokee Oral Tradition

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

2. The Rise of the Atlantic World, 1400–1625

2-1. The Context for European Exploration

2-1.1. European Culture and Society

2-1.2. Traditional Values in Flux

2-1.3. Religious Fractures

2-1.4. The Impact of the Reformation in England, 1533–1625

2-2. Exploration, Interaction, and Early Contact in the Atlantic World, 1400–1600

2-2.1. Portugal and the Atlantic, 1400–1500

2-2.2. African Trade, the “New Slavery,” and Racism

2-2.3. To the Americas and Beyond, 1492–1522

2-2.4. Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492–1536

Going to the Source. First Encounter

2-2.5. The Columbian Exchange

2-3. Footholds in North America, 1512–1625

2-3.1. Spain’s Northern Frontier

2-3.2. France: Colonizing Canada

2-3.3. England and the Atlantic World, 1558–1603

2-3.4 . Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603–1625

2-3.5. New England Begins, 1614–1625

2-3.6. A “New Netherland” on the Hudson, 1609–1625

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

3. The Emergence of Colonial Societies, 1625–1700

3-1. Chesapeake Society

3-1.1. State and Church in Virginia

3-1.2. State and Church in Maryland

3-1.3. Gender, Kinship, and Demographics in the Chesapeake

3-1.4. Social Life in Tobacco Country, 1630–1675

3-1.5. Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

3-1.6. From Servitude to Slavery: Racializing the Chesapeake

3-2. New England: Puritanism and Its Decline

3-2.1. A City upon a Hill

3-2.2. New England Ways

3-2.3. Towns, Families, and Farm Life

Going to the Source. Chesapeake Society Anne Hutchinson versus John Winthrop

3-2.4. Economic and Religious Tensions

3-2.5. Expansion and Native Americans

3-2.6. Salem Witchcraft, 1691–1693

3-3. The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean and Carolina

3-3.1. Sugar and Slaves: The West Indies

3-3.2. Rice and Slaves: Carolina

3-4. The Middle Colonies: Ethnic and Religious Diversity

3-4.1. Precursors: New Netherland and New Sweden

3-4.2. English Conquests: New York and New Jersey

3-4.3. Quaker Pennsylvania

3-5. Rivals for North America: France and Spain

3-5.1. France Claims a Continent

3-5.2. New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt

3-5.3. Florida and Texas

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

4. The Bonds of Empire, 1660–1750

4-1. England’s Wars and Colonial Reverberations, 1660–1713

4-1.1. Royal Centralization, 1660–1688

4-1.2. The Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689

4-1.3. A Generation of War, 1689–1713

4-2. Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660–1750

4-2.1. England’s Mercantilist Empires in America

4-2.2. Mercantilism in the Hands of France and Spain

4-2.3. Population Growth and Diversity

4-2.4. New Arrivals—Free and Unfree—to the British Colonies

4-2.5. Rural White Men and Women

4-2.6. Colonial Farmers and the Environment

4-2.7. The Urban Paradox

4-2.8. Slavery

Going to the Source. A Planter Describes the Task System

4-2.9. The Rise of Colonial Elites

4-3. Competing for a Continent, 1713–1750

4-3.1. France and the American Heartland

4-3.2. Native Americans and British Expansion

4-3.3. British Expansion in the South: Georgia

4-3.4. Spain’s Borderlands

4-3.5. The Return of War, 1739–1748

4-4. Public Life in British America, 1689–1750

4-4.1. Colonial Politics

4-4.2. The Enlightenment

4-4.3. The Great Awakening

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

5. Roads to Revolution, 1750–1776

5-1. Triumph and Tensions: The British Empire, 1750–1763

5-1.1. A Fragile Peace, 1750–1754

5-1.2. The Seven Years’ War in America, 1754–1760

5-1.3. The End of French North America, 1760–1763

5-1.4. Anglo-American Friction

5-1.5. Frontier Tensions

Going to the Source. Pontiac Recounts a Prophet’s Vision

5-2. Imperial Authority, Colonial Opposition, 1760–1766

5-2.1. Writs of Assistance, 1760–1761

5-2.2. The Sugar Act, 1764

5-2.3. The Stamp Act Crisis, 1765–1766

5-2.4. Ideology, Religion, and Resistance

5-3. Resistance Resumes, 1766–1770

5-3.1. Opposing the Quartering Act, 1766–1767

5-3.2. Crisis over the Townshend Acts, 1767–1770

5-3.3. Women and Colonial Resistance

5-3.4. Customs “Racketeering,” 1767–1770

5-3.5. “Wilkes and Liberty,” 1768–1770

5-4. The Deepening Crisis, 1770–1774

5-4.1. The Boston Massacre, 1770

5-4.2. The Committees of Correspondence, 1772–1773

5-4.3. Conflicts in the Colonial West

5-4.4. The Tea Act, 1773

5-5. Toward Independence, 1774–1776

5-5.1. Liberty for African Americans

5-5.2. The “Intolerable Acts”

