Instruction Manual for Exploring Biological Anthropology The Essentials 4th edition by Craig Stanford, John Allen, Susan Anton ISBN 0134014142 9780134014142

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ISBN 10: 0134014142
ISBN 13: 9780134014142
Author: Craig Stanford, John Allen, Susan Anton

For courses in Biological Anthropology Present a concise overview of biological anthropology, from early foundations to recent innovations Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials combines concise coverage of the foundations of the field with modern innovations and discoveries, helping students understand, and get excited about, the discipline. Because the authors conduct research in three of the main areas of biological anthropology–the human fossil record (Susan Antón), primate behavior and ecology (Craig Stanford), and human biology and the brain (John Allen)–they offer a specialist approach that engages students and gives them everything they need to master the subject. The Fourth Edition continues to present traditional physical anthropology within a modern Darwinian framework, and includes coverage of contemporary discoveries to highlight the ever-increasing body of knowledge in biological anthropology. Also available with MyAnthroLab® MyAnthroLab for the Biological Anthropology course extends learning online to engage students and improve results. Media resources with assignments bring concepts to life, and offer students opportunities to practice applying what they’ve learned. Please note: this version of MyAnthroLab does not include an eText.   Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, Fourth Edition is also available via REVEL™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab™ & Mastering™ does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab & Mastering, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.

Exploring Biological Anthropology The Essentials 4th Table of contents:

PART I Foundations

Chapter 1 What Is Biological Anthropology?

Anthropology and Its Subfields

The Scope of Biological Anthropology

The Subfields of Anthropology

Paleoanthropology

Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology

Paleopathology and Bioarchaeology

Forensic Anthropology

Primatology

Human Biology

The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 2 Origins of Evolutionary Thought

What Is Science?

The Early Thinkers

The Roots of Modern Science

Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life

The Road to the Darwinian Revolution

The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell

The Darwinian Revolution

The Galápagos

Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Insights & Advances: Darwin versus Wallace?

Science and Creationism

Insights & Advances: What Is Intelligent Design?

Summary

Review Questions

PART II Mechanisms of Evolution

Chapter 3 Genetics: Cells and Molecules

The Study of Genetics

The Cell

Cell Anatomy

Insights & Advances: Cloning Controversies

DNA Structure and Function

DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level

DNA Function I: Replication

DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis

DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division

Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research

Indirect and Direct Research Methods

PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA

INNOVATIONS: DNA Barcoding

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 4 Genetics: From Genotype

From Genotype to Phenotype

The ABO Blood Type System

Obesity: A Complex Interaction

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel’s Postulates

Linkage and Crossing Over

Mutation

Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease

Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good

X-Linked Disorders

Mendelian Genetics in Humans

Genetics beyond Mendel

Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment

Insights & Advances: Popular Mendelism and the Shadow of Eugenics

Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance

Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts

INNOVATIONS: A New Genetic Era

Genes and Environments

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 5 The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species

How Evolution Works

Where Does Variation Come From?

How Natural Selection Works

Other Ways By Which Evolution Happens

Classification and Evolution

Taxonomy and Speciation

What Is a Species?

Species Concepts

Insights & Advances: What’s in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Conservation

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

How Species Are Formed

The Tempo of Speciation

Adaptation

Is Everything Adaptive?

Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium

Levels of Selection

Inclusive Fitness

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 6 Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability

Human Variation at the Individual and Group Levels

What Is a Population?

Historical Perspectives on Human Variation

Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations

The Monogenism–Polygenism Debate

Race and Racism in the Twentieth Century

Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology

Deconstructing Racial Features

Population Genetics

Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems

Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms

INNOVATIONS: Bermuda: Population Genetics of One of the Last Places Settled by People

Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies

Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations

The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance

Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle Cell and Other Conditions

Adaptation and Adaptability

Levels of Adaptability

Heat and Cold

Insights & Advances: Technology and Extreme Environments

Body Size and Shape

Living at High Altitude

Skin Color

Summary

Review Questions

PART III Primates

Chapter 7 The Primates

The Primate Radiation

The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates

What Exactly Is a Primate?

Anatomical Traits

Life History Traits

Behavioral Traits

A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates

The Strepsirhines

The Haplorhines

Insights & Advances: The Rarest of the Rare

The New World Monkeys

The Old World Monkeys

The Hominoids

Primate Ecology

Insights & Advances: The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes?

Diet

You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies

Diet and Feeding Competition

Territories and Ranges

Predation

Primate Communities

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 8 Primate Behavior

Studying Primates

The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior

Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry

Male Reproductive Strategies

Female Reproductive Strategies

Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social?

The Paradox of Sociality

INNOVATIONS: Culture in Nonhuman Primates

Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies

Insights & Advances: The Infanticide Wars

Insights & Advances: Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus?

Summary

Review Questions

PART IV The Fossil Record

Chapter 9 Geology and Primate Origins

How to Become a Fossil

The Importance of Context

Stratigraphy

The Geologic Time Scale

How Old Is It?

Relative Dating Techniques

Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques

Chronometric Dating Techniques

Insights & Advances: Dating Controversies

INNOVATIONS: Time in a Bottle

Earth in the Cenozoic

Continents and Land Masses

The Environment in the Cenozoic

Climate Change and Early Primate Evolution

Changes in the Paleocene Related to the Origin of Primates

Why Primates?

