Instruction Manual for Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 9th edition by Douglas Skoog, Donald West, James Holler, Stanley Crouch ISBN 8214344188 9798214344188

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ISBN 10: 8214344188
ISBN 13: 9798214344188
Author: Douglas Skoog, Donald West, James Holler, Stanley Crouch 

A fully customizable and interactive eBook, which enhances conceptual understanding through hands-on integrated multimedia interactivity. Known for its readability and systematic, rigorous approach, this fully updated Ninth Edition of FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY offers extensive coverage of the principles and practices of analytic chemistry and consistently shows students its applied nature. The book’s award-winning authors begin each chapter with a story and photo of how analytic chemistry is applied in industry, medicine, and all the sciences. To further reinforce student learning, a wealth of dynamic photographs by renowned chemistry photographer Charlie Winters appear as chapter-openers and throughout the text. Incorporating Excel spreadsheets as a problem-solving tool, the Ninth Edition is enhanced by a chapter on Using Spreadsheets in Analytical Chemistry, updated spreadsheet summaries and problems.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 9th Table of contents:

Chapter 1. The Nature of Analytical Chemistry

1A. The Role of Analytical Chemistry

1B. Quantitative Analytical Methods

1C. A Typical Quantitative Analysis

1C-1. Choosing a Method

1C-2. Acquiring the Sample

1C-3. Processing the Sample

1C-4. Eliminating Interferences

1C-5. Calibrating and Measuring Concentration

1C-6. Calculating Results

1C-7. Evaluating Results by Estimating Reliability

1D. An Integral Role for Chemical Analysis: Feedback Control Systems

Part I. Tools of Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 2. Chemicals, Apparatus, and Unit Operations of Analytical Chemistry