5-5.3. The Continental Congress

5-5.4. From Resistance to Rebellion

5-5.5. Common Sense

5-5.6. Declaring Independence

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

6. Securing Independence, Defining Nationhood, 1776–1788

6-1. The Prospects of War

6-1.1. Loyalists and Other British Sympathizers

6-1.2. Slaves and Native Americans During the War

6-1.3. Military Preparedness on Both Sides

6-2. War and Peace, 1776–1783

6-2.1. Shifting Fortunes in the North, 1776–1778

6-2.2. The War in the West, 1776–1782

6-2.3. Victory in the South, 1778–1781

6-2.4. Peace at Last, 1782–1783

6-3. The Revolution and Social Change

6-3.1. Egalitarianism Among White Men

6-3.2. White Women in Wartime

6-3.3. A Revolution for African Americans

6-3.4. Native Americans and the Revolution

6-4. Forging New Governments, 1776–1787

6-4.1. From Colonies to States

6-4.2. Formalizing a Confederation, 1776–1781

6-4.3. Finance, Trade, and the Economy, 1781–1786

6-4.4. The Confederation and the West

Going to the Source. The Northwest Ordinance

6-5. Toward a New Constitution, 1786–1788

6-5.1. Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787

6-5.2. The Philadelphia Convention, 1787

6-5.3. The Struggle over Ratification, 1787–1788

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World

Unit 2. Setting America’s Vision

7. Launching the New Republic, 1788–1800

7-1. Economic and Social Change

7-1.1. Producing for Markets

7-1.2. White Women in the Republic

7-1.3. Land and Culture: Native Americans

7-1.4. African American Struggles

Going to the Source. Two African American Assertions of Equality: Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson and the Quock Walker Case

7-2. Constitutional Government and New Domestic Policies, 1788–1794

7-2.1. Implementing Government

7-2.2. The Federal Judiciary and the Bill of Rights

7-2.3. Establishing the Nation’s Credit

7-2.4. Creating a National Bank

7-2.5. Emerging Partisanship

7-2.6. The Whiskey Rebellion

7-3. The United States in a Wider World, 1789–1796

7-3.1. Spanish Power in Western North America

7-3.2. Challenging American Expansion, 1789–1792

7-3.3. France and Factional Politics, 1793

7-3.4. Diplomacy and War, 1793–1796

7-4. Parties and Politics, 1793–1800

7-4.1. Ideological Confrontation, 1793–1794

7-4.2. The Republican Party, 1794–1796

7-4.3. The Election of 1796

7-4.4. The French Crisis, 1798–1799

7-4.5. The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

7-4.6. The Election of 1800

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

8. America at War and Peace, 1801–1824

8-1. The Age of Jefferson

8-1.1. Jefferson and Jeffersonianism

8-1.2. Jefferson’s “Revolution”

8-1.3. Jefferson and the Judiciary

8-1.4. Extending the Land: The Louisiana Purchase, 1803

8-1.5. The Election of 1804

8-1.6. Exploring the Land: The Lewis and Clark Expedition

8-2. The Gathering Storm

8-2.1. Challenges on the Home Front

Going to the Source. Meriwether Lewis’s Journal

8-2.2. The Suppression of American Trade and Impressment

8-2.3. The Embargo Act of 1807

8-2.4. James Madison and the Failure of Peaceable Coercion

8-2.5. Tecumseh and the Prophet

8-2.6. Congress Votes for War

8-3. The War of 1812

8-3.1. On to Canada

8-3.2. The British Offensive

8-3.3. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814

8-3.4. The Hartford Convention

8-4. The Awakening of American Nationalism

8-4.1. Madison’s Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings, 1817–1824

