Instruction Manual for Essentials of Business Law and the Legal Environment 13th Edition by Richard Mann, Barry Roberts ISBN 8214342863 9798214342863

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ISBN 10: 8214342863
ISBN 13: 9798214342863
Author: Richard Mann, Barry Roberts

Guide students in examining the fundamental statutory, administrative, and case law that affect business with the reader-friendly ESSENTIALS OF BUSINESS LAW AND THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT, 13E. This authoritative edition sets the standard with concise, yet sufficient depth of content to ensure comprehension and mastery. Excellent for CPA Exam preparation, this resource integrates summarized landmark and recent cases, as well as more than 220 classroom-tested figures, tables, diagrams, and clearly defined legal terms. Each chapter is carefully organized with examples that relate to real life. Numerous critical-thinking features strengthen analytical skills. Students master the fundamental concepts, principles, and laws that apply to business transactions. They gain insight into the function and operation of courts and administrative agencies and recognize potential legal problems in business.

Essentials of Business Law and the Legal Environment 13th Table of contents:

Part I. Introduction to Law and Ethics

Chapter 1. Introduction to Law

1-1. Nature of Law

1-1a. Definition of Law

1-1b. Functions of Law

1-1c. Law and Morals

1-1d. Law and Justice

1-2. Classification of Law

1-2a. Substantive and Procedural Law

1-2b. Public and Private Law

1-2c. Civil and Criminal Law

1-3. Sources of Law

1-3a. Constitutional Law

1-3b. Judicial Law

1-3c. Legislative Law

1-3d. Administrative Law

1-4. Legal Analysis

Chapter Summary

Chapter 2. Business Ethics

2-1. Law versus Ethics

2-2. Ethical Theories

2-2a. Ethical Fundamentalism

2-2b. Ethical Relativism

2-2c. Utilitarianism

2-2d. Deontology

2-2e. Social Ethics Theories

2-2f. Other Theories

2-3. Ethical Standards in Business

2-3a. Choosing an Ethical System

2-3b. Corporations as Moral Agents

2-4. Ethical Responsibilities of Business

2-4a. Regulation of Business

2-4b. Corporate Governance

2-4c. Arguments against Social Responsibility

2-4d. Arguments in Favor of Social Responsibility

Chapter Summary

Questions

Business Ethics Cases

Pharmakon Drug Company

Mykon’s Dilemma

Oliver Winery, Inc.

JLM, Inc.

Sword Technology, Inc.

Vulcan, Inc.

Part II. The Legal Environment of Business

Chapter 3. Civil Dispute Resolution

The Court System

3-1. The Federal Courts

3-1a. District Courts

3-1b. Courts of Appeals

3-1c. The Supreme Court

3-1d. Special Courts

3-2. State Courts

3-2a. Inferior Trial Courts

3-2b. Trial Courts

3-2c. Appellate Courts

Jurisdiction

3-3. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

3-3a. Federal Jurisdiction

3-3b. Exclusive State Jurisdiction

3-3c. Stare Decisis in the Dual Court System

3-4. Jurisdiction Over the Parties

3-4a. In Personam Jurisdiction

3-4b. In Rem Jurisdiction

3-4c. Attachment Jurisdiction

3-4d. Venue

Civil Dispute Resolution

3-5. Civil Procedure

3-5a. The Pleadings

3-5b. Pretrial Procedure

3-5c. Trial

3-5d. Appeal

3-5e. Enforcement

3-6. Alternative Dispute Resolution

3-6a. Arbitration

3-6b. Conciliation

3-6c. Mediation

3-6d. Mini-Trial

3-6e. Summary Jury Trial

3-6f. Negotiation

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 4. Constitutional Law

4-1. Basic Principles

4-1a. Federalism

4-1b. Federal Supremacy and Preemption

4-1c. Judicial Review

4-1d. Separation of Powers

4-1e. State Action

4-2. Powers of Government

4-2a. Federal Commerce Power

4-2b. State Regulation of Commerce

4-2c. Federal Fiscal Powers

4-3. Limitations on Government

4-3a. Contract Clause

4-3b. First Amendment

4-3c. Due Process

4-3d. Equal Protection

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 5. Administrative Law

5-1. Operation of Administrative Agencies

5-1a. Rulemaking

5-1b. Enforcement

5-1c. Adjudication

5-2. Limits on Administrative Agencies

5-2a. Judicial Review

5-2b. Legislative Control

5-2c. Executive Branch Control

5-2d. Disclosure of Information

Chapter Summary

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 6. Criminal Law

6-1. Nature of Crimes

6-1a. Essential Elements

6-2. Classification

6-2a. Vicarious Liability

6-2b. Liability of a Corporation

6-3. White-Collar Crime

6-3a. Computer Crime

6-3b. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

6-4. Crimes Against Business

6-4a. Larceny

6-4b. Embezzlement

6-4c. False Pretenses

6-4d. Robbery

6-4e. Burglary

6-4f. Extortion and Bribery

6-4g. Forgery

6-4h. Bad Checks

6-5. Defenses to Crimes

6-5a. Defense of Person or Property

6-5b. Duress

6-5c. Mistake of Fact

6-5d. Entrapment

6-6. Criminal Procedure

6-6a. Steps in Criminal Prosecution

6-6b. Fourth Amendment

6-6c. Fifth Amendment

6-6d. Sixth Amendment

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 7. Intentional Torts

7-1. Harm to the Person

7-1a. Battery

7-1b. Assault

7-1c. False Imprisonment

7-1d. Infliction of Emotional Distress

7-2. Harm to the Right of Dignity

7-2a. Defamation

7-2b. Invasion of Privacy

7-2c. Misuse of Legal Procedure

7-3. Harm to Property

7-3a. Real Property

7-3b. Personal Property

7-4. Harm to Economic Interests

7-4a. Interference with Contractual Relations

7-4b. Disparagement

7-4c. Fraudulent Misrepresentation

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 8. Negligence and Strict Liability