2A. Selecting and Handling Reagents and Other Chemicals

2A-1. Classifying Chemicals

2A-2. Rules for Handling Reagents and Solutions

2B. Cleaning and Marking of Laboratory Ware

2C. Evaporating Liquids

2D. Measuring Mass

2D-1. Types of Analytical Balances

2D-2. The Electronic Analytical Balance

2D-3. The Single-Pan Mechanical Analytical Balance

2D-4. Sources of Error in Weighing

2D-5. Auxiliary Balances

2E. Equipment and Manipulations Associated with Weighing

2E-1. Weighing Bottles

2E-2. Desiccators and Desiccants

2E-3. Manipulating Weighing Bottles

2E-4. Weighing by Difference

2E-5. Weighing Hygroscopic Solids

2E-6. Weighing Liquids

2F. Filtration and Ignition of Solids

2F-1. Apparatus

2F-2. Filtering and Igniting Precipitates

2F-3. Directions for Filtering and Igniting Precipitates

2F-4. Rules for Manipulating Heated Objects

2G. Measuring Volume

2G-1. Units of Volume

2G-2. The Effect of Temperature on Volume Measurements

2G-3. Apparatus for Precisely Measuring Volume

2G-4. Using Volumetric Equipment

2G-5. Directions for Using a Pipet

2G-6. Directions for Using a Buret

2G-7. Directions for Using a Volumetric Flask

2H. Calibrating Volumetric Glassware

2H-1. General Directions for Calibration

2I. The Laboratory Notebook

2I-1. Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook

2I-2. Notebook Format

2J. Safety in the Laboratory

Chapter 3. Using Spreadsheets in Analytical Chemistry

3A. Keeping Records and Making Calculations

3A-1. Getting Started

3A-2. Calculating a Molar Mass

3B. More Complex Examples

3B-1. A Laboratory Notebook Example

3B-2. Another Example from Gravimetric Analysis

Questions and Problems

Chapter 4. Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

4A. Some Important Units of Measurement

4A-1. SI Units

4A-2. The Distinction between Mass and Weight

4A-3. The Mole

4A-4. The Millimole

4A-5. Calculating the Amount of a Substance in Moles or Millimoles

4B. Solutions and their Concentrations

4B-1. Concentration of Solutions

4B-2. Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions

4C. Chemical Stoichiometry

4C-1. Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas

4C-2. Stoichiometric Calculations

Questions and Problems

Chapter 5. Errors in Chemical Analyses

5A. Some Important Terms

5A-1. The Mean and the Median

5A-2. Precision

5A-3. Accuracy

5A-4. Types of Errors in Experimental Data

5B. Systematic Errors

5B-1. Sources of Systematic Errors

5B-2. The Effect of Systematic Errors on Analytical Results

5B-3. Detection of Systematic Instrument and Personal Errors

5B-4. Detection of Systematic Method Errors

Questions and Problems

Chapter 6. Random Errors in Chemical Analysis

6A. The Nature of Random Errors

6A-1. Random Error Sources

6A-2. Distribution of Experimental Results

6B. Statistical Treatment of Random Errors

6B-1. Samples and Populations

6B-2. Properties of Gaussian Curves

6B-3. The Sample Standard Deviation: A Measure of Precision

6B-4. Reliability of s as a Measure of Precision

6B-5. Variance and Other Measures of Precision

6C. Standard Deviation of Calculated Results

6C-1. Standard Deviation of a Sum or Difference

6C-2. Standard Deviation of a Product or Quotient

6C-3. Standard Deviations in Exponential Calculations

6C-4. Standard Deviations of Logarithms and Antilogarithms

6D. Reporting Computed Data

6D-1. Significant Figures

6D-2. Significant Figures in Numerical Computations

6D-3. Rounding Data

6D-4. Expressing Results of Chemical Calculations

Questions and Problems

Chapter 7. Statistical Data Treatment and Evaluation

7A. Confidence Intervals

7A-1. Finding the Confidence Interval when σ is known or s Is a Good Estimate of σ