8-4.2. John Marshall and the Supreme Court

8-4.3. The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821

8-4.4. Foreign Policy Under Monroe

8-4.5. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

9. The Transformation of American Society, 1815–1840

9-1. Westward Expansion

9-1.1. Western Society and Customs

9-1.2. The Far West

9-1.3. The Federal Government and the West

9-1.4. The Removal of the Indians

9-1.5. Working the Land: The Agricultural Boom

9-2. The Growth of the Market Economy

9-2.1. Federal Land Policy, Speculators, and Squatters

9-2.2. The Panic of 1819

9-2.3. The Transportation Revolution

9-2.4. The Growth of the Cities

9-3. Industrial Beginnings

9-3.1. Causes of Industrialization

9-3.2. Women and Textile Towns in New England

9-3.3. Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities

9-4. The Revolution in Social Relationships

9-4.1. Urban Inequality: The Rich and the Poor

9-4.2. Free Blacks in the North

9-4.3. The “Middling Classes”

9-4.4. The Challenge to Family Authority

9-4.5. Wives and Husbands

Going to the Source. Tocqueville on American Democracy

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

10. Democratic Politics, Religious Revival, and Reform, 1824–1840

10-1. The Rise of Democratic Politics, 1824–1832

10-1.1. Democratic Ferment

10-1.2. The Election of 1824 and the Adams Presidency

10-1.3. The Rise of Andrew Jackson and the Election of 1828

10-1.4. Jackson in Office

10-1.5. Nullification

10-1.6. The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832

10-2. The Bank Controversy and the Second Party System, 1833–1840

10-2.1. The War on the Bank

10-2.2. The Rise of Whig Opposition

10-2.3. The 1836 Election and the Panic of 1837

10-2.4. Log Cabins, Hard Cider, and a Maturing Second Party System

10-3. The Rise of Popular Religion

10-3.1. The Second Great Awakening

10-3.2. The Burned-Over District

10-3.3. Critics of Revivals: The Unitarians

10-3.4. Mormonism

10-3.5. The Shakers

10-4. The Age of Reform

10-4.1. The War on Liquor

10-4.2. Public-School Reform

10-4.3. Abolition

10-4.4. Woman’s Rights

Going to the Source. The Declaration of Sentiments

10-4.5. Penitentiaries and Asylums

10-4.6. Utopian Communities

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

11. Technology, Culture, and Everyday Life, 1840–1860

11-1. Technology and Economic Growth

11.1-1. Agricultural Advancement

11-1.2. Technology and Industrial Progress

11-1.3. The Railroad Boom

11-1.4. Rising Prosperity

11-2. The Quality of Life

11-2.1. Dwellings

11-2.2. Conveniences and Inconveniences

11-2.3. Disease and Medicine

11-2.4. Popular Health Movements

11-2.5. Phrenology

11-3. Commercializing Leisure

11-3.1. Newspapers

11-3.2. The Theater

11.3-3. Minstrel Shows

11-3.4. P. T. Barnum

11-4. The American Renaissance in Literature and Art

11-4.1. Roots of the American Renaissance

11-4.2. Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, and Whitman

Going to the Source. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking” (1862)