Negligence

8-1. Breach of Duty of Care

8-1a. Reasonable Person Standard

8-1b. Duty to Act

8-1c. Duties of Possessors of Land

8-1d. Res Ipsa Loquitur

8-2. Factual Cause

8-3. Scope of Liability (Proximate Cause)

8-3a. Foreseeability

8-3b. Superseding Cause

8-4. Harm

8-5. Defenses to Negligence

8-5a. Contributory Negligence

8-5b. Comparative Negligence

8-5c. Assumption of Risk

Strict Liability

8-6. Activities Giving Rise to Strict Liability

8-6a. Abnormally Dangerous Activities

8-6b. Keeping of Animals

8-7. Defenses to Strict Liability

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part III. Contracts

Chapter 9. Introduction to Contracts

9-1. Development of the Law of Contracts

9-1a. Common Law

9-1b. The Uniform Commercial Code

9-1c. Types of Contracts Outside the Code

9-2. Definition of Contract

9-3. Requirements of a Contract

9-4. Classification of Contracts

9-4a. Express and Implied Contracts

9-4b. Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts

9-4c. Valid, Void, Voidable, and Unenforceable Contracts

9-4d. Executed and Executory Contracts

9-5. Promissory Estoppel

9-6. Quasi Contracts or Restitution

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 10. Mutual Assent

Offer

10-1. Essentials of an Offer

10-1a. Communication

10-1b. Intent

10-1c. Definiteness

10-2. Duration of Offers

10-2a. Lapse of Time

10-2b. Revocation

10-2c. Rejection

10-2d. Counteroffer

10-2e. Death or Incompetency

10-2f. Destruction of Subject Matter

10-2g. Subsequent Illegality

Acceptance of Offer

10-3. Communication of Acceptance

10-3a. General Rule

10-3b. Silence as Acceptance

10-3c. Effective Moment

10-3d. Defective Acceptances

10-4. Variant Acceptances

10-4a. Common Law

10-4b. Code

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 11. Conduct Invalidating Assent

11-1. Duress

11-1a. Physical Compulsion

11-1b. Improper Threats

11-2. Undue Influence

11-3. Fraud

11-3a. Fraud in the Execution

11-3b. Fraud in the Inducement

11-4. Nonfraudulent Misrepresentation

11-5. Mistake

11-5a. Mutual Mistake

11-5b. Unilateral Mistake

11-5c. Assumption of Risk of Mistake

11-5d. Effect of Fault upon Mistake

11-5e. Mistake in Meaning of Terms

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 12. Consideration

12-1. Legal Sufficiency

12-1a. Adequacy

12-1b. Unilateral Contracts

12-1c. Bilateral Contracts

12-1d. Illusory Promises

12-1e. Preexisting Public Obligations

12-2. Bargained-for Exchange

12-2a. Past Consideration

12-2b. Third Parties

12-3. Contracts Without Consideration

12-3a. Promises to Perform Prior Unenforceable Obligations

12-3b. Promissory Estoppel

12-3c. Promises Under Seal

12-3d. Promises Made Enforceable by Statute

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 13. Illegal Bargains

13-1. Violations of Statutes

13-1a. Licensing Statutes

13-1b. Gambling Statutes

13-1c. Usury Statutes

13-2. Violations of Public Policy

13-2a. Common Law Restraint of Trade

13-2b. Exculpatory Clauses

13-2c. Unconscionable Contracts

13-2d. Tortious Conduct

13-2e. Corrupting Public Officials

13-3. Effect of Illegality

13-3a. Party Withdrawing Before Performance

13-3b. Party Protected by Statute

13-3c. Party Not Equally at Fault

13-3d. Excusable Ignorance

13-3e. Partial Illegality

13-3f. Restitution

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 14. Contractual Capacity

14-1. Minors

14-1a. Liability on Contracts

14-1b. Liability for Necessaries

14-1c. Liability for Misrepresentation of Age

14-1d. Liability for Tort Connected with Contract

14-2. Incompetent Persons

14-2a. Person Under Guardianship

14-2b. Mental Illness or Defect

14-3. Intoxicated Persons

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 15. Contracts in Writing

Statute of Frauds

15-1. Contracts Within the Statute of Frauds

15-1a. Electronic Records

15-1b. Suretyship Provision

15-1c. Executor-Administrator Provision

15-1d. Marriage Provision

15-1e. Land Contract Provision

15-1f. One-Year Provision

15-1g. Sale of Goods

15-1h. Modification or Rescission of Contracts Within the Statute of Frauds

15-2. Compliance with the Statute of Frauds

15-2a. General Contract Provisions

15-2b. Sale of Goods

15-3. Effect of Noncompliance

15-3a. Full Performance

15-3b. Restitution

15-3c. Promissory Estoppel

Parol Evidence Rule

15-4. The Rule

15-5. Situations to Which the Rule Does Not Apply

15-6. Supplemental Evidence

Interpretation of Contracts

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 16. Third Parties to Contracts