7A-2. Finding the Confidence Interval when σ is Unknown

7B. Statistical Aids To Hypothesis Testing

7B-1. Comparing an Experimental Mean with a Known Value

7B-2. Comparison of Two Experimental Means

7B-3. Errors in Hypothesis Testing

7B-4. Comparison of Variances

7C. Analysis Of Variance

7C-1. ANOVA Concepts

7C-2. Single-Factor ANOVA

7C-3. Determining Which Results Differ

7D. Detection Of Gross Errors

7D-1. The Q Test

7D-2. Other Statistical Tests

7D-3. Recommendations for Treating Outliers

Questions and Problems

Chapter 8. Sampling, Standardization, and Calibration

8A. Analytical Samples and Methods

8A-1. Types of Samples and Methods

8A-2. Real Samples

8B. Sampling

8B-1. Obtaining a Representative Sample

8B-2. Sampling Uncertainties

8B-3. The Gross Sample

8B-4. Preparing a Laboratory Sample

8B-5. Number of Laboratory Samples

8C. Automated Sample Handling

Discrete Methods

8D. Standardization And Calibration

8D-1. Comparison with Standards

8D-2. External Standard Calibration

8D-3. Minimizing Errors in Analytical Procedures

8E. Figures of Merit for Analytical Methods

8E-1. Sensitivity and Detection Limit

8E-2. Linear Dynamic Range

8E-3. Quality Assurance of Analytical Results

Questions and Problems

Part II. Chemical Equilibria

Chapter 9. Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria

9A. The Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solutions

9A-1. Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes

9A-2. Acids and Bases

9A-3. Amphiprotic Species

9A-4. Autoprotolysis

9A-5. Strengths of Acids and Bases

9B. Chemical Equilibrium

9B-1. The Equilibrium State

9B-2. Equilibrium-Constant Expressions

9B-3. Types of Equilibrium Constants in Analytical Chemistry

9B-4. Applying the Ion-Product Constant for Water

9B-5. Using Solubility-Product Constants

9B-6. Using Acid/Base Dissociation Constants

9C. Buffer solutions

9C-1. Calculating the pH of Buffer Solutions

9C-2. Properties of Buffer Solutions

Questions and Problems

Chapter 10. Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria

10A. The Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria

10A-1. The Effect of Ionic Charges on Equilibria

10A-2. The Effect of Ionic Strength

10A-3. The Salt Effect

10B. Activity Coefficients

10B-1. Properties of Activity Coefficients

10B-2. The Debye-Hückel Equation

10B-3. Equilibrium Calculations Using Activity Coefficients

10B-4. Omitting Activity Coefficients in Equilibrium Calculations

Questions and Problems

Chapter 11. Solving Equilibrium Problems for Complex Systems

11A. Solving Multiple-Equilibrium Problems Using a Systematic Method

11A-1. Mass-Balance Equations

11A-2. Charge-Balance Equation

11A-3. Steps for Solving Problems with Several Equilibria

11A-4. Using Approximations to Solve Equilibrium Calculations

11A-5. Use of Computer Programs to Solve Multiple-Equilibrium Problems

11B. Calculating Solubilities by the Systematic Method

11B-1. The Solubility of Metal Hydroxides

11B-2. The Effect of pH on Solubility

11B-3. The Effect of Undissociated Solutes on Precipitation Calculations

11B-4. The Solubility of Precipitates in the Presence of Complexing Agents

11C. Separation of Ions by Control of the Concentration of the Precipitating Agent

