Essentials of Genetics 9th Edition by William Klug, Michael Cummings, Charlotte Spencer, Michael Palladino ISBN 0134047799 9780134047799

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ISBN 10: 0134047799
ISBN 13: 9780134047799
Author: William Klug, Michael Cummings, Charlotte Spencer, Michael Palladino

NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; MasteringGenetics™ does not come packaged with this content. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MasteringGenetics search for 0134047206 / 9780134047201 Essentials of Genetics Plus MasteringGenetics with eText — Access Card Package 9/e. Package consists of: 0134143698 / 9780134143699 MasteringGenetics with Pearson eText — ValuePack Access Card — for Essentials of Genetics 0134047796 / 9780134047799 Essentials of Genetics, 9/e   For all introductory genetics courses   A forward-looking exploration of essential genetics topics Known for its focus on conceptual understanding, problem solving, and practical applications, this bestseller strengthens problem-solving skills and explores the essential genetics topics that today’s students need to understand. The Ninth Edition maintains the text’s brief, less-detailed coverage of core concepts and has been extensively updated with relevant, cutting-edge coverage of emerging topics in genetics. The accompanying MasteringGenetics online homework and assessment system has been updated with over 100 practice problems and an expanded selection of assignable end-of-chapter problems.   Also Available with MasteringGenetics This title is also available with MasteringGenetics — an online homework and assessment program that guides students through complex topics in genetics and strengthens problem-solving skills using in-depth tutorials that coach students to the correct answers with hints and feedback specific to their misconceptions and errors. MasteringGenetics offers additional opportunities for students to master key concepts and practice problem solving, using interactive tutorials with hints and feedback. Instructors may also assign pre-lecture quizzes, end-of-chapter problems, practice problems, and test bank questions that are automatically scored and entered into the Mastering gradebook. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MasteringGenetics, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.    

Essentials of Genetics 9th Table of contents:

1. Introduction to Genetics

1.1. Genetics Has a Rich and Interesting History

1.2. Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century

1.3. Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics

1.4. Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of DNA Cloning

1.5. The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding

1.6. Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields

1.7. Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms

1.8. We Live in the Age of Genetics

Problems and Discussion Questions

2. Mitosis and Meiosis

2.1. Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function

2.2. Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms

2.3. Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells

2.4. Meiosis Creates Haploid Gametes and Spores and Enhances Genetic Variation in Species

2.5. The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis

2.6. Meiosis Is Critical to Sexual Reproduction in All Diploid Organisms

2.7. Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes

Exploring Genomics: PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature

Case Study: Timing is Everything

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

3. Mendelian Genetics

3.1. Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance

3.2. The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation

3.3. Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique F2 Ratio

3.4. The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel’s Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Tr

3.5. Mendel’s Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century

Evolving Concept of the Gene

3.6. Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation

3.7. Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events

3.8. Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data

3.9. Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits

3.10. Tay–Sachs Disease: The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans

Exploring Genomics: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Case Study: To Test or not to Test

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

4. Modification of Mendelian Ratios

4.1. Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways

4.2. Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles

4.3. Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete, or Partial, Dominance

4.4. In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident

4.5. Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population

4.6. Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes

Evolving Concept of the Gene

4.7. Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio

4.8. Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene

4.9. Complementation Analysis Can Determine if Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles

4.10. Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects

4.11. X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome

4.12. In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance, an Individual’s Sex Influences the Phenotype

4.13. Genetic Background and the Environment Affect Phenotypic Expression

4.14. Genomic (Parental) Imprinting and Gene Silencing

4.15. Extranuclear Inheritance Modifies Mendelian Patterns

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs

Case Study: But he isn’t Deaf

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

5. Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

5.1. X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century

5.2. The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans

5.3. The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0

5.4. Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals

5.5. The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Can Determine Sex

5.6. Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles

Case Study: Doggone it!

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

6. Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement

6.1. Variation in Chromosome Number: Terminology and Origin

6.2. Monosomy and Trisomy Result in a Variety of Phenotypic Effects

6.3. Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Pla

6.4. Variation Occurs in the Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes

6.5. A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome

6.6. A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of a Chromosome

6.7. Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence

6.8. Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome

6.9. Fragile Sites in Human Chromosomes Are Susceptible to Breakage

Case Study: Fish Tales

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

7. Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

7.1. Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together

7.2. Crossing Over Serves as the Basis of Determining the Distance between Genes during Mapping

7.3. Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers

7.4. As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Estimates Become More Inaccurate

Evolving Concept of the Gene

7.5. Chromosome Mapping Is Now Possible Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases

7.6. Other Aspects of Genetic Exchange

Exploring Genomics: Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet

Case Study: Links to Autism

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

8. Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

8.1. Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Are Easily Cultured

8.2. Genetic Recombination Occurs in Bacteria

8.3. Rec Proteins Are Essential to Bacterial Recombination

8.4. The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid

8.5. Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

8.6. Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses

8.7. Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer

Case Study: To Treat or not to Treat

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

9. DNA Structure and Analysis

9.1. The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics

9.2. Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material

9.3. Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria a

9.4. Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryote

9.5. RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses

9.6. The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function

Evolving Concept of the Gene

9.7. Alternative Forms of DNA Exist

9.8. The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single-Stranded

9.9. Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA

Exploring Genomics: Introduction to Bioinformatics: BLAST

Case Study: Zigs and Zags of the Smallpox Virus

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

10. DNA Replication

10.1. DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication

10.2. DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases, as Well as Other Enzymes

10.3. Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication

10.4. A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication

10.5. Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes

10.6. Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Replication in Prokaryotes, but Is More Complex

10.7. The Ends of Linear Chromosomes Are Problematic during Replication

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Telomeres: The Key to Immortality?