16-1. Assignment of Rights

16-1a. Requirements of an Assignment

16-1b. Rights That Are Assignable

16-1c. Rights That Are Not Assignable

16-1d. Rights of the Assignee

16-1e. Implied Warranties of Assignor

16-1f. Express Warranties of Assignor

16-1g. Successive Assignments of the Same Right

16-2. Delegation of Duties

16-2a. Delegable Duties

16-2b. Duties of the Parties

16-3. Third-Party Beneficiary Contracts

16-3a. Intended Beneficiary

16-3b. Incidental Beneficiary

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 17. Performance, Breach, and Discharge

17-1. Conditions

17-1a. Express Conditions

17-1b. Implied-in-Fact Conditions

17-1c. Implied-in-Law Conditions

17-1d. Concurrent Conditions

17-1e. Condition Precedent

17-1f. Condition Subsequent

17-2. Discharge by Performance

17-3. Discharge by Breach

17-3a. Material Breach

17-3b. Substantial Performance

17-3c. Anticipatory Repudiation

17-3d. Unauthorized Material Alteration of Written Contract

17-4. Discharge by Agreement of the Parties

17-4a. Mutual Rescission

17-4b. Substituted Contracts

17-4c. Accord and Satisfaction

17-4d. Novation

17-5. Discharge by Operation of Law

17-5a. Impossibility

17-5b. Bankruptcy

17-5c. Statute of Limitations

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 18. Contract Remedies

18-1. Monetary Damages

18-1a. Compensatory Damages

18-1b. Reliance Damages

18-1c. Nominal Damages

18-1d. Punitive Damages

18-1e. Liquidated Damages

18-1f. Limitations on Damages

18-2. Remedies in Equity

18-2a. Specific Performance

18-2b. Injunction

18-3. Restitution

18-3a. Party Injured by Breach

18-3b. Party in Default

18-3c. Statute of Frauds

18-3d. Voidable Contracts

18-4. Limitations on Remedies

18-4a. Election of Remedies

18-4b. Loss of Power of Avoidance

18-5. Remedies for Misrepresentation

18-5a. Restitution

18-5b. Contract Law

18-5c. Tort Law

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part IV. Sales

Chapter 19. Introduction to Sales and Leases

Nature of Sales and Leases

19-1. Definitions

19-1a. Goods

19-1b. Sale

19-1c. Lease

19-1d. Governing Law

19-2. Fundamental Principles of Article 2 and Article 2A

19-2a. Good Faith

19-2b. Unconscionability

19-2c. Expansion of Commercial Practices

19-2d. Sales By and Between Merchants

19-2e. Liberal Administration of Remedies

19-2f. Freedom of Contract

19-2g. Validation and Preservation of Sales Contracts

Formation of Sales and Lease Contracts

19-3. Manifestation of Mutual Assent

19-3a. Definiteness of an Offer

19-3b. Variant Acceptances

19-3c. Manner of Acceptance

19-3d. Auctions

19-4. Consideration

19-5. Form of the Contract

19-5a. Statute of Frauds

19-5b. Parol Evidence

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 20. Performance

20-1. Performance by the Seller

20-1a. Time of Tender

20-1b. Place of Tender

20-1c. Perfect Tender Rule

20-2. Performance by the Buyer

20-2a. Inspection

20-2b. Rejection

20-2c. Acceptance

20-2d. Revocation of Acceptance

20-2e. Obligation of Payment

20-3. Obligations of Both Parties

20-3a. Casualty to Identified Goods

20-3b. Failure of Presupposed Conditions

20-3c. Substituted Performance

20-3d. Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance

20-3e. Right to Cooperation

20-3f. Anticipatory Repudiation

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 21. Transfer of Title and Risk of Loss

21-1. Transfer of Title

21-1a. Identification

21-1b. Passage of Title

21-1c. Power to Transfer Title

21-2. Risk of Loss

21-2a. Risk of Loss Where There Is a Breach

21-2b. Risk of Loss in Absence of a Breach

21-3. Bulk Sales

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 22. Product Liability: Warranties and Strict Liability

Warranties

22-1. Types of Warranties

22-1a. Warranty of Title

22-1b. Express Warranties

22-1c. Implied Warranties

22-2. Obstacles to Warranty Actions

22-2a. Disclaimer of Warranties

22-2b. Limitation or Modification of Warranties

22-2c. Privity of Contract

22-2d. Notice of Breach of Warranty

22-2e. Plaintiff’s Conduct

Strict Product Liability in Tort

22-3. Requirements under Second Restatement of Torts

22-3a. Merchant Sellers

22-3b. Defective Condition

22-3c. Unreasonably Dangerous

22-4. Obstacles to Recovery under Second Restatement

22-4a. Disclaimers and Notice

22-4b. Privity

22-4c. Plaintiff’s Conduct

22-4d. Subsequent Alteration

22-4e. Statute of Repose

22-4f. Limitations on Damages

22-5. Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability

22-5a. Manufacturing Defects

22-5b. Design Defect

22-5c. Failure to Warn

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 23. Sales Remedies

23-1. Remedies of the Seller

23-1a. Withhold Delivery of the Goods

23-1b. Stop Delivery of the Goods

23-1c. Identify Goods to the Contract

23-1d. Resell the Goods and Recover Damages

23-1e. Recover Damages for Nonacceptance or Repudiation

23-1f. Recover the Price

23-1g. Recover Incidental Damages

23-1h. Cancel the Contract

23-1i. Reclaim the Goods upon the Buyer’s Insolvency

23-2. Remedies of the Buyer

23-2a. Cancel the Contract

23-2b. Recover Payments Made

23-2c. Cover

23-2d. Recover Damages for Nondelivery or Repudiation

23-2e. Recover Identified Goods on the Seller’s Insolvency

23-2f. Sue for Replevin

23-2g. Sue for Specific Performance

23-2h. Enforce a Security Interest in the Goods

23-2i. Recover Damages for Breach in Regard to Accepted Goods

23-2j. Recover Incidental Damages

23-2k. Recover Consequential Damages

23-3. Contractual Provisions Affecting Remedies

23-3a. Liquidation or Limitation of Damages

23-3b. Modification or Limitation of Remedy by Agreement

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part V. Negotiable Instruments

