Industrial X Ray Computed Tomography 1st edition by Simone Carmignato, Wim Dewulf, Richard Leach – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 3319595717 , 978-3319595719
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 3319595717
ISBN 13: 978-3319595719
Author: Simone Carmignato, Wim Dewulf, Richard Leach
X-ray computed tomography has been used for several decades as a tool for measuring the three-dimensional geometry of the internal organs in medicine. However, in recent years, we have seen a move in manufacturing industries for the use of X-ray computed tomography; first to give qualitative information about the internal geometry and defects in a component, and more recently, as a fully-quantitative technique for dimensional and materials analysis. This trend is primarily due to the ability of X-ray computed tomography to give a high-density and multi-scale representation of both the external and internal geometry of a component, in a non-destructive, non-contact and relatively fast way. But, due to the complexity of X-ray computed tomography, there are remaining metrological issues to solve and the specification standards are still under development. This book will act as a one-stop-shop resource for students and users of X-ray computed tomography in both academia and industry. Itpresents the fundamental principles of the technique, detailed descriptions of the various components (hardware and software), current developments in calibration and performance verification and a wealth of example applications. The book will also highlight where there is still work to do, in the perspective that X-ray computed tomography will be an essential part of Industry 4.0.
Industrial X Ray Computed Tomography 1st Table of contents:
1 Introduction to Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography
Abstract
1.1 History of X-ray Computed Tomography
1.1.1 X-ray Tomography
1.1.2 X-ray Computed Tomography
1.2 Evolution of CT Scanners
1.2.1 Clinical CT Scanners
1.2.1.1 First and Second Generation Clinical CT Scanners
1.2.1.2 Third Generation Clinical CT Scanners
1.2.1.3 Fourth Generation Clinical CT Scanners
1.2.1.4 Fifth Generation Clinical CT Scanners
1.2.2 Industrial CT Scanners
1.2.2.1 Industrial Fan Beam CT Scanners
1.2.2.2 Industrial Cone Beam CT Scanners
1.2.2.3 Other Advanced CT Setups
1.3 Industrial Requirements
References
2 Principles of X-ray Computed Tomography
Abstract
2.1 Fundamentals of X-ray Physics
2.1.1 X-ray Generation
2.1.2 X-ray Radiation Spectra and Focus
2.1.3 Interaction with the Object
2.2 Signal Detection and Processing
2.2.1 X-ray Detectors
2.2.2 Image Processing in CT
2.3 Reconstruction
2.3.1 Concept of Reconstruction
2.3.2 Fourier Slice Theorem
2.3.3 Filtered Backprojection
2.3.4 Sufficiency Conditions
2.3.5 Algebraic and Statistical Reconstruction Techniques
References
3 X-ray Computed Tomography Devices and Their Components
Abstract
3.1 Basic Configuration of Industrial Cone-Beam X-ray Computed Tomography Systems
3.2 Source
3.2.1 Filament
3.2.2 Electron Optics
3.2.3 Target
3.3 Detectors
3.3.1 Flat Panel Detectors Versus Linear Diode Array Detectors
3.3.2 Energy Integrating Detectors Versus Photon Counting Detectors
3.4 Frame, Kinematic System and Cabinet
3.4.1 Drive Systems
3.4.2 Bearing Systems
3.4.3 Displacement Transducers
3.5 Integrated and Special Purpose CT Systems
3.5.1 Multi-sensor Systems
3.5.2 Four-Dimensional X-ray CT Systems
3.5.3 Dual Energy CT Systems
3.5.4 At-Line and In-Line CT Systems
3.5.5 SEM CT for Small Samples
3.5.6 X-ray CT of Large and Highly Attenuating Objects
3.5.7 Synchrotron Industrial Tomography
3.5.8 Laminography for Flat Parts
3.6 Safety Aspects of X-ray CT Systems
References
