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ISBN 10: 0521732972
ISBN 13: 978-0521732970
Author: Ira Lapidus
This new edition of one of the most widely used course books on Islamic civilizations around the world has been substantially revised to incorporate the new scholarship and insights of the last twenty-five years. Ira Lapidus’ history explores the beginnings and transformations of Islamic civilizations in the Middle East and details Islam’s worldwide diffusion. The history is divided into four parts. Part I is a comprehensive account of pre-Islamic late antiquity; the beginnings of Islam; the early Islamic empires; and Islamic religious, artistic, legal and intellectual cultures. Part II deals with the construction in the Middle East of Islamic religious communities and states to the fifteenth century. Part III includes the history to the nineteenth century of Islamic North Africa and Spain; the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires; and other Islamic societies in Asia and Africa. Part IV accounts for the impact of European commercial and imperial domination on Islamic societies and traces the development of the modern national state system and the simultaneous Islamic revival from the early nineteenth century to the present.
A History of Islamic Societies 3rd Table of contents:
Introduction to Islamic societies
PART I THE BEGINNINGS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATIONS
THE MIDDLE EAST FROM c. 600 TO c. 1000
1 Middle Eastern societies before Islam
Ancient, Roman, and Persian empires
The Roman Empire
The Sasanian Empire
Religion and society before Islam
Religions and empires
Women, family, and society (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
Marriage, divorce, and sexual morality
Property and inheritance
Seclusion and veiling
Conclusion
THE PREACHING OF ISLAM
2 Historians and the sources
3 Arabia
Clans and kingdoms
Mecca
Language, poetry, and the gods
4 Muhammad: preaching, community, and state formation
The life of the Prophet
The Quran
The Judeo-Christian and Arabian heritage
Community and politics
Conclusion: the umma of Islam
THE ARAB-MUSLIM IMPERIUM (632–945)
5 Introduction to the Arab-Muslim empires
6 The Arab-Muslim conquests and the socioeconomic bases of empire
The conquests
The administration of the new empire
7 Regional developments: economic and social change
Iraq
Syria and Mesopotamia
Egypt
Iran
The integration of conquering and conquered peoples
Conversions to Islam
Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages
8 The caliphate to 750
The Rightly Guided Caliphs
The Umayyad monarchy (661–685)
The imperial caliphate: the Marwanids (685–750)
The crisis of the dynasty and the rise of the ʿAbbasids
9 The ʿAbbasid Empire
Baghdad
ʿAbbasid administration: the central government
Provincial government
Local government
Resistance and rebellion
10 Decline and fall of the ʿAbbasid Empire
The decline of the central government
Provincial autonomy and the rise of independent states
COSMOPOLITAN ISLAM: THE ISLAM OF THE IMPERIAL ELITE
11 Introduction: religion and identity
12 The ideology of imperial Islam
Umayyad architecture
The desert palaces
The Umayyads and the ancient empires
Islam and iconoclasm
13 The ʿAbbasids: Caliphs and Emperors
The caliphate and Islam
The inquisition
Architecture and court ceremony
The Arabic humanities
Persian literature
Hellenistic literature and philosophy
Culture, legitimacy, and the state
URBAN ISLAM: THE ISLAM OF SCHOLARS AND HOLY MEN
14 Introduction
15 Sunni Islam
The veneration of the Prophet
Early Muslim theology
Ashʿarism
Scripturalism: Quran, Hadith, and law (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
Law in the seventh and eighth centuries
Tradition and law: hadith
Reasoned opinion versus traditionalism
The schools of law
Asceticism and mysticism (Sufism)
16 Shiʿi Islam
Ismaʿili Shiʿism
WOMEN, FAMILIES, AND COMMUNITIES
17 Muslim urban societies to the tenth century
Women and family (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
Women and family in the lifetime of the Prophet
Women and family in the Caliphal era
Property and inheritance
Urban communities
18 The non-Muslim minorities
The early Islamic era
Islamic legislation for non-Muslims
Christians and Christianity
Early Islamic era to the ninth century
Christian literature in arabic
Crusades and reaction
The Egyptian Copts
Christians in North Africa
Jews and Judaism (co-author, David Moshfegh)