Chapter 24. Form and Content

24-1. Negotiability

24-1a. Development of Law of Negotiable Instruments

24-1b. Assignment Compared with Negotiation

24-2. Types of Negotiable Instruments

24-2a. Drafts

24-2b. Checks

24-2c. Notes

24-2d. Certificates of Deposit

24-3. Formal Requirements of Negotiable Instruments

24-3a. Writing

24-3b. Signed

24-3c. Promise or Order to Pay

24-3d. Unconditional

24-3e. Fixed Amount

24-3f. Money

24-3g. No Other Undertaking or Instruction

24-3h. Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time

24-3i. Payable to Order or to Bearer

24-3j. Terms and Omissions and Their Effect on Negotiability

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 25. Transfer and Holder in Due Course

Transfer

25-1. Negotiation

25-1a. Negotiation of Bearer Paper

25-1b. Negotiation of Order Paper

25-1c. Negotiations Subject to Rescission

25-2. Indorsements

25-2a. Blank Indorsements

25-2b. Special Indorsements

25-2c. Restrictive Indorsements

25-2d. Unqualified and Qualified Indorsements

25-2e. Formal Requirements of Indorsements

Holder in Due Course

25-3. Requirements of a Holder in Due Course

25-3a. Holder

25-3b. Value

25-3c. Good Faith

25-3d. Lack of Notice

25-3e. Without Reason to Question Its Authenticity

25-4. Holder in Due Course Status

25-4a. A Payee May Be a Holder in Due Course

25-4b. The Shelter Rule

25-5. The Preferred Position of a Holder in Due Course

25-5a. Real Defenses

25-5b. Personal Defenses

25-6. Limitations upon Holder in Due Course Rights

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 26. Liability of Parties

Contractual Liability

26-1. Signature

26-1a. Authorized Signatures

26-1b. Unauthorized Signatures

26-2. Liability of Primary Parties

26-2a. Makers

26-2b. Acceptors

26-3. Liability of Secondary Parties

26-3a. Drawers

26-3b. Indorsers

26-3c. Effect of Acceptance

26-3d. Disclaimer of Liability by Secondary Parties

26-3e. Conditions Precedent to Liability

26-3f. Liability for Conversion

26-4. Termination of Liability

26-4a. Payment

26-4b. Tender of Payment

26-4c. Cancellation and Renunciation

Liability Based on Warranty

26-5. Warranties on Transfer

26-5a. Entitlement to Enforce

26-5b. Authentic and Authorized Signatures

26-5c. No Alteration

26-5d. No Defenses

26-5e. No Knowledge of Insolvency

26-6. Warranties on Presentment

26-6a. Drawees of Unaccepted Drafts

26-6b. All Other Payors

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 27. Bank Deposits, Collections, and Funds Transfers

Bank Deposits and Collections

27-1. Collection of Items

27-1a. Collecting Banks

27-1b. Warranties

27-1c. Payor Banks

27-2. Relationship Between Payor Bank and Its Customer

27-2a. Payment of an Item

27-2b. Substitute Check

27-2c. Stop Payment Orders

27-2d. Bank’s Right to Subrogation on Improper Payment

27-2e. Disclosure Requirements

27-2f. Customer’s Death or Incompetence

27-2g. Customer’s Duties

Electronic Funds Transfer

27-3. Types of Electronic Funds Transfer

27-3a. Automated Teller Machines

27-3b. Point-of-Sale Systems

27-3c. Direct Deposits and Withdrawals

27-3d. Pay-by-Phone Systems

27-3e. Online Banking

27-3f. Wholesale Electronic Funds Transfers

27-4. Consumer Funds Transfers

27-4a. Disclosure

27-4b. Documentation and Periodic Statements

27-4c. Preauthorized Transfers

27-4d. Error Resolution

27-4e. Consumer Liability

27-4f. Liability of Financial Institution

27-5. Wholesale Funds Transfers

27-5a. Scope of Article 4A

27-5b. Acceptance

27-5c. Erroneous Execution of Payment Orders

27-5d. Unauthorized Payment Orders

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part VI. Agency

Chapter 28. Relationship of Principal and Agent

28-1. Nature of Agency

28-1a. Scope of Agency Purposes

28-1b. Other Legal Relationships

28-2. Creation of Agency

28-2a. Formalities

28-2b. Capacity

28-3. Duties of Agent to Principal

28-3a. Duty of Obedience

28-3b. Duty of Good Conduct

28-3c. Duty of Diligence

28-3d. Duty to Inform

28-3e. Duty to Account

28-3f. Fiduciary Duty

28-4. Duties of Principal to Agent

28-4a. Contractual Duties

28-4b. Tort and Other Duties

28-5. Termination of Agency

28-5a. Acts of the Parties

28-5b. Operation of Law

28-5c. Irrevocable Powers

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 29. Relationship with Third Parties