11C-1. Calculation of the Feasibility of Separations

11C-2. Sulfide Separations

Questions and Problems

Part III. Classical Methods of Analysis

Chapter 12. Gravimetric Methods of Analysis

12A. Precipitation Gravimetry

12A-1. Properties of Precipitates and Precipitating Reagents

12A-2. Particle Size and Filterability of Precipitates

12A-3. Colloidal Precipitates

12A-4. Crystalline Precipitates

12A-5. Coprecipitation

12A-6. Precipitation from Homogeneous Solution

12A-7. Drying and Ignition of Precipitates

12B. Calculation of Results from Gravimetric Data

12C. Applications of Gravimetric Methods

12C-1. Inorganic Precipitating Agents

12C-2. Reducing Agents

12C-3. Organic Precipitating Agents

12C-4. Organic Functional Group Analysis

12C-5. Volatilization Gravimetry

Questions and Problems

Chapter 13. Titrations in Analytical Chemistry

13A. Some Terms Used in Volumetric Titrations

13A-1. Equivalence Points and End Points

13A-2. Primary Standards

13B. Standard Solutions

13C. Volumetric Calculations

13C-1. Some Useful Relationships

13C-2. Calculating the Molar Concentration of Standard Solutions

13C-3. Working with Titration Data

13D. Gravimetric Titrations

13D-1. Calculations Associated with Mass Titrations

13D-2. Advantages of Gravimetric Titrations

13E. Titration Curves

13E-1. Types of Titration Curves

13E-2. Concentration Changes During Titrations

Questions and Problems

Chapter 14. Principles of Neutralization Titrations

14A. Solutions and Indicators for Acid/Base Titrations

14A-1. Standard Solutions

14A-2. Acid/Base Indicators

14B. Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

14B-1. Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

14B-2. Titrating a Strong Base with a Strong Acid

14C. Titration Curves for Weak Acids

14C-1. The Effect of Concentration

14C-2. The Effect of Reaction Completeness

14C-3. Choosing an Indicator: The Feasibility of Titration

14D. Titration Curves for Weak Bases

14E. The Composition of Solutions During Acid/Base Titrations

Questions and Problems

Chapter 15. Complex Acid/Base Systems

15A. Mixtures of Strong and Weak Acids or Strong and Weak Bases

15B. Polyfunctional Acids and Bases

15B-1. The Phosphoric Acid System

15B-2. The Carbon Dioxide/Carbonic Acid System

15C. Buffer Solutions Involving Polyprotic Acids

15D. Calculation of the pH of Solutions of NaHA

15E. Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Acids

15F. Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Bases

15G. Titration Curves for Amphiprotic Species

15H. Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Questions and Problems

Chapter 16. Applications of Neutralization Titrations

16A. Reagents for Neutralization Titrations

16A-1. Preparation of Standard Acid Solutions

16A-2. The Standardization of Acids

16A-3. Preparation of Standard Solutions of Base

16A-4. The Standardization of Bases

16B. Typical Applications of Neutralization Titrations

16B-1. Elemental Analysis

16B-2. The Determination of Inorganic Substances

16B-3. The Determination of Organic Functional Groups

16B-4. The Determination of Salts

Questions and Problems

Chapter 17. Complexation and Precipitation Reactions and Titrations

17A. The Formation of Complexes

17A-1. Complexation Equilibria

17A-2. The Formation of Insoluble Species

17A-3. Ligands that can Protonate

17B. Titrations with Inorganic Complexing Agents

17B-1. Complexation Titrations

17B-2. Precipitation Titrations

17C. Organic Complexing Agents

17D. Aminocarboxylic Acid Titrations

17D-1. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)

17D-2. Complexes of EDTA and Metal Ions

17D-3. Equilibrium Calculations Involving EDTA

17D-4. EDTA Titration Curves

17D-5. The Effect of Other Complexing Agents on EDTA Titration Curves

17D-6. Indicators for EDTA Titrations

17D-7. Titration Methods Involving EDTA

17D-8. The Scope of EDTA Titrations

17D-9. Determination of Water Hardness

Questions and Problems

Part IV. Electrochemical Methods

Chapter 18. Introduction to Electrochemistry

18A. Characterizing Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

18A-1. Comparing Redox Reactions to Acid/Base Reactions

18A-2. Oxidation/Reduction Reactions in Electrochemical Cells

18B. Electrochemical Cells

18B-1. Cathodes and Anodes

18B-2. Types of Electrochemical Cells

18B-3. Representing Cells Schematically

18B-4. Currents in Electrochemical Cells

18C. Electrode Potentials

18C-1. Sign Convention for Cell Potentials

18C-2. The Standard Hydrogen Reference Electrode

18C-3. Electrode Potential and Standard Electrode Potential

18C-4. Additional Implications of the IUPAC Sign Convention

18C-5. Effect of Concentration on Electrode Potentials: The Nernst Equation

18C-6. The Standard Electrode Potential, E 0

18C-7. Limitations to the Use of Standard Electrode Potentials

Questions and Problems

Chapter 19. Applications of Standard Electrode Potentials

19A. Calculating Potentials of Electrochemical Cells

19B. Determining Standard Potentials Experimentally

19C. Calculating Redox Equilibrium Constants

19D. Constructing Redox Titration Curves

19D-1. Electrode Potentials During Redox Titrations

19D-2. The Titration Curve

19D-3. Effect of Variables on Redox Titration Curves

19E. Oxidation/Reduction Indicators

19E-1. General Redox Indicators

19E-2. Specific Indicators

19F. Potentiometric End Points

Questions and Problems

Chapter 20. Applications of Oxidation/Reduction Titrations

20A. Auxiliary Oxidizing and Reducing Reagents

20A-1. Auxiliary Reducing Reagents

20A-2. Auxiliary Oxidizing Reagents

20B. Applying Standard Reducing Agents

20B-1. Iron(II) Solutions

20B-2. Sodium Thiosulfate

20C. Applying Standard Oxidizing Agents

20C-1. The Strong Oxidants: Potassium Permanganate and Cerium(IV)

20C-2. Potassium Dichromate

20C-3. Iodine

20C-4. Potassium Bromate as a Source of Bromine

20C-5. Determining Water with the Karl Fischer Reagent

Questions and Problems

Chapter 21. Potentiometry

21A. General Principles

21B. Reference Electrodes

21B-1. Calomel Reference Electrodes

21B-2. Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrodes

21C. Liquid-Junction Potentials

21D. Indicator Electrodes

21D-1. Metallic Indicator Electrodes

21D-2. Membrane Indicator Electrodes

21D-3. The Glass Electrode for Measuring pH

21D-4. Glass Electrodes for Other Cations

21D-5. Liquid-Membrane Electrodes

21D-6. Crystalline-Membrane Electrodes

21D-7. Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs)