4 Processing, Analysis and Visualization of CT Data
Abstract
4.1 Generalized Data Analysis Pipeline
4.2 Preprocessing and Data Enhancement
4.2.1 Smoothing
4.2.1.1 Global Smoothing
4.2.1.2 Local Smoothing
4.3 Segmentation, Feature Extraction and Quantification
4.3.1 Segmentation
4.3.1.1 Threshold-Based Techniques
4.3.1.2 Boundary-Based Methods
4.3.1.3 Region-Growing
4.3.2 Feature Extraction
4.3.2.1 Connected Component Analysis
4.3.2.2 Principal Component Analysis
4.3.2.3 Hessian Analysis
4.3.2.4 Template Matching
4.3.2.5 Clustering
4.3.2.6 Feature and Cluster Quantification
4.3.3 Surface Determination
4.3.3.1 Surface Extraction
4.3.3.2 Subpixel Approaches to Edge Detection
4.4 Visual Analysis
4.4.1 Common Concepts
4.4.1.1 Colours and Colour Maps
4.4.1.2 Juxtaposition
4.4.1.3 Superposition
4.4.1.4 Ben Shneiderman’s Visual Information-Seeking Mantra
4.4.2 Visual Metaphors
4.4.2.1 Volume Rendering
4.4.2.2 Slicing
4.4.2.3 Heat Maps
4.4.2.4 Scatter Plots and Scatter Plot Matrices
4.4.2.5 Graphs
4.4.2.6 Parallel Coordinates
4.4.2.7 Glyphs
4.4.3 Comparative Visualization
4.4.4 Uncertainty Visualization Concepts
4.5 Processing, Analysis and Visualization for Metrology
4.5.1 Data Fusion of CT Data for Metrology
4.5.2 Visual Analysis of Dimensional Measurement Features
4.6 Processing, Analysis and Visualization for Non-destructive Testing
4.6.1 Visual Analysis of Voids
4.6.2 Visual Analysis of Fibres
4.6.3 Visual Analysis of Fibre Bundles
4.6.4 Visual Analysis of Dynamic Processes
4.7 Specialized Analyses
4.7.1 InSpectr
4.7.2 GEMSe
4.8 Summary and Outlook
References
5 Error Sources
Abstract
5.1 An Overview of Influence Factors in X-ray Computed Tomography Metrology
5.1.1 CT System
5.1.1.1 X-ray Source
5.1.1.2 CT Detector
5.1.1.3 Positioning System
5.1.2 Workpiece
5.1.3 Environment
5.1.4 Data Processing
5.1.5 Operator
5.1.5.1 Workpiece Fixturing and Orientation
5.1.5.2 Magnification
5.1.5.3 X-ray Source Settings
5.1.5.4 Number of Projections and Image Averaging
5.1.5.5 Measurement Strategy
5.2 CT Artefacts in the Reconstructed Volume
5.2.1 Feldkamp Artefacts
5.2.2 Beam Hardening Artefacts
5.2.3 Scatter Artefacts
5.2.4 Metal Artefacts
5.2.5 Detector Artefacts
5.2.6 Noise Artefacts
5.3 CT Artefact Correction
5.3.1 Beam Hardening Correction
5.3.1.1 Hardware Correction
5.3.1.2 Linearization Techniques
5.3.1.3 Iterative Artefact Reduction
5.3.2 Scatter Correction
5.3.2.1 Scatter Reduction Techniques
5.3.2.2 Scatter Correction Techniques
5.3.3 Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Improvement
5.3.4 Ring Artefact Correction
References
6 Qualification and Testing of CT Systems
Abstract
6.1 System Qualification and System Parameter Set-Up
6.1.1 Z-Direction Linear Stage Alignment
6.1.2 Y-Direction Linear Stage Alignment and Z-Direction Linear Stage Position Qualification
6.1.3 Detector Alignment
6.1.4 Rotary Stage Alignment
6.1.5 Focal Spot Qualification
6.1.6 Flat Panel Detector Intensity Qualification
6.2 Procedures for Performance Verification: Acceptance and Reverification Testing
6.2.1 Methodology
6.2.2 Local Error Testing—Probing Error Tests
6.2.3 Global Error Testing—Length Measurement Error Tests
6.3 Reference Objects
6.3.1 Length Standards
6.3.2 Reference Spheres
6.3.3 Step Cylinders
6.3.4 Application-Related Reference Objects
6.4 Structural Resolution
6.4.1 Influence Quantities on Structural Resolution and Demands on Definitions
6.4.2 Metrological Structural Resolution (MSR)
6.4.3 Interface Structural Resolution (ISR)
6.5 The Current State of Standardization
6.5.1 National Standardization in Germany
6.5.2 The Current State of National Standardization in Japan
6.5.3 The Current State of National Standardization in the US
6.5.4 The Current State of Standardization at ISO Level