Relationship of Principal and Third Persons

29-1. Contract Liability of Principal

29-1a. Types of Authority

29-1b. Delegation of Authority

29-1c. Effect of Termination of Agency on Authority

29-1d. Ratification

29-1e. Fundamental Rules of Contractual Liability

29-2. Tort Liability of Principal

29-2a. Direct Liability of Principal

29-2b. Vicarious Liability of Principal for authorized Acts of Agent

29-3. Criminal Liability of Principal

Relationship of Agent and Third Persons

29-4. Contract Liability of Agent

29-4a. Disclosed Principal

29-4b. Unidentified Principal

29-4c. Undisclosed Principal

29-4d. Nonexistent or Incompetent Principal

29-5. Tort Liability of Agent

29-6. Rights of Agent against Third Person

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part VII. Business Associations

Chapter 30. Formation and Internal Relations of General Partnerships

Choosing a Business Association

30-1. Factors Affecting the Choice

30-1a. Ease of Formation

30-1b. Taxation

30-1c. External Liability

30-1d. Management and Control

30-1e. Transferability

30-1f. Continuity

30-2. Forms of Business Associations

30-2a. Sole Proprietorship

30-2b. General Partnership

30-2c. Joint Venture

30-2d. Limited Partnership

30-2e. Limited Liability Company

30-2f. Limited Liability Partnership

30-2g. Limited Liability Limited Partnership

30-2h. Corporation

30-2i. Business Trusts

Formation of General Partnerships

30-3. Nature of Partnership

30-3a. Definition

30-3b. Entity Theory

30-4. Formation of a Partnership

30-4a. Partnership Agreement

30-4b. Tests of Partnership Existence

30-4c. Partnership Capital and Property

Relationships among Partners

30-5. Duties among Partners

30-5a. Fiduciary Duty

30-5b. Duty of Obedience

30-5c. Duty of Care

30-6. Rights among Partners

30-6a. Rights in Specific Partnership Property

30-6b. Partner’s Interest in the Partnership

30-6c. Right to Share in Distributions

30-6d. Right to Participate in Management

30-6e. Right to Choose Associates

30-6f. Enforcement Rights

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 31. Operation and Dissolution of General Partnerships

Relationship of Partnership and Partners with Third Parties

31-1. Contracts of Partnership

31-1a. Authority to Bind Partnership

31-1b. Partnership by Estoppel

31-2. Torts and Crimes of Partnership

31-3. Notice to a Partner

31-4. Liability of Incoming Partner

Dissociation and Dissolution of General Partnerships under the RUPA

31-5. Dissociation

31-5a. Wrongful Dissociations

31-5b. Rightful Dissociations

31-5c. Effect of Dissociation

31-6. Dissolution

31-6a. Causes of Dissolution

31-6b. Effects of Dissolution

31-6c. Winding up

31-7. Dissociation Without Dissolution

31-7a. Dissociations Not Causing Dissolution

31-7b. Continuation after Dissociation

31-7c. Dissociated Partner’s Power to Bind the Partnership

31-7d. Dissociated Partner’s Liability to Third Persons

Dissolution of General Partnerships under the UPA

31-8. Dissolution

31-8a. Causes of Dissolution

31-8b. Effects of Dissolution

31-9. Winding up

31-9a. Distribution of Assets

31-9b. Marshaling of Assets

31-10. Continuation after Dissolution

31-10a. Right to Continue Partnership

31-10b. Rights of Creditors

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 32. Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies

32-1. Limited Partnerships

32-1a. Definition

32-1b. Formation

32-1c. Rights

32-1d. Duties and Liabilities

32-1e. Dissolution

32-2. Limited Liability Companies

32-2a. Formation

32-2b. Rights of Members

32-2c. Duties

32-2d. Liabilities

32-2e. Dissolution

32-2f. Mergers and Conversions

32-3. Other Unincorporated Business Associations

32-3a. Limited Liability Partnerships

32-3b. Limited Liability Limited Partnerships

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 33. Nature and Formation of Corporations

Nature of Corporations

33-1. Corporate Attributes

33-1a. Legal Entity

33-1b. Limited Liability

33-1c. Free Transferability of Corporate Shares

33-1d. Perpetual Existence

33-1e. Centralized Management

33-1f. As a Person

33-1g. As a Citizen

33-2. Classification of Corporations

33-2a. Public or Private

33-2b. Profit or Nonprofit

33-2c. Domestic or Foreign

33-2d. Publicly Held or Closely Held

33-2e. Subchapter S Corporation

33-2f. Professional Corporations

Formation of a Corporation

33-3. Organizing the Corporation

33-3a. Promoters

33-3b. Subscribers

33-4. Formalities of Incorporation

33-4a. Selection of Name

33-4b. Incorporators

33-4c. Articles of Incorporation

33-4d. Organizational Meeting

33-4e. Bylaws

Recognition or Disregard of Corporateness

33-5. Defective Incorporation

33-5a. Common Law Approach

33-5b. Statutory Approach

33-6. Piercing the Corporate Veil

33-6a. Closely Held Corporations

33-6b. Parent–Subsidiary

Corporate Powers

33-7. Sources of Corporate Powers

33-7a. Statutory Powers

33-7b. Purposes

33-8. Ultra Vires Acts

33-8a. Effect of Ultra Vires Acts

33-8b. Remedies for Ultra Vires Acts

33-9. Liability for Torts and Crimes

33-9a. Torts

33-9b. Crimes

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 34. Financial Structure of Corporations