21D-8. Gas-Sensing Probes

21E. Instruments for Measuring Cell Potential

21F. Direct Potentiometry

21F-1. Equations Governing Direct Potentiometry

21F-2. The Electrode-Calibration Method

21F-3. The Standard Addition Method

21F-4. Potentiometric pH Measurement with the Glass Electrode

21G. Potentiometric Titrations

21G-1. Detecting the End Point

21G-2. Neutralization Titrations

21G-3. Oxidation/Reduction Titrations

21H. Potentiometric Determination of Equilibrium Constants

Questions and Problems

Chapter 22. Bulk Electrolysis: Electrogravimetry and Coulometry

22A. The Effect of Current on Cell Potential

22A-1. Ohmic Potential: IR Drop

22A-2. Polarization Effects

22B. The Selectivity of Electrolytic Methods

22C. Electrogravimetric Methods

22C-1. Electrogravimetry without Potential Control

22C-2. Controlled-Potential Electrogravimetry

22D. Coulometric Methods

22D-1. Determining the Electrical Charge

22D-2. Characterizing Coulometric Methods

22D-3. Current Efficiency Requirements

22D-4. Controlled-Potential Coulometry

22D-5. Coulometric Titration

Questions and Problems

Chapter 23. Voltammetry

23A. Excitation Signals in Voltammetry

23B. Voltammetric Instrumentation

23B-1. Working Electrodes

23B-2. Modified Electrodes

23B-3. Voltammograms

23C. Hydrodynamic Voltammetry

23C-1. Concentration Profiles at Electrode Surfaces

23C-2. Voltammetric Currents

23C-3. Oxygen Waves

23C-4. Applications of Hydrodynamic Voltammetry

23D. Polarography

Polarographic Currents

23E. Cyclic Voltammetry

Fundamental Studies

23F. Pulse Voltammetry

23F-1. Differential-Pulse Voltammetry

23F-2. Square-Wave Voltammetry

23G. Applications of Voltammetry

23G-1. Inorganic Applications

23G-2. Organic Voltammetric Analysis

23H. Stripping Methods

23H-1. Electrodeposition Step

23H-2. Voltammetric Completion of the Analysis

23I. Voltammetry With Microelectrodes

Questions and Problems

Part V. Spectrochemical Analysis

Chapter 24. Introduction to Spectrochemical Methods

24A. Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation

24A-1. Wave Properties

24A-2. The Particle Nature of Light: Photons

24B. Interaction of Radiation and Matter

24B-1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

24B-2. Spectroscopic Measurements

24C. Absorption of Radiation

24C-1. The Absorption Process

24C-2. Absorption Spectra

24C-3. Limits to Beer’s Law

24D. Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation

24D-1. Emission Spectra

24D-2. Emission by Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

Questions and Problems

Chapter 25. Instruments for Optical Spectrometry

25A. Instrument Components

25A-1. Optical Materials

25A-2. Spectroscopic Sources

25A-3. Wavelength Selectors

25A-4. Detecting and Measuring Radiant Energy

25A-5. Signal Processors and Readout Devices

25A-6. Sample Containers

25B. Ultraviolet/Visible Photometers Spectrophotometers

25B-1. Single-Beam Instruments

25B-2. Double-Beam Instruments

25B-3. Multichannel Instruments

25C. Infrared Spectrophotometers

25C-1. Dispersive Infrared Instruments

25C-2. Fourier Transform Instruments

Questions and Problems

Chapter 26. Molecular Absorption Spectrometry

26A. Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy

26A-1. Absorbing Species

26A-2. Qualitative Applications of Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy

26A-3. Quantitative Applications

26A-4. Photometric and Spectrophotometric Titrations

26A-5. Spectrophotometric Studies of Complex Ions

26B. Automated Photometric and Spectrophotometric Methods

26B-1. Instrumentation

26B-2. A Typical Application of Flow-Injection Analysis

26C. Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

26C-1. Infrared Absorption Spectra

26C-2. Instruments for Infrared Spectrometry

26C-3. Qualitative Applications of Infrared Spectrometry

26C-4. Quantitative Infrared Spectrometry

Questions and Problems

Chapter 27. Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy

27A. Theory of Molecular Fluorescence

27A-1. Relaxation Processes

27A-2. Fluorescent Species

27B. Effect of Concentration on Fluorescence Intensity

27C. Fluorescence Instrumentation

27D. Applications of Fluorescence Methods

27D-1. Methods for Inorganic Species

27D-2. Methods for Organic and Biochemical Species

27E. Molecular Phosphorescence Spectroscopy

27F. Chemiluminescence Methods

Questions and Problems

Chapter 28. Atomic Spectroscopys

28A. Origins of Atomic Spectra

28A-1. Emission Spectra

28A-2. Absorption Spectra

28A-3. Fluorescence Spectra

28A-4. Widths of Atomic Spectral Lines

28B. Production of Atoms and Ions

28B-1. Sample Introduction Systems

28B-2. Plasma Sources

28B-3. Flame Atomizers

28B-4. Electrothermal Atomizers

28B-5. Other Atomizers

28C. Atomic Emission Spectrometry

28C-1. Instrumentation

28C-2. Sources of Nonlinearity in Atomic Emission Spectrometry

28C-3. Interferences in Plasma and Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry

28C-4. Applications

28D. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

28D-1. Line-Width Effects in Atomic Absorption

28D-2. Instrumentation

28D-3. Flame Atomic Absorption

28D-4. Atomic Absorption with Electrothermal Atomization

28D-5. Interferences in Atomic Absorption

28E. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Questions and Problems

Chapter 29. Mass Spectrometry

29A. Principles of Mass Spectrometry

29A-1. Atomic Masses

29A-2. Mass-to-Charge Ratio

29B. Mass Spectrometers

29B-1. Components of Mass Spectrometer

29B-2. Mass Analyzers

29B-3. Transducers for Mass Spectrometry

29C. Atomic Mass Spectrometry

29C-1. Sources for Atomic Mass Spectrometry

29C-2. Atomic Mass Spectra and Interferences

29C-3. Applications of Atomic Mass Spectrometry

29D. Molecular Mass Spectrometry

29D-1. Molecular Mass Spectra

29D-2. Ion Sources

29D-3. Molecular Mass Spectrometric Instrumentation

29D-4. Applications of Molecular Mass Spectrometry

Questions and Problems

Part VI. Kinetics and Separations

Chapter 30. Kinetic Methods of Analysis

30A. Rates Of Chemical Reactions

30A-1. Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Laws

30A-2. The Rate Law for First-Order Reactions

30A-3. Rate Laws for Second-Order and Pseudo-First-Order Reactions

30A-4. Catalyzed Reactions

30B. Determining Reaction Rates

30B-1. Experimental Methods

30B-2. Types of Kinetic Methods

30C. Applications of Kinetic Methods

30C-1. Catalytic Methods

30C-2. Uncatalyzed Reactions

30C-3. Kinetic Determination of Components in Mixtures

Questions and Problems

Chapter 31. Introduction to Analytical Separations

31A. Separation by Precipitation

31A-1. Separations Based on Control of Acidity

31A-2. Sulfide Separations

31A-3. Separations by Other Inorganic Precipitants

31A-4. Separations by Organic Precipitants

31A-5. Separation of Species Present in Trace Amounts by Precipitation

31A-6. Separation by Electrolytic Precipitation

31A-7. Salt-Induced Precipitation of Proteins

31B. Separation of Species by Distillation

31C. Separation by Extraction

31C-1. Principles

31C-2. Extracting Inorganic Species

31C-3. Solid-Phase Extraction

31D. Separating Ions by Ion Exchange

31D-1. Ion-Exchange Resins

31D-2. Ion-Exchange Equilibria

31D-3. Applications of Ion-Exchange Methods

31E. Chromatographic Separations

31E-1. General Description of Chromatography

31E-2. Classification of Chromatographic Methods

31E-3. Elution in Column Chromatography

31E-4. Migration Rates of Solutes

31E-5. Band Broadening and Column Efficiency

31E-6. Variables Affecting Column Efficiency

31E-7. Column Resolution

31E-8. Applications of Chromatography

Questions and Problems

Chapter 32. Gas Chromatography

32A. Instruments for Gas-Liquid Chromatography

32A-1. Carrier Gas System

32A-2. Sample Injection System

32A-3. Column Configurations and Column Ovens

32A-4. Chromatographic Detectors

32B. Gas Chromatographic Columns and Stationary Phases

32B-1. Capillary Columns

32B-2. Packed Columns

32B-3. Liquid Stationary Phases

32C. Applications of Gas-Liquid Chromatography

32C-1. Qualitative Analysis

32C-2. Quantitative Analysis

32C-3. Advances in GC

32D. Gas-Solid Chromatography

Questions and Problems

Chapter 33. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

33A. Instrumentation

33A-1. Mobile-Phase Reservoirs and Solvent Treatment Systems

33A-2. Pumping Systems

33A-3. Sample Injection Systems

33A-4. Columns for HPLC

33A-5. HPLC Detectors

33B. Partition Chromatography

33B-1. Bonded-Phase Packings

33B-2. Normal- and Reversed-Phase Packings

33B-3. Choice of Mobile and Stationary Phases

33B-4. Applications

33C. Adsorption Chromatography

33D. Ion Chromatography

33D-1. Ion Chromatography Based on Suppressors

33D-2. Single-Column Ion Chromatography

33E. Size-Exclusion Chromatography

33E-1. Column Packings

33E-2. Applications

33F. Affinity Chromatography

33G. Chiral Chromatography

33H. Comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography

Questions and Problems

Chapter 34. Miscellaneous Separation Methods

34A. Supercritical Fluid Separations

34A-1. Properties of Supercritical Fluids

34A-2. Instrumentation and Operating Variables

34A-3. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography versus Other Column Methods

