Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Third Edition by Krieger, Robert 9780080922010

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ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 9780080922010

Author:  Krieger, Robert

The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated 3e carries on the book’s tradition of serving as the definitive reference on pesticide toxicology and recognizes the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition.

 

Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 3rd Table of contents:

Section I: Pesticide Uses

Chapter 1. Dose and Time Determining, and Other Factors Influencing, Toxicity

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Kinds of Toxicity

1.3 Quantitation of Dosage-Response Relationships

1.4 Dosage-Response Relationships in Different Kinds of Toxicity or Change

1.5 Factors Influencing Toxicity of Any Kind

References

Chapter 2. Pest Toxicology: The Primary Mechanisms of Pesticide Action

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Primary Targets

2.3 Secondary Targets

2.4 Common Target for Structurally Diverse Pesticides

2.5 Resistance as a Limiting Factor

2.6 Nerve (Table 2.1, Figure 2.2)

2.7 Photosynthesis and Pigment Synthesis (Table 2.2, Figure 2.3)

2.8 Biosynthesis

2.9 Respiration (Table 2.5, Figure 2.6)

2.10 Growth Regulators (Table 2.6, Figure 2.7)

2.11 Unknown, Nonspecific and Other Targets (Table 2.7)

2.12 Overview (Table 2.8)

Conclusion

Postscript

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3. Pest Control Agents from Natural Products

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Insect Control Agents

3.3 Disease Control Agents

3.4 Herbicides

3.5 Rodenticides

References

Chapter 4. Public Health Pesticides

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Definition of Terms in Vector-Borne Diseases

4.3 Impact of Arthropods on Human Health

4.4 Integrated Pest Management and Vector Management

Conclusion

References

Selected World Wide Web References

Chapter 5. The Changing Role of Insecticides in Structural Pest Control

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Pest Problems: Real or Perceived

5.3 Environmental and Health Concerns

5.4 Insecticide Applications

5.5 Soil Treatments for Subterranean Termites

5.6 Baits and Baiting

5.7 Future Directions

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6. Vertebrate Pest Control Chemicals and Their Use in Urban and Rural Environments

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Vertebrate Pests: What are they?

6.3 Management Restrictions

6.4 Problems Created by Vertebrates

6.5 Nonlethal Management Without Pesticides

6.6 Population Reduction without Pesticides

6.7 Pesticides: Repellents Versus Lethal Agents

6.8 Repellents

6.9 Immobilizing Agents

6.10 Lethal Vertebrate Pesticides

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. Pesticide Use and Associated Morbidity and Mortality in Veterinary Medicine

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Formulations

7.3 Species Sensitivities

7.4 Pesticide Use in Domestic Animals

7.5 Regulation of Pesticides Used in Veterinary Medicine

7.6 Violative Residues

7.7 Frequency of Intoxication

7.8 Scenarios of Concern

7.9 Major Pesticide Categories

7.10 Diagnosis of Intoxication

7.11 Treatment of Intoxication

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8. Pesticide Use Practices in Integrated Pest Management

8.1 Integrated Pest Management

8.2 What is Integrated Pest Manangement?

8.3 The IPM Continuum

8.4 Pesticides

8.5 Field Scouting

8.6 Reduced-Risk Pesticides

8.7 Cultural and Physical Suppression

8.8 Prevention

8.9 Avoidance

8.10 Pesticides and Biological Controls

8.11 Advisory Services

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9. Properties of Soil Fumigants and Their Fate in the Environment

Section II: Toxicity and Safety Evaluation

Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Pesticides

1 Health hazard evaluation—role in the assessment of pesticide risks to humans

2 Toxicokinetic studies

3 Acute toxicity studies

4 Short-term studies

5 Long-term studies

6 Reproduction studies

7 Developmental toxicity studies

8 Genotoxicity/mutagenicity studies

9 Neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity studies

10 Immunotoxicity

11 Endocrine disruptor potential

12 Mechanism of action

Conclusion

Chapter 10. Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Pesticides

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Toxicological Data

10.3 Exposure Data

10.4 Examples

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11. Genotoxicity of Pesticides

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Genotoxicity Tests

11.3 Genotoxicity Testing of Pesticides

11.4 Patterns of Response

11.5 Human Biomonitoring

11.6 Genotoxicity and Risk Assessment

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology of Pesticides

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Exposure

12.3 Mechanisms of Action

12.4 Regulatory Issues

12.5 Toxicology Studies

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13. Microbial Pest Control Agents: Use Patterns, Registration Requirements, and Mammalian Toxicity