Debt Securities

34-1. Authority to Issue Debt Securities

34-2. Types of Debt Securities

34-2a. Unsecured Bonds

34-2b. Secured Bonds

34-2c. Income Bonds

34-2d. Convertible Bonds

34-2e. Callable Bonds

Equity Securities

34-3. Issuance of Shares

34-3a. Authority to Issue Shares

34-3b. Preemptive Rights

34-3c. Amount of Consideration for Shares

34-3d. Payment for Shares

34-3e. Liability for Shares

34-4. Classes of Shares

34-4a. Common Stock

34-4b. Preferred Stock

34-4c. Stock Options

Dividends and Other Distributions

34-5. Types of Dividends and Other Distributions

34-5a. Cash Dividends

34-5b. Property Dividends

34-5c. Liquidating Dividends

34-5d. Redemption of Shares

34-5e. Acquisition of Shares

34-6. Legal Restrictions on Dividends and Other Distributions

34-6a. Definitions

34-6b. Legal Restrictions on Cash Dividends

34-6c. Legal Restrictions on Liquidating Distributions

34-6d. Legal Restrictions on Redemption and Acquisition of Shares

34-7. Declaration and Payment of Distributions

34-7a. Shareholders’ Right to Compel a Dividend

34-7b. Effect of Declaration of a Distribution

34-8. Liability for Improper Dividends and Distributions

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 35. Management Structure of Corporations

Corporate Governance

Role of Shareholders

35-1. Voting Rights of Shareholders

35-1a. Shareholder Meetings

35-1b. Quorum and Voting

35-1c. Election of Directors

35-1d. Removal of Directors

35-1e. Approval of Fundamental Changes

35-1f. Concentrations of Voting Power

35-1g. Restrictions on Transfer of Shares

35-2. Enforcement Rights of Shareholders

35-2a. Right to Inspect Books and Records

35-2b. Shareholder Suits

35-2c. Shareholder’s Right to Dissent

Role of Directors and Officers

35-3. Function of the Board of Directors

35-3a. Selection and Removal of Officers

35-3b. Capital Structure

35-3c. Fundamental Changes

35-3d. Dividends

35-3e. Management Compensation

35-4. Election and Tenure of Directors

35-4a. Election, Number, and Tenure of Directors

35-4b. Vacancies and Removal of Directors

35-4c. Compensation of Directors

35-5. Exercise of Directors’ Functions

35-5a. Quorum and Voting

35-5b. Action Taken Without a Meeting

35-5c. Delegation of Board Powers

35-5d. Directors’ Inspection Rights

35-6. Officers

35-6a. Selection and Removal of Officers

35-6b. Role of Officers

35-6c. Authority of Officers

35-7. Duties of Directors and Officers

35-7a. Duty of Obedience

35-7b. Duty of Diligence

35-7c. Duty of Loyalty

35-7d. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

35-7e. Liability Limitation Statutes

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 36. Fundamental Changes of Corporations

36-1. Amendments to the Articles of Incorporation

36-1a. Approval by Directors and Shareholders

36-1b. Approval by Directors

36-2. Combinations

36-2a. Purchase or Lease of All or Substantially All of the Assets

36-2b. Purchase of Shares

36-2c. Compulsory Share Exchange

36-2d. Merger

36-2e. Consolidation

36-2f. Domestication and Conversion

36-2g. Going Private Transactions

36-2h. Dissenting Shareholders

36-3. Dissolution

36-3a. Voluntary Dissolution

36-3b. Involuntary Dissolution

36-3c. Liquidation

36-3d. Protection of Creditors

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part VIII. Debtor and Creditor Relations

Chapter 37. Secured Transactions and Suretyship

Secured Transactions in Personal Property

37-1. Essentials of Secured Transactions

37-2. Classification of Collateral

37-2a. Goods

37-2b. Indispensable Paper

37-2c. Intangibles

37-2d. Other Kinds of Collateral

37-3. Attachment

37-3a. Value

37-3b. Debtor’s Rights in Collateral

37-3c. Security Agreement

37-4. Perfection

37-4a. Filing a Financing Statement

37-4b. Possession

37-4c. Automatic Perfection

37-4d. Temporary Perfection

37-4e. Perfection by Control

37-5. Priorities among Competing Interests

37-5a. Against Unsecured Creditors

37-5b. Against Other Secured Creditors

37-5c. Against Buyers

37-5d. Against Lien Creditors

37-5e. Against Trustee in Bankruptcy

37-6. Default

37-6a. Repossession of Collateral

37-6b. Sale of Collateral

37-6c. Acceptance of Collateral

Suretyship

37-7. Nature and Formation

37-7a. Types of Sureties

37-7b. Particular Kinds of Suretyships

37-7c. Formation

37-8. Duties of Surety

37-9. Rights of Surety

37-9a. Exoneration

37-9b. Reimbursement

37-9c. Subrogation

37-9d. Contribution

37-10. Defenses of Surety and Principal Debtor

37-10a. Personal Defenses of Principal Debtor

37-10b. Personal Defenses of Surety

37-10c. Defenses of Both Surety and Principal Debtor

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 38. Bankruptcy

Federal Bankruptcy Law

38-1. Case Administration—Chapter 3

38-1a. Commencement of the Case

38-1b. Dismissal

38-1c. Automatic Stays

38-1d. Trustees

38-1e. Meetings of Creditors

38-2. Creditors, The Debtor, And The Estate— Chapter 5

38-2a. Creditors

38-2b. Debtors

38-2c. The Estate

38-3. Liquidation—Chapter 7

38-3a. Proceedings

38-3b. Conversion

38-3c. Dismissal

38-3d. Distribution of the Estate

38-3e. Discharge

38-4. Reorganization— Chapter 11

38-4a. Proceedings

38-4b. Conversion or Dismissal

38-4c. Plan of Reorganization

38-4d. Acceptance of Plan

38-4e. Confirmation of Plan

38-4f. Effect of Confirmation

38-5. Adjustment of Debts of Individuals— Chapter 13

38-5a. Proceedings

38-5b. Conversion or Dismissal

38-5c. The Plan

38-5d. Confirmation of Plan

38-5e. Effect of Confirmation

38-5f. Discharge

Creditors’ Rights and Debtors’ Relief Outside of Bankruptcy

38-6. Creditors’ Rights

38-6a. Prejudgment Remedies

38-6b. Postjudgment Remedies

38-7. Debtors’ Relief

38-7a. Compositions

38-7b. Assignments for Benefit of Creditors

38-7c. Equity Receiverships

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part IX. Regulation of Business