6.5.5 Special Topic: Current Standardization Activities for Structural Resolution
6.6 Interlaboratory Comparisons
6.6.1 “CT Audit” Intercomparison (2009–2012)
6.6.2 Intercomparison on Structural Resolution in ISO TC 213 WG 10 (2011)
6.6.3 CIA-CT Intercomparison on CT for Industrial Applications in the Slaughterhouses (2011–2012)
6.6.4 CIA-CT Intercomparison on Industrial CT for Measurement Applications (2012–2013)
6.6.5 InteraqCT Comparison on Assemblies (2015/2016)
References
7 Towards Traceability of CT Dimensional Measurements
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measurement Traceability
7.2.1 History
7.2.2 The Standard Unit of Length
7.2.3 Achieving Traceability of Dimensional Measurements
7.3 Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Systems
7.4 CT Instrument Calibration
7.4.1 CT Geometrical Calibration
7.4.2 Calibration of the Imaging System
7.4.3 Calibration of the Tomographic Reconstruction Step
7.5 Assessing Task-Specific CT Measurement Uncertainty
7.5.1 The GUM Method
7.5.2 Monte Carlo by Simulation
7.5.3 Comparator Method
7.6 Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Applications of CT for Non-destructive Testing and Materials Characterization
Abstract
8.1 CT for Internal Quality Inspection of Biological Materials
8.1.1 CT Systems for Biological Materials
8.1.2 Understanding Structure of Biological Materials
8.1.3 Other Developments in CT Imaging of Biological Materials
8.2 CT in Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterization
8.2.1 Data Acquisition and Treatment
8.2.2 Hydrocarbon Reservoir (Analogue) Characterization
8.2.2.1 Porosity and Mineralogy Characterization
8.2.2.2 Pore Surface Shape
8.2.2.3 Representative Elementary Volume
8.2.2.4 Multiple Point Geostatistics
8.2.2.5 µCT and Rock Petrophysics
8.2.2.6 CT in Fluid Flow Characterization
8.2.3 Conclusion
8.3 CT to Characterize the Behaviour of Materials
8.3.1 Visualization and Characterization
8.3.2 Mechanical Behaviour
8.3.3 Moisture Transport
8.3.4 Conclusion
8.4 CT Research on Composites, Foams and Fibrous Materials
8.4.1 CT of Cellular Materials (Foams)
8.4.2 CT of Random Fibre Composites
8.4.3 CT of Textiles and Textile Composites
8.5 CT to Optimize the Next Generation Biomaterials
8.5.1 Materials Characterization
8.5.1.1 Morphological Analysis
8.5.1.2 Surface Properties
8.5.2 In Vitro Evaluation
8.5.3 In Vivo Evaluation
8.5.4 Conclusion
8.6 CT to Optimize Dental Restorations and to Evaluate Dental Implants
8.6.1 Finite-Element Analysis
8.6.2 Quantification of Voids, Gaps and Microleakage
8.6.3 Image Correlation and Image Registration
8.6.4 Conclusion
8.7 CT for Research on Dental Hard Tissues
8.7.1 Visualization of the Morphology and Analysis of Tooth Structure
8.7.2 Visualization and Analysis of Tooth Resorption
8.7.3 Visualization and Analysis of Tooth Caries
8.7.4 Visualization and Analysis of Microcracks
8.7.5 Visualization of Tooth Development Anomalies: Enamel Invagination and Evagination
8.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Applications of CT for Dimensional Metrology
Abstract
9.1 CT Measurements in the Industrial Practice
9.2 Application Examples of CT in the Manufacturing Field
9.2.1 Cast and Formed Products
9.2.2 Machined Products
9.2.3 Laser Cut Products
9.2.4 Additive Manufactured Products
9.2.5 Injection Moulded Products
9.2.6 Assembled Products
9.3 CT Measurements for Medicine: A Case Study
9.3.1 CT Based Planning of Procedures at the Lateral Skull Base
9.3.2 Estimating the Uncertainty of Medical CT Measurements
9.4 Challenges of CT Dimensional Measurements
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Tags: Simone Carmignato, Wim Dewulf, Richard Leach, Industrial X, Computed Tomography