Exploring Chemical Analysis 5th Edition by Daniel Harris – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1429275030 , 9781429275033
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ISBN 10: 1429275030
ISBN 13: 9781429275033
Author: Daniel Harris
Combining coverage of all major analytical topics with effective problem-solving methods, Exploring Chemical Analysis provides an ideal introduction to analytical chemistry.
Exploring Chemical Analysis 5th Table of contents:
Chapter 0 The Analytical Process
0-1 The Analytical Chemist’s Job
Sampling
Sample Preparation
The Chemical Analysis (At Last!)
Calibration Curves
Interpreting the Results
Quality Assurance
0-2 General Steps in a Chemical Analysis
Box 0-1 Constructing a Representative Sample
End of Chapter
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 1 Chemical Measurements
1-1 SI Units and Prefixes
Box 1-1 Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters
1-2 Conversion Between Units
1-3 Chemical Concentrations
Molarity and Molality
Percent Composition
Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
1-4 Preparing Solutions
1-5 The Equilibrium Constant
Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
Le Châtelier’s Principle
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Chapter 2 Tools of the Trade
2-1 Safety, Waste Disposal, and Green Chemistry
2-2 Your Lab Notebook
Box 2-1 Dan’s Lab Notebook Entry
2-3 The Analytical Balance
How a Mechanical Balance Works
How an Electronic Balance Works
Buoyancy
2-4 Burets
Microscale Titrations (A “Green” Idea)
2-5 Volumetric Flasks
2-6 Pipets and Syringes
Using a Transfer Pipet
Micropipets
2-7 Filtration
2-8 Drying
2-9 Calibration of Volumetric Glassware
2-10 Methods of Sample Preparation
Dissolving Inorganic Materials with Strong Acids
Fusion
Digestion of Organic Substances
Extraction
End of Chapter
Key Equation
Important Terms
Problems
Reference Procedure: Calibrating a 50-mL Buret
Notes and References
Chapter 3 Math Toolkit
3-1 Significant Figures
3-2 Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication and Division
Logarithms and Antilogarithms
3-3 Types of Error
Box 3-1 What Are Standard Reference Materials?
Box 3-2 Case Study: Systematic Error in Ozone Measurement
Systematic Error
Random Error
Precision and Accuracy
Absolute and Relative Uncertainty
3-4 Propagation of Uncertainty
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication and Division
Mixed Operations
The Real Rule for Significant Figures
Uncertainty in pH and [H+]
3-5 Introducing Spreadsheets
A Spreadsheet for Temperature Conversions
Order of Operations
Documentation and Readability
3-6 Graphing in Excel
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Statistics
4-1 The Gaussian Distribution
Mean and Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation and Probability
4-2 Comparison of Standard Deviations with the F Test
Hypothesis Testing
Box 4-1 Choosing the Null Hypothesis in Epidemiology
4-3 Student’s t
Confidence Intervals
Improving the Reliability of Your Measurements
Comparison of Means with Student’s t
4-4 A Spreadsheet for the t Test
4-5 Grubbs Test for an Outlier
4-6 Finding the “Best” Straight Line
Method of Least Squares
How Reliable Are Least-Squares Parameters?
4-7 Constructing a Calibration Curve
Finding the Protein in an Unknown
4-8 A Spreadsheet for Least Squares
Adding Error Bars to a Graph
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Quality Assurance and Calibration Methods
5-1 Basics of Quality Assurance
Use Objectives
Specifications
Assessment
Box 5-1 Control Charts
5-2 Validation of an Analytical Procedure
Limits of Detection and Quantitation
5-3 Standard Addition
Graphical Procedure for Standard Addition to a Single Solution
Graphical Procedure for Constant-Volume Standard Addition
5-4 Internal Standards
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Further Reading
Chapter 6 Good Titrations
6-1 Principles of Volumetric Analysis
6-2 Titration Calculations
1:1 Stoichiometry
x:y Stoichiometry
6-3 Chemistry in a Fishtank
Box 6-1 Studying a Marine Ecosystem
6-4 Solubility Product
Estimating the Solubility of an Ionic Compound
The Common Ion Effect
Box 6-2 The Logic of Approximations
6-5 Titration of a Mixture
6-6 Titrations Involving Silver Ion
Volhard Titration
Fajans Titration
Demonstration 6-1 Fajans Titration
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Good Titrations—Ode to a Lab Partner
Chapter 7 Gravimetric and Combustion Analysis
7-1 Examples of Gravimetric Analysis
Box 7-1 Shorthand for Organic Structures
7-2 Precipitation
Demonstration 7-1 Colloids, Dialysis, and Microdialysis
Crystal Growth
Homogeneous Precipitation
Precipitation in the Presence of Electrolyte
Digestion
Purity
Product Composition
7-3 Examples of Gravimetric Calculations
7-4 Combustion Analysis
Gravimetric Combustion Analysis
Combustion Analysis Today
End of Chapter
Important Terms
Problems
Chapter 8 Introducing Acids and Bases
8-1 What Are Acids and Bases?