Chapter 39. Securities Regulation

The Securities Act of 1933

39-1. Definition of a Security

39-2. Registration of Securities

39-2a. Disclosure Requirements

39-2b. Integrated Disclosure

39-2c. Shelf Registrations

39-2d. Communications

39-2e. Emerging Growth Companies (EGCs)

39-3. Exempt Securities

39-3a. Short-Term Commercial Paper

39-3b. Other Exempt Securities

39-4. Exempt Transactions for Issuers

39-4a. Limited Offers

39-4b. Crowdfunding Exemption

39-4c. Regulation A

39-4d. Intrastate Issues

39-5. Exempt transactions for nonissuers

39-5a. Rule 144

39-5b. Regulation A

39-6. Liability

39-6a. Unregistered Sales

39-6b. False Registration Statements

39-6c. Antifraud Provisions

39-6d. Criminal Sanctions

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934

39-7. Disclosure

39-7a. Registration Requirements for Securities

39-7b. Periodic Reporting Requirements

39-7c. Proxy Solicitations

39-7d. Tender Offers

39-7e. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

39-8. Liability

39-8a. Misleading Statements in Reports

39-8b. Short-Swing Profits

39-8c. Antifraud Provision

39-8d. Express Insider Trading Liability

39-8e. Civil Monetary Penalties for Insider Trading

39-8f. Misleading Proxy Statements

39-8g. Fraudulent Tender Offers

39-8h. Antibribery Provision of FCPA

39-8i. Criminal Sanctions

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 40. Intellectual Property

40-1. Trade Secrets

40-1a. State Protection of Trade Secrets

40-1b. Federal Protection of Trade Secrets

40-2. Trade Symbols

40-2a. Types of Trade Symbols

40-2b. Registration

40-2c. Infringement

40-2d. Remedies

40-3. Trade Names

40-4. Copyrights

40-4a. Registration

40-4b. Rights

40-4c. Ownership

40-4d. Infringement and Remedies

40-5. Patents

40-5a. Patentability

40-5b. Issuance of Patents

40-5c. Infringement

40-5d. Remedies

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 41. Employment Law

41-1. Labor Law

41-1a. Norris-La Guardia Act

41-1b. National Labor Relations Act

41-1c. Labor-Management Relations Act

41-1d. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act

41-2. Employment Discrimination Law

41-2a. Equal Pay Act

41-2b. Civil Rights Act of 1964

41-2c. Executive Order

41-2d. Age Discrimination in Employment Act

41-2e. Disability Law

41-2f. Genetic Information Discrimination

41-3. Employee Protection

41-3a. Employee Termination at Will

41-3b. Occupational Safety and Health Act

41-3c. Employee Privacy

41-3d. Workers’ Compensation

41-3e. Social Security and Unemployment Insurance

41-3f. Fair Labor Standards Act

41-3g. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act

41-3h. Family and Medical Leave Act

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 42. Antitrust

42-1. Sherman Antitrust Act

42-1a. Restraint of Trade

42-1b. Monopolies

42-2. Clayton Act

42-2a. Tying Contracts and Exclusive Dealing

42-2b. Mergers

42-3. Robinson-Patman Act

42-3a. Primary-Line Injury

42-3b. Secondary- and Tertiary-Line Injury

42-3c. Cost Justification

42-3d. Meeting Competition

42-4. Federal Trade Commission Act

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 43. Accountants’ Legal Liability

43-1. Common Law

43-1a. Contract Liability

43-1b. Tort Liability

43-1c. Criminal Liability

43-1d. Client Information

43-2. Federal Securities Law

43-2a. 1933 Act

43-2b. 1934 Act

43-2c. Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 44. Consumer Protection

44-1. State and Federal Consumer Protection Agencies

44-1a. State and Local Consumer Protection Agencies

44-1b. The Federal Trade Commission

44-1c. Remedies

44-1d. The Consumer Product Safety Commission

44-1e. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

44-1f. Other Federal Consumer Protection Agencies

44-2. Consumer Purchases

44-2a. Federal Warranty Protection

44-2b. State “Lemon Laws”