Egyptian and North African Jews: the Geniza era
The Yeshivas and rabbinic Judaism
The nagid
Jewish culture in the Islamic context
19 Continuity and change in the historic cultures of the Middle East
Religion and empire
Conclusion
PART II FROM ISLAMIC COMMUNITY TO ISLAMIC SOCIETY
EGYPT, IRAQ, AND IRAN, 945–c. 1500
20 The post-ʿAbbasid Middle Eastern state System
Iraq, Iran, and the eastern provinces
The Saljuq Empire, the Mongols, and the Timurids
The Saljuq Empire
The Mongols
The Timurids
The western regions
Fatimid Egypt
Syria and the Crusades
The Mamluk empire
Military slavery
The iqtaʿ System and Middle Eastern Feudalism
Royal courts and regional cultures: Islam in Persian garb
The post-ʿAbbasid concept of the state
21 Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies: 1000–1500 CE
Women and family: ideology versus reality (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
Royal Women
Women of urban notable families
Working women and popular culture
Jurisprudence and courts
Urban societies: the quarters and the markets
Religious communities
Shiʿis
Schools of law
Sufis
Islamic institutions and a mass Islamic society
Muslim religious movements and the state
22 The collective ideal
Sunni theory
Mirrors for princes
The philosopher-king
23 The personal ethic
Normative Islam: scripture, Sufism, and theology
Sufism in the post-ʿAbbasid era
Al-Ghazali: his life and vision
Theology
Alternative Islam: philosophy and gnostic and popular Sufism
Islamic philosophy and theosophy
Ibn al-ʿArabi
Popular Sufism: the veneration of saints
Dialogues within Islam
24 Conclusion: Middle Eastern Islamic patterns
Imperial Islamic society
States and communities in a fragmented Middle East
Coping with the limits of worldly life
State and religion in the medieval Islamic paradigm
PART III THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF ISLAM FROM THE SEVENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES
25 Introduction: Islamic institutions
Conversion to Islam
North Africa and the Middle East
Turkish conquests and conversions in Anatolia, the Balkans, the Middle East, Inner Asia, and India
Conversions in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Muslim elites and Islamic communities
The reform movement
Social structures of Islamic societies
Islamic states
THE WESTERN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES
26 Islamic North Africa to the thirteenth century
Muslim states to the eleventh century
The Fatimid and Zirid empires and the Banu Hilal
The Almoravids and the Almohads
Scholars and Sufis: Islamic religious communities
27 Spanish-Islamic civilization
Hispano-Arabic society (co-author, David Moshfegh)
Hispano-Arabic culture
The Reconquista
Muslims under Christian rule
The Jews in Spain (co-author, David Moshfegh)
The synthesis of Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin cultures
The breakdown of convivencia (co-author, David Moshfegh)
The expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal (co-author, David Moshfegh)
Jews in North Africa
The expulsion of the Muslims (co-author, David Moshfegh)
28 Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco: the Marinid and Saʿdian states
The ʿAlawi dynasty to the French protectorate
29 States and Islam: North African variations
ISLAM IN ASIA
30 Introduction: Empires and societies
31 The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman Empire
Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia (1071–1243)
The rise of the Ottomans (c. 1280–1453): from ghazi state to empire
The Ottoman world empire
The patrimonial regime: fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
The janissaries and civil and religious administration
Ottoman law (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
Provincial government
Royal authority, cultural legitimization, and Ottoman identity
The Ottoman economy
Rulers and subjects: Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Jews
Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians
Coptic Christians
Christians in the Ottoman Near East
Muslim communities
Women and family in the Ottoman era (1400–1800) (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
The Ottoman legal system and the family
Freedom and slavery
Family and sexuality
32 The postclassical Ottoman Empire: decentralization, commercialization, and incorporation
Commercialization
New political institutions
Networking