Salts
Conjugate Acids and Bases
8-2 Relation Between [H+], [OH−], and pH
8-3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
Strong Acids and Bases
Demonstration 8-1 HCl Fountain
Weak Acids and Bases
Carboxylic Acids Are Weak Acids and Amines Are Weak Bases
Metal Ions with Charge ≥2 Are Weak Acids
Relation Between Ka and Kb
8-4 pH of Strong Acids and Bases
pH of a Strong Acid
pH of a Strong Base
Water Almost Never Produces 10−7 MH+ and 10−7 MOH−
8-5 Tools for Dealing with Weak Acids and Bases
Weak Is Conjugate to Weak
Using Appendix B
8-6 Weak-Acid Equilibrium
Box 8-1 Quadratic Equations
Fraction of Dissociation
Demonstration 8-2 Acid Rain Chemistry
The Essence of a Weak-Acid Problem
8-7 Weak-Base Equilibrium
Conjugate Acids and Bases—Revisited
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 9 Buffers
9-1 What You Mix Is What You Get
9-2 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
When [A−]=[HA], pH=pKa
When [A−]/[HA] Changes by a Factor of 10, the pH Changes by One Unit
9-3 A Buffer in Action
Box 9-1 Strong Plus Weak Reacts Completely
Demonstration 9-1 How Buffers Work
9-4 Preparing Buffers
Preparing a Buffer in Real Life
9-5 Buffer Capacity
Buffer pH Depends on Temperature and Ionic Strength
Summary
9-6 How Acid-Base Indicators Work
Demonstration 9-2 Indicators and Carbonic Acid
Box 9-2 The Secret of Carbonless Copy Paper
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 10 Acid-Base Titrations
10-1 Titration of Strong Base with Strong Acid
The Titration Curve
10-2 Titration of Weak Acid with Strong Base
The Titration Curve
10-3 Titration of Weak Base with Strong Acid
10-4 Finding the End Point
Using Indicators to Find the End Point
Using a pH Electrode to Find the End Point
10-5 Practical Notes
10-6 Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis
10-7 Putting Your Spreadsheet to Work
Charge Balance
Titrating a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
The Power of a Spreadsheet
Titrating a Weak Base with a Strong Acid
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Reference Procedure: Preparing standard acid and base
Notes and References
Chapter 11 Polyprotic Acids and Bases
11-1 Amino Acids Are Polyprotic
Relation Between Ka and Kb
11-2 Finding the pH in Diprotic Systems
The Acidic Form, H2L+
Box 11-1 Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean
The Basic Form, L−
The Intermediate Form, HL
Summary of Diprotic Acid Calculations
11-3 Which Is the Principal Species?
11-4 Titrations in Polyprotic Systems
Proteins Are Polyprotic Acids and Bases
Box 11-2 What Is Isoelectric Focusing?
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 12 A Deeper Look at Chemical Equilibrium
12-1 The Effect of Ionic Strength on Solubility of Salts
The Explanation
Demonstration 12-1 Effect of Ionic Strength on Ion Dissociation
What Do We Mean by “Ionic Strength”?