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Toxicity Testing Requirements for MPCAs

13.3 Toxicity of Individual MPCAs

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14. The Assessment of the Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Pesticides

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Regulatory Requirements, Test Guidelines, and Protocols

14.3 Assessment of Chronic Toxicity (NONCANCER) Endpoints

14.4 Assessment of Carcinogenic Potential

14.5 Application to Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision Making

14.6 Challenges

Conclusion

References

Chapter 15. Immunotoxicity of Pesticides

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Carbamates

15.3 Organochlorines

15.4 Organophosphates

15.5 Phenoxy Compounds

15.6 Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins

15.7 Triazines

15.8 Regulations

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 16. Risk Assessment for Acute, Subchronic, and Chronic Exposure to Pesticides: Endosulfan11The interpretations expressed are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect policies of the Department of Pesticide Regulation of the California Environmental Protection Agency.

Section III: Emergining Approaches in Safety Evaluation

Chapter 17. Genetic Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Pesticides

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Diseases with Putative “Gene–Pesticide” Interactions

17.3 Importance of Environmental Exposure Assessment in G × E Studies of Pesticides

17.4 Specific Genes and Polymorphisms Relevant to Putative Gene–Pesticide Interactions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Steroid Hormones

18.3 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis

18.4 Thyroid Hormone

18.5 Impact on Testing Guidelines

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19. Volatile Organic Compounds from Pesticide Application and Contribution to Tropospheric Ozone

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Principal VOC Contributing Pesticides

19.3 CDPR Initial Method to Obtain a Screening Assessment of VOC Mass Released from Each California Pesticide—Early 1990s

19.4 Revisions and Improvements to the Early Program

19.5 Fumigant Adjustments for Field Application Method

19.6 Future Issues

Conclusion

References

Chapter 20. Regulatory Aspects of Acute Neurotoxicity Assessment

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Toxicological Effects Following Acute Exposures to Pesticides

20.3 Methodology for Assessing Neurotoxicity

20.4 Standard Acute Toxicity Studies

20.5 Regulatory Neurotoxicity Studies

Conclusion

References

Chapter 21. Proteomics in Pesticide Toxicology

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Proteomics Methods

21.3 Applications of Proteomics in Pesticide Studies

21.4 Microbial Degradation of Pesticides

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 22. Metabolomics in Pesticide Toxicology

Section IV: Dermatotoxicology of Pesticides

Chapter 23. Irritant Dermatitis

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Factors Influencing Irritant Potential

23.3 Identifying Suspected Irritants

23.4 Clinical Patterns of Irritant Contact Dermatitis

23.5 Diagnosis of Irritant Contact Dermatitis

23.6 Treatment of Irritant Contact Dermatitis

23.7 ICD in Agricultural Workers

Conclusion

References

Chapter 24. Photocontact Dermatitis

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Solar Radiation and Photosensitivity

24.3 Photoirritant Reactions (Phototoxicity)

24.4 Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis

24.5 Pesticides that Cause Phototoxic or Photoallergic Reactions

24.6 Approach to the Photosensitive Patient

24.7 Phototesting

24.8 Histology

24.9 Management Strategies

Conclusion

References

Chapter 25. Allergic Contact Dermatitis

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis

25.3 Prevalence of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Agrochemicals

25.4 Chemicals and Cases

25.5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

25.6 Prevention

Conclusion

References

Chapter 26. Pesticides and Contact Urticaria Syndrome

26.1 Definition

26.2 Clinical Signs and Symptoms

26.3 Etiology and Mechanisms

26.4 Animal and Human Assays

26.5 Diagnosis of CUS

26.6 CUS Induced by Pesticides

Conclusion

References

Chapter 27. Agricultural Chemical Percutaneous Absorption and Decontamination

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Percutaneous Absorption Methodology

27.3 Regional Variation in Human and Animal Pesticide Percutaneous Absorption

27.4 Percutaneous Absorption from Chemicals in Clothing

27.5 Models for Agricultural Chemical Assessments and Predictions

27.6 Biomonitoring: Tool for Human Health Risk Characterization

27.7 Skin Decontamination

Conclusion

References

Chapter 28. The Regulatory Evaluation of the Skin Effects of Pesticides

Section V: Neurotoxicology of Pesticides

Chapter 29. Neurotoxicology of Pesticides

Chapter 30. A Systems Biology Approach to Assess the Impact of Pesticides on the Nervous System