Power, ideology, and identity
Center and periphery
33 The Arab provinces under Ottoman rule
Egypt
The Fertile Crescent
34 The Safavid Empire
The origins of the Safavids
Iran under the early safavids
The Reign of Shah ʿAbbas
The conversion of Iran to Shiʿism
State and religion in late Safavid Iran
The dissolution of the Safavid Empire
35 The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi sultanates and the Mughal Empire
The Muslim conquests and the Delhi sultanates
Conversion and Muslim communities
The varieties of Indian Islam
Muslim holy men and political authority
The Mughal Empire and Indian Culture
Authority and legitimacy
The decline of the Mughal Empire
The reign of Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707)
Islam under the Mughals
The international economy and the British Indian Empire
36 Islamic empires compared
Asian empires as Islamic states
37 Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century
The western and northern steppes
Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and Farghana)
Eastern Turkestan and China
38 Islamic Societies in Southeast Asia
Pre-Islamic Southeast Asia
The coming of Islam
Portuguese, Dutch, and Muslim states
Java: the state, the ʿulamaʾ, and the peasants
The crisis of imperialism and Islam on Java: 1795–1830
Aceh
Malaya
Minangkabau
ISLAM IN AFRICA
39 The African context: Islam, slavery, and colonialism
Islam
Slavery
Colonialism
40 Islam in Sudanic, savannah, and forest West Africa
The kingdoms of the western Sudan
Mali
Songhay
The central Sudan: Kanem and Bornu
Hausaland
Non-state Muslim communities in West Africa: merchants and religious lineages
Zawaya lineages: the Kunta
Merchants and missionaries in the forest and coastal regions
Senegambia
41 The West African jihads
The Senegambian jihads
ʿUthman don Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate
The jihad of al-Hajj ʿUmar
The late nineteenth-century jihads
Jihad and conversion
42 Islam in East Africa and the European colonial empires
Sudan
Darfur
The coastal cities and Swahili Islam
Ethiopia and Somalia
Central Africa
Colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion
CONCLUSION
43 The varieties of Islamic societies
44 The global context
The inner spaces of the Muslim world
The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean
The desert as ocean: Inner Asia and the Sahara
The rise of Europe and the world economy
European trade, naval power, and empire
European imperialism and the beginning of the modern era
PART IV THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION: MUSLIM PEOPLES FROM THE NINETEENTH TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES
45 Introduction: imperialism, modernity, and the transformation of Islamic societies
Islamic reformism
Islamic modernism
Nationalism
Patterns of response and resistance
The contemporary Islamic revival
NATIONALISM AND ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE EAST
46 The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the modernization of Turkey
The partition of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman reform
The Young Ottomans
The Young Turks
World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
Republican Turkey
The Turkish Republic under Ataturk
The post–World War II Turkish Republic
Islam in Turkish politics: 1950–1983
Islam and the state: 1983–2000
The AKP: a new synthesis and a new governing party
The current state of Turkish politics
47 Iran: state and religion in the modern era
Qajar Iran: the Long Nineteenth Century
The constitutional crisis
Twentieth-century Iran: the Pahlavi Era
The ʿulamaʾ and the Revolution
The Islamic Republic
Islam and the state
48 Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity
The nineteenth-century reforming state
British colonial rule
Egyptian resistance: from Islamic modernism to nationalism
The liberal republic
The Nasser era
Sadat and Mubarak
The Islamic Revival
Secular opposition movements
Revolution and reaction
49 The Arab East: Arabism, military states, and Islam
Notables and the rise of Arab nationalism
Arabism and Arab states in the colonial period
Syria
Lebanon
Iraq to 1958
Transjordan and Jordan
The struggle for Arab unity and the contemporary Fertile Crescent states
Syria
Iraq
Lebanon
The Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine
Zionists and Palestinians to 1948
The Palestinian movement and Israel from 1948 to the 1990s
Toward a two-state solution?