12-2 Activity Coefficients
Activity Coefficients of Ions
Effect of Ionic Strength, Ion Charge, and Ion Size on the Activity Coefficient
How to Interpolate
Activity Coefficients of Nonionic Compounds
High Ionic Strengths
The Real Definition of pH
12-3 Charge and Mass Balances
Charge Balance
Mass Balance
12-4 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium
A Simple Example: The pH of 10−8 M KOH
Coupled Equilibria: Solubility of CaF2
Box 12-1 Aluminum Mobilization from Minerals by Acid Rain
12-5 Fractional Composition Equations
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 13 EDTA Titrations
13-1 Metal-Chelate Complexes
13-2 EDTA
Box 13-1 Notation for Formation Constants
13-3 Metal Ion Indicators
Demonstration 13-1 Metal Ion Indicator Color Changes
13-4 EDTA Titration Techniques
Direct Titration
Back Titration
Displacement Titration
Indirect Titration of Anions
Masking
Box 13-2 What Is Hard Water?
13-5 The pH-Dependent Metal-EDTA Equilibrium
Fractional Composition of EDTA Solutions
Conditional Formation Constant
13-6 EDTA Titration Curves
Titration Calculations
The Titration Curve
Beware
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 14 Electrode Potentials
14-1 Redox Chemistry and Electricity
Chemistry and Electricity
Electric Current Is Proportional to the Rate of a Redox Reaction
Voltage and Electrical Work
Demonstration 14-1 Electrochemical Writing
14-2 Galvanic Cells
A Cell in Action
Demonstration 14-2 The Human Salt Bridge
Electrons Move Toward More Positive Electric Potential
In General, We Will Write All Half-Reactions as Reductions
Line Notation
14-3 Standard Potentials
Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Formal Potential
Box 14-1 Why Biochemists Use E°′
14-4 The Nernst Equation
Nernst Equation for a Half-Reaction
Nernst Equation for a Complete Reaction
Different Descriptions of the Same Reaction
Advice for Finding Relevant Half-Reactions
14-5 E° and the Equilibrium Constant
14-6 Reference Electrodes
Silver-Silver Chloride Reference Electrode
Calomel Reference Electrode
Voltage Conversions Between Different Reference Scales
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 15 Electrode Measurements
15-1 The Silver Indicator Electrode
Titration of a Halide Ion with Ag+
Double-Junction Reference Electrode
Demonstration 15-1 Potentiometry with an Oscillating Reaction
15-2 What Is a Junction Potential?
Direct Versus Relative Potentiometric Measurements
15-3 How Ion-Selective Electrodes Work
Two Classes of Indicator Electrodes
15-4 pH Measurement with a Glass Electrode
Calibrating a Glass Electrode
Errors in pH Measurement
Box 15-1 Systematic Error in Rainwater pH Measurement: The Effect of Junction Potential
Solid-State pH Sensors
15-5 Ion-Selective Electrodes
Solid-State Electrodes
Liquid-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes
Box 15-2 Ammonium Ion-Selective Microelectrode
Selectivity Coefficient
Ion-Selective Electrode Detection Limits5
Box 15-3 Protein Immunosensing by Ion-Selective Electrodes with Electrically Conductive Polymers
Compound Electrodes
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 16 Redox Titrations
Box 16-1 Environmental Carbon Analysis and Oxygen Demand
16-1 Theory of Redox Titrations
Shapes of Redox Titration Curves
Demonstration 16-1 Potentiometric Titration of Fe2+ with MnO4−
16-2 Redox Indicators
16-3 Titrations Involving Iodine
Starch Indicator
Preparation and Standardization of I3− Solutions
Use of Sodium Thiosulfate
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 17 Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry
17-1 Electrogravimetric and Coulometric Analysis
Electrogravimetric Analysis
Coulometric Analysis
17-2 Amperometry
Glucose Monitors
Cells with Three Electrodes
Amperometric Detector for Chromatography
17-3 Voltammetry
17-4 Polarography
The Polarogram
Faradaic and Charging Currents
Square Wave Voltammetry
Stripping Analysis
End of Chapter
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 18 Let There Be Light
18-1 Properties of Light
18-2 Absorption of Light
Transmittance, Absorbance, and Beer’s Law
Box 18-1 Discovering Beer’s Law
Limitations of Beer’s Law
Absorption Spectra and Color
Demonstration 18-1 Absorption Spectra
18-3 Practical Matters
Good Operating Techniques
18-4 Using Beer’s Law
Box 18-2 Designing a Colorimetric Reagent to Detect Phosphate
Using a Standard Curve to Measure Nitrite
Enzyme-Based Nitrate Analysis—A Green Idea
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 19 Spectrophotometry: Instruments and Applications
19-1 The Spectrophotometer
Light Source
Monochromator
Detector
Photodiode Array Spectrophotometer
19-2 Analysis of a Mixture
Isosbestic Points
19-3 Spectrophotometric Titrations
19-4 What Happens When a Molecule Absorbs Light?