11-4.3. Hawthorne, Poe, and Melville

11-4.4. Literature in the Marketplace

11-4.5. American Landscape Painting

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

12. The Old South and Slavery, 1830–1860

12-1. King Cotton

12-1.1. The Lure of Cotton

12-1.2. Ties Between the Lower and Upper South

12-1.3. The North and South Diverge

12-2. The White South

12-2.1. Planters and Plantation Mistresses

12-2.2. The Small Slaveholders

12-2.3. The Yeomen and Pine Barrens Whites

12-2.4. Conflict and Consensus in the White South

12-2.5. The Proslavery Argument

12-3. Life under Slavery

12-3.1. Work and Discipline of Plantation Slaves

12-3.2. The Slave Family

12-3.3. The Longevity, Diet, and Health of Slaves

12-3.4. Away from the Plantation: Town Slaves and Free Blacks

12-3.5. Slave Resistance

12-4. The Emergence of African American Culture

12-4.1. The Language of Slaves

12-4.2. African American Religion

Going to the Source. Henry Bibb on Slave Resistance

12-4.3. Black Music and Dance

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

Politics or Reform? Shaping Democracy in the New American Republic

Unit 3. Testing America’s Endurance

13. Immigration, Expansion, and Sectional Conflict, 1840–1848

13-1. Newcomers and Natives

13-1.1. Expectations and Realities

13-1.2. The Germans

13-1.3. The Irish

13-1.4. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest

13-1.5. Immigrant Politics

13-2. The West and Beyond

13-2.1. The Far West

13-2.2. Far Western Trade

13-2.3. Mexican Government in the Far West and the Texas Revolution of 1836

13-2.4. The Overland Trail to California, New Mexico, and Oregon

13-3. The Politics of Expansion, 1840–1846

13-3.1. The Whig Ascendancy

13-3.2. Tyler and the Annexation of Texas

13-3.3. The Election of 1844

13-3.4. Manifest Destiny, 1845

13-3.5. Polk and Oregon

13-4. The U.S. War with Mexico and Its Aftermath, 1846–1848

13-4.1. The Origins of the U.S. War with Mexico

13-4.2. The U.S. War with Mexico

13-4.3. The War’s Effects on Sectional Conflict

13-4.4. The Wilmot Proviso and the Election of 1848

Going to the Source. Polk on Texas and Oregon

13-4.5. The California Gold Rush

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

14. From Compromise to Secession, 1850–1861

14-1. The Compromise of 1850

14-1.1. Taylor’s and Clay’s Strategies for Compromise

14-1.2. Assessing the Compromise and the Fugitive Slave Act

14-1.3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

14-2. The Collapse of the Second Party System, 1853–1856

14-2.1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act

14-2.2. The Surge of Free Soil

14-2.3. The Whigs and the Know-Nothings, 1853–1856

14-2.4. The Republican Party and the Crisis in Kansas, 1855–1856

14-2.5. The Election of 1856

14-3. The Crisis of the Union, 1857–1860

14-3.1. The Dred Scott Case, 1857

14-3.2. The Lecompton Constitution, 1857

14-3.3. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

14-3.4. The Legacy of Harpers Ferry

14-4. The Union Fragments, 1860–1861

14-4.1. The Election of 1860

14-4.2. The Gospel of Disunion

Going to the Source. Lincoln at Cooper Union

14-4.3. The Upper South and the Coming of War

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

15. Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861–1865

15-1. Mobilizing for War

15-1.1. Recruitment and Conscription

15-1.2. Financing the War

15-1.3. Political Leadership in Wartime

15-1.4. Securing the Union’s Borders

15-2. In Battle, 1861–1862

15-2.1. Armies, Weapons, and Strategies

15-2.2. Stalemate in the East

15-2.3. The War in the West

15-2.4. The Soldiers’ War

15-2.5. Ironclads and Cruisers: The Naval War

15-2.6. The Diplomatic War

15-3. Emancipation Transforms the War, 1863

15-3.1. From Confiscation to Emancipation

15-3.2. Crossing Union Lines

15-3.3. The Black Experience: Union Soldiers and Wartime Slavery

Going to the Source. Frederick Douglass Calls for Black Troops

15-3.4. The Turning Point of 1863

15-4. War and Society, North and South

15-4.1. The War’s Economic Impact: The North

15-4.2. The War’s Economic Impact: The South

15-4.3. Dealing with Dissent

15-4.4. Women and the War

15-5. The Union Victorious, 1864–1865

15-5.1. The Eastern Theater in 1864

15-5.2. Lincoln’s Reelection and Sherman’s Total War

15-5.3. Toward Appomattox

15-5.4. The Impact of the War

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

16. Reconstruction and Resistance, 1865–1877

16-1. Reconstruction Politics, 1865–1868

16-1.1. Lincoln’s Plan

16-1.2. Presidential Reconstruction

16-1.3. Congress versus Johnson

16-1.4. The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866

16-1.5. Congressional Reconstruction, 1866–1867

16-1.6. The Impeachment Crisis, 1867–1868

16-1.7. The Fifteenth Amendment and the Question of Woman Suffrage, 1869–1870

16-2. Reconstruction Governments

16-2.1. A New Electorate

16-2.2. Republican Rule

16-2.3. Counterattacks

16-3. The Impact of Emancipation

16-3.1. Confronting Freedom

16-3.2. African American Institutions

16-3.3. Land, Labor, and Sharecropping

16-3.4. Toward a Crop-Lien Economy

Going to the Source. The Barrow Plantation

16-4. New Concerns in the North, 1868–1876

16-4.1. Grantism

16-4.2. The Liberals’ Revolt

16-4.3. The Panic of 1873

16-4.4. Reconstruction and the Constitution

16-4.5. Republicans in Retreat

16-5. Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876–1877

16-5.1. “Redeeming” the South

16-5.2. The Election of 1876

16-5.3. Reconstruction: Success or Failure?

The Whole Vision

Key Terms

The Civil War in History and Memory

Creating the Atlantic World: Creating an Historical Exhibit

Part I. Information for Instructors

Activity Overview

Pedagogical Goals

Sample

Tips for Instructors

Part II. Information for Students

Background

Activity Description

Appendix