Case Study: At Loose Ends

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

11. Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization

11.1. Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules

11.2. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain DNA Similar to Bacteria and Viruses

11.3. Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA

11.4. DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes

11.5. Eukaryotic Genomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA

11.6. The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes

Exploring Genomics: Database of Genomic Variants: Structural Variations in the Human Genome

Case Study: Art Inspires Learning

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

12. The Genetic Code and Transcription

12.1. The Genetic Code Exhibits a Number of Characteristics

12.2. Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code

12.3. Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Deciphered the Code

12.4. The Coding Dictionary Reveals the Function of the 64 Triplets

12.5. The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Bacteriophage MS2

12.6. The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal

12.7. Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes

12.8. Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template

12.9. RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis

12.10. Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways

12.11. The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences Called Intron

Evolving Concept of the Gene

12.12. RNA Editing May Modify the Final Transcript

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Fighting Disease with Antisense Therapeutics

Case Study: A Drug that Sometimes Works

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

13. Translation and Proteins

13.1. Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs

13.2. Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps

13.3. High-Resolution Studies Have Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome

13.4. Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes

13.5. The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inbor

13.6. Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene:One-Enzyme Hypothesis

13.7. Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide

Evolving Concept of the Gene

13.8. Variation in Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity

13.9. Proteins Function in Many Diverse Roles

Case Study: Crippled Ribosomes

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

14. Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition

14.1. Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways

14.2. Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications

14.3. Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation

14.4. Single-Gene Mutations Cause a Wide Range of Human Diseases

14.5. Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Detect and Correct Mutations

14.6. The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds

14.7. Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Create Mutations

Case Study: Genetic Dwarfism

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

15. Regulation of Gene Expression

15.1. Prokaryotes Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Both External and Internal Conditions

15.2. Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System

15.3. The Catabolite-Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon

15.4. The Tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System

Evolving Concept of the Gene

15.5. Alterations to RNA Secondary Structure Also Contribute to Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

15.6. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Differs from That in Prokaryotes

15.7. Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromatin Modifications

15.8. Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation Requires Specific Cis-Acting Sites

15.9. Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation is Regulated by Transcription Factors That Bind to Cis-Act

15.10. Activators and Repressors Interact with General Transcription Factors and Affect Chromatin St

15.11. Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation Occurs at Many Steps from RNA Processing to Protein Modif

15.12. RNA-Induced Gene Silencing Controls Gene Expression in Several Ways

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Quorum Sensing: Social Networking in the Bacterial World

Case Study: A Mysterious Muscular Dystrophy

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

16. The Genetics of Cancer

16.1. Cancer Is a Genetic Disease at the Level of Somatic Cells

16.2. Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Mo

16.3. Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell- Cycle Regulation

16.4. Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes Are Altered in Cancer Cells

16.5. Cancer Cells Metastasize and Invade Other Tissues

16.6. Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited

16.7. Viruses and Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing

Case Study: I thought it was Safe

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

17. Recombinant DNA Technology

17.1. Recombinant DNA Technology Began with Two Key Tools: Restriction Enzymes and DNA Cloning Vecto

17.2. DNA Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences

17.3. The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is a Powerful Technique for Copying DNA

17.4. Molecular Techniques for Analyzing DNA

17.5. DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize DNA at the Molecular Level

17.6. Creating Knockout and Transgenic Organisms for Studying Gene Function

Exploring Genomics: Manipulating Recombinant DNA: Restriction Mapping and Designing PCR Primers

Case Study: Should we Worry about Recombinant DNA Technology?

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

18. Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics

18.1. Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing Is a Widely Used Method for Sequencing and Assembling Entire G

18.2. DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases

18.3. Genomics Attempts to Identify Potential Functions of Genes and Other Elements in a Genome

18.4. The Human Genome Project Revealed Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans

18.5. After the Human Genome Project: What Is Next?

Evolving Concept of the Gene

18.6. Comparative Genomics Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms

18.7. Comparative Genomics Is Useful for Studying the Evolution and Function of Multigene Families

18.8. Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples

18.9. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues

18.10. Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells

18.11. Systems Biology Is an Integrated Approach to Studying Interactions of All Components of an Or

Exploring Genomics: Contigs, Shotgun Sequencing, and Comparative Genomics

Case Study: Your Microbiome May be a Risk Factor for Disease

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

19. Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

19.1. Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a Wide Range of Biological and Pharmaceutical Prod