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Pesticides and Developmental Toxicity

30.3 Developmental Neurotoxicity

30.4 Examples from the Current Literature

Conclusions

References

Chapter 31. Neurophysiological Effects of Insecticides

31.1 Pyrethroids and DDT

31.2 Cyclodienes and Hexachlorocyclohexane

31.3 Fipronil

31.4 Imidacloprid

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 32. The Influence of Age on Pesticide Toxicity

32.1 General Concepts in Differential Sensitivity to Pesticides

32.2 Children’s Health and Regulation of Pesticides in the United States

32.3 Age-Related Differences in Sensitivity to Pesticides

Conclusion

References

Chapter 33. Lasting Behavioral Consequences of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure During Development

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Human Effects

33.3 Rat Models

33.4 Mouse Models

33.5 Fish Models

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 34. The Nonhuman Primate as a Translational Model for Pesticide Research

Section VI: Pesticides Disposition

Chapter 35. Introduction to Pesticide Disposition

Reference

Chapter 36. Introduction to Biotransformation (Metabolism)

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes

36.3 Major Xenobiotic Biotransformation Reactions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 37. Absorption

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Factors that Influence the Transfer and Availability of Chemicals in the Body

37.3 Absorption

37.4 Summary and Future Directions

References

Chapter 38. Metabolism of Pesticides

38.1 Introduction

38.2 External Transformation

38.3 Biotransformation

38.4 Toxicity of Metabolites

38.5 Physiological Factors Affecting Biotransformation

38.6 Tolerance and Resistance

Conclusions

References

Chapter 39. Distribution and Pharmacokinetics

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Distribution

39.3 Pharmacokinetics

Conclusion

References

Chapter 40. Metabolic Interactions of Pesticides

40.1 Chemical Factors Affecting Pesticide Metabolism: Introduction

40.2 Induction

40.3 Inhibition

40.4 Biphasic Effects: Inhibition and Induction

40.5 Activation

40.6 Hepatotoxicity

Conclusion

References

Chapter 41. Pesticide Excretion

Section VII: Exposure Measurement and Mitigation

Chapter 42. Exposure Framework

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Exposure Science

42.3 Exposure Assessment

42.4 Considerations for Pesticide Exposure Assessments

Conclusion

References

Chapter 43. Sampling and Analysis for Nonoccupational Pesticide Exposure Assessments

43.1 Introduction

43.2 Design of Nonoccupational Observational Exposure Measurement Studies

43.3 Sample Collection Methods

43.4 Analytical Methods for Pesticide Measurements

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 44. Modeling and Predicting Pesticide Exposures

44.1 Introduction

44.2 Types of Human Exposure Models

44.3 Source-to-Dose Exposure Modeling for Pesticides

44.4 Discussion: Models to Support Pesticide Regulation

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 45. Biomonitoring: Uses and Considerations for Assessing Nonoccupational Human Exposure to Pesticides

45.1 Introduction

45.2 Linking Pesticide Exposure to Health Effects

45.3 The Uses of Biomonitoring

45.4 Biomarker Selection and Use

45.5 Factors Affecting the Use and Interpretation of Biomarkers of Exposure

45.6 Summary and Suggestions for Future Research

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 46. Pesticide Exposure from Residential and Recreational Turf

46.1 Introduction

46.2 Assessment of Transferable Turf Residues

46.3 Activities on Residential and Recreational Turf

46.4 Exposure Assessment Methodology

46.5 Calculation of the Safe Residue Level

46.6 Regulatory Approach to Postapplication Exposure to Turf

Conclusion

References

Chapter 47. Lawn and Turf: Management and Environmental Issues of Turfgrass Pesticides

47.1 Turf Environments

47.2 Turf Pesticides and Use

47.3 Turf Pesticide Issues

Conclusions

References

Chapter 48. Pet Care Products Used for Insect Pest Control

48.1 Introduction

48.2 Pet Ownership and Pet Care in the United States

48.3 Pet Care Products: How They are Used to Control Insect Pests

48.4 Case Study: Illustration of EPA Methodology

Conclusion

References

Chapter 49. Residential Exposure Assessment: An Overview

49.1 Introduction

49.2 Overview of General Issues

49.3 Lessons Learned from Key Studies

49.4 Guidance for Residential Postapplication Exposure Assessment Methods and Data Sources for Exposure Factors

49.5 Research Needs

References

Chapter 50. Modeling Dietary Exposure with Special Sections on Modeling Aggregate and Cumulati

 

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