True Primates of the Eocene

Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine–Haplorhine Split

Climate Change and the Origin of Monkeys and Apes

The First Monkeys

New World Monkeys

Old World Monkeys

What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids?

The Earliest Apes

Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes

The Monkey’s Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the Miocene?

Molecular Evolution in Primates

A Primate Molecular Phylogeny

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 10 Early Hominins and Australopithecus

Becoming a Biped

Anatomical Changes

Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan

Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?

The First Hominins?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7.0–6.0 mya)

Insights & Advances: Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor

Orrorin tugenensis (6.0 mya)

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) and Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8–5.2 mya)

Selective Pressures and the Origin of Hominins

Australopithecus and Kin

Australopithecus anamensis (4.2–3.9 mya)

Australopithecus afarensis (3.9–2.9 mya)

INNOVATIONS: Dikika and Development

Other East and West African Hominins (3.5–2.5 mya)

Australopithecus africanus (3.5–<2.0 mya)

Australopithecus sediba (1.97–1.78 mya)

“Robust” Australopithecus (or Paranthropus)

Understanding the Australopithecus Radiation

Cohabitation

Tools and Intelligence

Ancestors and Descendants

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 11 Rise of the Genus Homo

Climate and the Evolution of Homo in the Pliocene and Pleistocene

Defining the Genus Homo

Earliest Genus Homo

Homo habilis (1.9–1.4 mya)

Homo rudolfensis (2.1–1.78 mya)

Early Tool Use, Hunting, and Scavenging

Insights & Advances: Homo naledi and The Cradle of Humankind

Hunting and Scavenging

Who Was Homo erectus?

Anatomical Features

Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster

Homo erectus Around the World

African Origins

The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia

Dispersal Into East Asia

INNOVATIONS: What’s Size Got to Do with It?

The Status of Homo erectus in Europe

The Lifeways of Homo erectus

Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age

Insights & Advances: The Little People of Flores

A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence

Homo Erectus Life History

Homo erectus Leaves Africa

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 12 Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals

Hominin Evolution in the Middle to Late Pleistocene

Defining Anatomically Modern Homo Sapiens

Archaic Homo sapiens

European Archaic Homo sapiens (H. Heidelbergensis)

African Archaic Homo sapiens (H. rhodesiensis)

Asian Archaic Homo sapiens

Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens

Stone Tools

Tools from Organic Materials

Big-Game Hunting

Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites

The Neandertals

Geographic and Temporal Distribution

History of Neandertal Discovery

Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold

INNOVATIONS: Neandertal Genes

Growing up Neandertal

Health and Disease

Neandertal Behavior

Material Culture

Coping with Cold

Hunting, Subsistence, and Cannibalism

Burials

Ritual and Symbolic Behavior

Insights & Advances: The Denisovans

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 13 The Emergence, Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens

The Emergence of Modern Humans

Models of Modern Human Origins

Replacement and Multiregional Models

Predictions of the Two Models

Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans

Africa

Near East

Europe

Asia and Southeast Asia

Australia

Archaeology of Modern Human Origins

Stone and Other Tools

Subsistence

Symbolism, Burial, and Art

Molecular Genetics and Human Origins

Mitochondrial DNA

INNOVATIONS: Symbolism and Human Evolution

The Y-Chromosome

MRCAs for Nuclear Genes

Ancient DNA

Interpreting Models of Human Origins

Paleontology and Archaeology

Molecular Genetics

Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans

Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands

Biological Changes at the Origins of Agriculture and Shifts to Sedentism

Insights & Advances: Peopling of the New World: Was Clovis First?

Physical and Cultural Consequences of Colonization

Summary

Review Questions

PART V Biology and Behavior of Modern Humans

Chapter 14 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Overview of the Brain

Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution

Humans Have “Large” Brains

Brain Size and the Fossil Record

Brain Reorganization

Insights & Advances: The 10% Myth: Evolution and Energy

Language: Biology and Evolution

Language in the Brain

Language in the Throat

Language Ability and the Fossil Record

Scenarios of Language Evolution

The Evolution of Human Behavior

INNOVATIONS: Music, the Brain, and Evolution

The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches

Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective

Wealth, Reproductive Success, and Survival

Physiology and Ecology

Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor

Sexual Selection and Human Behavior

Risk-Taking Behavior

Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 15 Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology

Biomedical Anthropology and the Biocultural Perspective

Birth, Growth, and Aging

Human Childbirth

Patterns of Human Growth

Stages of Human Growth

The Secular Trend in Growth

Menarche and Menopause

Insights & Advances: Early Menarche and Later Health

Aging

Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution

Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease

Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race

Diet and Disease

The Paleolithic Diet

Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency

Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty and Nonthrifty Genotypes

Forensic Anthropology, Life, Death, and the Skeleton

Field Recovery and Laboratory Processing

The Biological Profile

Age at Death

Sex

Ancestry

Height and Weight

INNOVATIONS: Ancestry and Identity Genetics

Premortem Injury and Disease

Perimortem and Postmortem Trauma

Identification and Forensic Anthropology

Time Since Death

Antemortem Records, Facial Reconstruction, and Positive IDs

Applications of Forensic Anthropology

Mass Fatalities

War Dead

War Crimes and Genocide

Insights & Advances: If You Have DNA, Why Bother with Bones?

Epilogue

Summary

Review Questions

Appendix A Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy

Appendix B The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium

Appendix C Metric–Imperial Conversions

Glossary

Bibliogrphy

Credits

Index

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