19.2. Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture

19.3. Transgenic Animals Serve Important Roles in Biotechnology

19.4. Synthetic Genomes and the Emergence of Synthetic Biology

19.5. Genetic Engineering and Genomics Are Transforming Medical Diagnosis

19.6. Genetic Analysis by Individual Genome Sequencing

19.7. Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations That Contribute to Disease

19.8. Genomics Leads to New, More Targeted Medical Treatment Including Personalized Medicine

19.9. Genetic Engineering, Genomics, and Biotechnology Create Ethical, Social, and Legal Questions

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Privacy and Anonymity in the Era of Genomic Big Data

Case Study: Cancer-Killing Bacteria

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

20. Developmental Genetics

20.1. Differentiated States Develop from Coordinated Programs of Gene Expression

20.2. Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms Can Be Studied Using Model Organisms

20.3. Genetic Analysis of Embryonic Development in Drosophila Reveals How the Body Axis of Animals I

20.4. Zygotic Genes Program Segment Formation in Drosophila

20.5. Homeotic Selector Genes Specify Body Parts of the Adult

20.6. Binary Switch Genes and Regulatory Pathways Program Organ Formation

20.7. Plants Have Evolved Developmental Regulatory Systems That Parallel Those of Animals

20.8. C. elegans Serves as a Model for Cell–Cell Interactions in Development

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Stem Cell Wars

Case Study: One Foot or Another

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

21. Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits

21.1. Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms

21.2. The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis

21.3. Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability

21.4. Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans

21.5. Quantitative Trait Loci Are Useful in Studying Multifactorial Phenotypes

Genetics, Technology, and Society: The Green Revolution Revisited: Genetic Research with Rice

Case Study: A Genetic Flip of the Coin

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

22. Population and Evolutionary Genetics

22.1. Genetic Variation Is Present in Most Populations and Species

22.2. The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in Population G

22.3. The Hardy–Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations

22.4. Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change

22.5. Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool

22.6. Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies

22.7. Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations

22.8. Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency

22.9. Speciation Occurs Via Reproductive Isolation

22.10. Phylogeny Can Be Used to Analyze Evolutionary History

Genetics, Technology, and Society: Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa

Case Study: An Unexpected Outcome

Insights and Solutions

Problems and Discussion Questions

Special Topics in Modern Genetics 1

Epigenetics

Epigenetic Alterations to the Genome

Box 1: The Beginning of Epigenetics

Epigenetics and Development: Imprinting

Epigenetics and Cancer

Epigenetics and the Environment

Box 2: What More We Need to Know about Epigenetics and Cancer

Epigenetics and Behavior

Special Topics in Modern Genetics 2

Emerging Roles of RNA

Catalytic Activity of RNAs: Ribozymes and the Origin of Life

Small Noncoding RNAs Play Regulatory Roles in Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes Have an RNA-Guided Viral Defense Mechanism

Small Noncoding RNAs Mediate the Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Box 1: RNA-Guided Gene Therapy with CRISPR/Cas Technology

Long Noncoding RNAs Are Abundant and Have Diverse Functions

mRNA Localization and Translational Regulation in Eukaryotes

Box 2: Do Extracellular RNAs Play Important Roles in Cellular Communication?

Special Topics in Modern Genetics 3

DNA Forensics

DNA Profiling Methods

Box 1: The Pitchfork Case: The First Criminal Conviction Using DNA Profiling

Box 2: The Pascal Della Zuana Case: DNA Barcodes and Wildlife Forensics

Interpreting DNA Profiles

Box 3: The Kennedy Brewer Case: Two Bite-Mark Errors and One Hit

Box 4: Case of Transference: The Lukis Anderson Story

Technical and Ethical Issues Surrounding DNA Profiling

Special Topics in Modern Genetics 4

Genomics and Personalized Medicine

Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics

Box 1: The Story of Pfizer’s Crizotinib

Box 2: The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB): Genes, Drugs, and Diseases on the Web

Personalized Medicine and Disease Diagnosis

Box 3: Personalized Cancer Diagnostics and Treatments: The Lukas Wartman Story

Technical, Social, and Ethical Challenges

Box 4: Beyond Genomics: Personal Omics Profiling

Special Topics in Modern Genetics 5

Genetically Modified Foods

What Are GM Foods?

Box 1: The Tale of GM Salmon—Downstream Effects?

Box 2: The Success of Hawaiian GM Papaya

Methods Used to Create GM Plants

GM Foods Controversies

The Future of GM Foods

Special Topics in Modern Genetics 6

Gene Therapy

What Genetic Conditions Are Candidates for Treatment by Gene Therapy?

How Are Therapeutic Genes Delivered?

Box 1: ClinicalTrials.gov

The First Successful Gene Therapy Trial

Gene Therapy Setbacks

Recent Successful Trials

Box 2: Glybera Is the First Commercial Gene Therapy to Be Approved in the West

Targeted Approaches to Gene Therapy

Future Challenges and Ethical Issues

Box 3: Gene Doping for Athletic Performance?

Appendix: Solutions to Selected Problems and Discussion Questions

Glossary

Credits

Index

Evolving Concept of a Gene

Nobel Prize Recipients

Back Cover

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