Electronic States of Formaldehyde
Vibrational and Rotational States of Formaldehyde
Combined Electronic, Vibrational, and Rotational Transitions
What Happens to Absorbed Energy?
Demonstration 19-1 In Which Your Class Really Shines
19-5 Luminescence in Analytical Chemistry
Fluorimetric Assay of Selenium in Brazil Nuts
Immunoassays
Box 19-1 How Does a Home Pregnancy Test Work?
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 20 Atomic Spectroscopy
20-1 What Is Atomic Spectroscopy?
Box 20-1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy on Mars
20-2 Atomization: Flames, Furnaces, and Plasmas
Flame
Furnace
Inductively Coupled Plasma
Detection Limits
20-3 How Temperature Affects Atomic Spectroscopy
The Boltzmann Distribution
The Effect of Temperature on the Excited-State Population
The Effect of Temperature on Absorption and Emission
20-4 Instrumentation
The Linewidth Problem
Hollow-Cathode Lamps
Background Correction
Multielement Analysis with the Inductively Coupled Plasma
20-5 Interference
Types of Interference
Virtues of the Inductively Coupled Plasma
20-6 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
End of Chapter
Key Equation
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 21 Principles of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
21-1 What Is Chromatography?
21-2 How We Describe a Chromatogram
Theoretical Plates
Resolution
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Scaling Up a Separation
21-3 Why Do Bands Spread?
Bands Diffuse
Solute Requires Time to Equilibrate Between Phases
A Separation Has an Optimum Flow Rate
Some Band Broadening Is Independent of Flow Rate
Plate Height Equation
Open Tubular Columns
Sometimes Peaks Have Funny Shapes
Box 21-1 Polarity
21-4 Mass Spectrometry
A Mass Spectrometer
Ionization
Total Ion and Selected Ion Chromatograms
Box 21-2 Volatile Flavor Components of Candy
Box 21-3 Bisphenol A in Canned Foods
21-5 Information in a Mass Spectrum
Nominal Mass
Fragmentation Patterns
Isotope Patterns and the Nitrogen Rule
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
End of Chapter
Key Equations
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 22 Gas and Liquid Chromatography
22-1 Gas Chromatography
Columns
Temperature Programming
Carrier Gas
Sample Injection
Flame Ionization Detector
Thermal Conductivity Detector
Electron Capture Detector
Other Detectors
Mass Spectrometric Detection and Selected Reaction Monitoring
22-2 Classical Liquid Chromatography
Stationary Phase
Solvents
22-3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Stationary Phase
The Column
Solvents
Detectors
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)
22-4 Sample Preparation for Chromatography
End of Chapter
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 23 Chromatographic Methods and Capillary Electrophoresis
23-1 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Ion-Exchange Selectivity
Box 23-1 Applications of Ion Exchange
What Is Deionized Water?
Preconcentration
Simultaneous Separation of Cations and Anions
23-2 Ion Chromatography
23-3 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography
Molecular Mass Determination
23-4 Affinity Chromatography
23-5 What Is Capillary Electrophoresis?
23-6 How Capillary Electrophoresis Works
Electroosmosis
Detectors
23-7 Types of Capillary Electrophoresis
Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography
Box 23-2 What Is a Micelle?
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
23-8 Lab-on-a-Chip: DNA Profiling
End of Chapter
Important Terms
Problems
Notes and References
Appendix A: Solubility Products
Appendix B: Acid Dissociation Constants
Appendix C: Standard Reduction Potentials
Appendix D: Oxidation Numbers and Balancing Redox Equations
Glossary
Solutions to “Ask Yourself” Questions
Answers to Problems
Index
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