44-2c. Consumer Right of Rescission

44-3. Consumer Credit Transactions

44-3a. Access to the Market

44-3b. Disclosure Requirements

44-3c. Contract Terms

44-3d. Consumer Credit Card Fraud

44-3e. Fair Credit Reportage

44-3f. Credit Card Bill of Rights

44-4. Creditors’ Remedies

44-4a. Wage Assignments and Garnishment

44-4b. Security Interest in Goods

44-4c. Debt Collection Practices

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 45. Environmental Law

Common Law Actions for Environmental Damage

45-1. Nuisance

45-1a. Private Nuisance

45-1b. Public Nuisance

45-2. Trespass to Land

45-3. Strict Liability for Abnormally Dangerous Activities

45-4. Problems Common to Private Causes of Action

Federal Regulation of the Environment

45-5. The National Environmental Policy Act

45-5a. The Council on Environmental Quality

45-5b. Environmental Impact Statements

45-6. The Clean Air Act

45-6a. Existing Stationary Sources and Motor Vehicles Then in Use

45-6b. New Source Standards

45-7. The Clean Water Act

45-7a. Point Sources

45-7b. NonNonpoint Source Pollution

45-7c. New Source Performance Standards

45-8. Hazardous Substances

45-8a. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

45-8b. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

45-8c. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

45-8d. The Superfund

45-9. International Protection of the Ozone Layer

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 46. International Business Law

46-1. The International Environment

46-1a. International Court of Justice

46-1b. Regional Trade Communities

46-1c. International Treaties

46-2. Jurisdiction Over Actions of Foreign Governments

46-2a. Sovereign Immunity

46-2b. Act of State Doctrine

46-2c. Taking of Foreign Investment Property

46-3. Transacting Business Abroad

46-3a. Flow of Trade

46-3b. Flow of Labor

46-3c. Flow of Capital

46-3d. International Contracts

46-3e. Antitrust Laws

46-3f. Securities Regulation

46-3g. Protection of Intellectual Property

46-3h. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

46-3i. Employment Discrimination

46-3j. Bankruptcy

46-4. Forms of Multinational Enterprises

46-4a. Direct Export Sales

46-4b. Foreign Agents

46-4c. Distributorships

46-4d. Licensing

46-4e. Joint Ventures

46-4f. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Part X. Property

Chapter 47. Introduction to Property, Property Insurance, Bailments, and Documents of Title

Introduction to Property and Personal Property

47-1. Kinds of Property

47-1a. Tangible and Intangible

47-1b. Real and Personal

47-1c. Fixtures

47-2. Transfer of Title to Personal Property

47-2a. By Sale

47-2b. By Gift

47-2c. By Will or Descent

47-2d. By Accession

47-2e. By Confusion

47-2f. By Possession

Property Insurance

47-3. Fire and Property Insurance

47-3a. Types of Fire Covered

47-3b. Co-Insurance Clauses

47-3c. Multiple Insurers

47-3d. Types of Policies

47-4. Nature of Insurance Contracts

47-4a. Offer and Acceptance

47-4b. Insurable Interest

47-4c. Premiums

47-4d. Defenses of the Insurer

47-4e. Waiver and Estoppel

47-4f. Termination

Bailments and Documents of Title

47-5. Bailments

47-5a. Essential Elements of a Bailment

47-5b. Rights and Duties of Bailor and Bailee

47-5c. Special Types of Bailments

47-6. Documents of Title

47-6a. Types of Documents of Title

47-6b. Negotiability of Documents of Title

47-6c. Due Negotiation

47-6d. Warranties

47-6e. Ineffective Documents

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 48. Interests in Real Property

48-1. Freehold Estates

48-1a. Fee Estates

48-1b. Life Estates

48-1c. Future Interests

48-2. Leasehold Estates

48-2a. Creation and Duration

48-2b. Transfer of Interests

48-2c. Tenant’s Obligations

48-2d. Landlord’s Obligations

48-3. Concurrent Ownership

48-3a. Tenancy in Common

48-3b. Joint Tenancy

48-3c. Tenancy by the Entireties

48-3d. Community Property

48-3e. Condominiums

48-3f. Cooperatives

48-4. Nonpossessory Interests

48-4a. Definition of Easements

48-4b. Types of Easements

48-4c. Creation of Easements

48-4d. Profits à Prendre

48-4e. Licenses

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 49. Transfer and Control of Real Property

Transfer of Real Property

49-1. Contract of Sale

49-1a. Formation

49-1b. Marketable Title

49-1c. Implied Warranty of Habitability

49-2. Deeds

49-2a. Types of Deeds

49-2b. Formal Requirements

49-2c. Delivery of Deeds

49-2d. Recordation

49-3. Secured Transactions

49-3a. Form of Mortgages

49-3b. Rights and Duties

49-3c. Mortgage Regulation

49-3d. Transfer of the Interests under the Mortgage

49-3e. Foreclosure

49-4. Adverse Possession

Public and Private Controls

49-5. Zoning

49-5a. Enabling Acts and Zoning Ordinances

49-5b. Variance

49-5c. Nonconforming Uses

49-5d. Judicial Review of Zoning

49-5e. Subdivision Master Plans

49-6. Eminent Domain

49-6a. Public Use

49-6b. Just Compensation

49-7. Private Restrictions on Land Use

49-7a. Covenants Running with the Land

49-7b. Restrictive Covenants in Subdivisions

49-7c. Termination of Restrictive Covenants

49-7d. Validity of Restrictive Covenants

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Chapter 50. Trusts and Wills

Trusts

50-1. Types of Trusts

50-1a. Express Trusts

50-1b. Implied Trusts

50-2. Creation of Trusts

50-2a. Settlor

50-2b. Subject Matter

50-2c. Trustee

50-2d. Beneficiary

50-3. Termination of a Trust

Decedent’s Estates

50-4. Wills

50-4a. Mental Capacity

50-4b. Formal Requirements of a Will

50-4c. Revocation of a Will

50-4d. Special Types of Wills

50-5. Intestate Succession

50-6. Administration of Estates

Chapter Summary

Questions

Case Problems

Taking Sides

Appendix A. The Constitution of the United States of America

Appendix B. Uniform Commercial Code (Selected Provisions)

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