50 The Arabian Peninsula
Yemen
Union of the two yemens
Islam and the state
Saudi Arabia
Political and religious opposition
Foreign policy
The Gulf states
Oman
Kuwait
Bahrain
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Arab states, nationalism, and Islam
51 North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Algeria
The French occupation
The rebirth of Algerian resistance: to the end of World War II
The drive to independence and the Algerian revolution
Independent Algeria
Tunisia
The colonial era
Independent Tunisia: from the 1950s to the present
Morocco
Under colonial rule
Independent Morocco
Libya
Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements: the Middle East and North Africa
52 Women in the Middle East: nineteenth to twenty-first centuries (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)
Imperialism and Reform in the Nineteenth Century
Changes in family law
Women’s secular education
Labor and social and political activism
Post–World War I nation-states
Turkey
Iran
Egypt from the 1920s to the present
Post–World War II Arab States
Education, work, and social activism in the Arab countries
Changing social mores
Islamism and feminism
Western gaze and obsession with veiling
Twenty-first-century revolutions
ISLAM AND SECULARISM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ASIA
53 Muslims in Russia, the Caucasus, Inner Asia, and China
The Caucasus and Inner Asia under Tsarist Rule
Islamic reform and modernism: the Jadid movement
The revolutionary era and the formation of the Soviet Union
Soviet modernization
The pre–World War II era
Post–World War II
Post–Soviet Russia
The Caucasus
Azarbayjan
Newly independent states in formerly Soviet Central Asia
The Muslims of China
Conclusion
54 The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh
From the Mughal Empire to the partition of the Indian subcontinent
Muslim Militancy from Plassey to 1857
From the Mutiny to World War I
From cultural to political action
From elite to mass politics
The Pakistan Movement
The Muslims of post-Partition India
Pakistan
Foreign policy
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Conclusion
55 Islam in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines
Dutch rule and economic development in the Indies
Southeast Asian responses to Dutch Rule
Islamic traditionalism and revolt
The priyayi, the merchant elites, nationalism, and Islamic modernism
The conservative reaction
Islamic and secular nationalist political parties: 1900–1950
The Indonesian Republic
Sukarno and a secular Indonesia: 1955–1965
The Suharto regime: state and Islam, 1965–1998
Indonesian Islam: 1998 to the present
British Malaya and independent Malaysia
The Malaysian state and Islam in a multiethnic society
The Philippines
Conclusion
ISLAM IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICA
56 Islam in West Africa
Colonialism and independence: African states and Islam
West African Muslim-majority countries
Mali
Mauritania
Senegal
Nigeria: a divided society
Muslims in other West African states
57 Islam in East Africa
Sudan
Independent Sudan
Military rule
Civil war
Somalia
Ethiopia and Eritrea
Swahili East Africa
Zanzibar
Tanzania
Kenya
Uganda
The Shiʿi communities
58 Universal Islam and African diversity
ISLAM IN THE WEST
59 Muslims in Europe and America
Muslims in the United States
American converts
Muslim identity issues in the United States
Canada
Eastern Europe
Bosnia and Yugoslavia
Albania and Albanians
Bulgaria
Muslims in Western Europe
Immigrant identities in Europe
Immigrant status by country
Britain
France
Germany
Sweden, the Netherlands, and Spain
The anti-immigrant reaction
Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival
The institutional and cultural features of pre-modern Islamic Societies
The nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation of Islamic Societies
Nations, nationalism, and Islam
The Islamic revival
Religious revival
Transnational Islam
“Islamism” and political action
Transnational politics: military and terrorist organizations
Contemporary patterns in the relations between states and Islamic Societies
Islamic and neo-Islamic states
Secularized states with Islamic identities
Secularized states and Islamic opposition
Islamic national societies in Southeast Asia
Muslims as political minorities
Concluding remarks
Glossary
Bibliography
Annotated bibliography from A History of Islamic Societies, second edition
Index
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