34A-4. Applications

34B. Planar Chromatography

34B-1. The Scope of Thin-Layer Chromatography

34B-2. Principles of Thin-Layer Chromatography

34B-3. Paper Chromatography

34C. Capillary Electrophoresis

34C-1. Instrumentation for Capillary Electrophoresis

34C-2. Electroosmotic Flow

34C-3. The Basis for Electrophoretic Separations

34C-4. Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis

34D. Capillary Electrochromatography

34D-1. Packed Column Electrochromatography

34D-2. Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography

34E. Field-Flow Fractionation

34E-1. Separation Mechanisms

34E-2. FFF Methods

34E-3. Advantages of FFF over Chromatographic Methods

Questions and Problems

Part VII. Practical Aspects of Chemical Analysis

Chapter 35. The Analysis of Real Samples

35A. A Real Samples

35B. Choice of Analytical Method

35B-1. Definition of the Problem

35B-2. Investigating the Literature

35B-3. Choosing or Devising a Method

35B-4. Testing the Procedure

35C. Accuracy in the Analysis of Complex Materials

Chapter 36. Preparing Samples for Analysis

36A. Preparing Laboratory Samples

36A-1. Crushing and Grinding Samples

36A-2. Mixing Solid Samples

36B. Moisture in Samples

36B-1. Forms of Water in Solids

36B-2. Temperature and Humidity Effects on the Water Content of Solids

36B-3. Drying the Analytical Sample

36C. Determining Water in Samples

Chapter 37. Decomposing and Dissolving the Sample

37A. Sources of Error in Decomposition and Dissolution

37B. Decomposing Samples with Inorganic Acids in Open Vessels

37B-1. Hydrochloric Acid

37B-2. NitricAcid

37B-3. Sulfuric Acid

37B-4. Perchloric Acid

37B-5. Oxidizing Mixtures

37B-6. Hydrofluoric Acid

37C. Microwave Decompositions

37C-1. Vessels for Moderate-Pressure Digestions

37C-2. High-Pressure Microwave Vessels

37C-3. Atmospheric-Pressure Digestions

37C-4. Microwave Ovens

37C-5. Microwave Furnaces

37C-6. Applications of Microwave Decompositions

37D. Combustion Methods for Decomposing Organic Samples

37D-1. Combustion over an Open Flame (Dry Ashing)

37D-2. Combustion-Tube Methods

37D-3. Combustion with Oxygen in a Sealed Container

37E. Decomposing Inorganic Materials with Fluxes

37E-1. Fusion Procedure

37E-2. Types of Fluxes

Chapter 38. Selected Methods of Analysis

38A. An Introductory Experiment

38A-1. Using the Analytical Balance

38A-2. Making Quantitative Transfers

38A-3. Delivering an Aliquot

38A-4. Calibrating a Pipet

38A-5. Reading Buret Sections

38A-6. Reading a Buret

38A-7. Sampling

38A-8. Determining Sampling Error by Flow Injection Analysis

38B. Gravimetric Methods of Analysis

38B-1. The Gravimetric Determination of Chloride in a Soluble Sample

38B-2. The Gravimetric Determination of Tin in Brass

38B-3. The Gravimetric Determination of Nickel in Steel

38C. Neutralization Titrations

Discussion

38C-1. The Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Neutralization Titrations

38C-2. Preparation of Indicator Solutions for Neutralization Titrations

38C-3. Preparation of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Solutions

38C-4. Preparation of Carbonate-Free Sodium Hydroxide

38C-5. The Determination of the Acid/Base Ratio

38C-6. Standardization of Hydrochloric Acid against Sodium Carbonate

38C-7. Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide against Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate

38C-8. The Determination of Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate in an Impure Sample

38C-9. Determining the Acid Content of Vinegars and Wines

38C-10. The Determination of Sodium Carbonate in an Impure Sample

38C-11. The Determination of Amine Nitrogen by the Kjeldahl Method

38D. Precipitation Titrations

38D-1. Preparing a Standard Silver Nitrate Solution

38D-2. The Determination of Chloride by Titration with an Adsorption Indicator

38D-3. The Determination of Chloride by a Weight Titration

38E. Complex-Formation Titrations with EDTA

38E-1. Preparation of Solutions

38E-2. Preparation of Standard 0.01 M  EDTA Solution

38E-3. The Determination of Magnesium by Direct Titration

38E-4. The Determination of Calcium by Displacement Titration

38E-5. The Determination of Hardness in Water

38F. Titrations with Potassium Permanganate

38F-1. Preparation of 0.02   M Potassium Permanganate

38F-2. Standardization of Potassium Permanganate Solutions

38F-3. The Determination of Calcium in a Limestone

38F-4. The Determination of Iron in an Ore

38G. Titrations with Iodine

38G-1. Preparation of Reagents

38G-2. Standardization of Iodine Solutions

38G-3. The Determination of Antimony in Stibnite

38H. Titrations with Sodium Thiosulfate

38H-1. Preparation of 0.1   M Sodium Thiosulfate

38H-2. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate against Potassium Iodate

38H-3. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate against Copper

38H-4. The Determination of Copper in Brass

38I. Titrations with Potassium Bromate

38I-1. Preparation of Solutions

38I-2. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate against Potassium Bromate

38I-3. The Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Vitamin C Tablets by Titration with Potassium Bromate

38J. Potentiometric Methods

38J-1. General Directions for Performing a Potentiometric Titration

38J-2. Potentiometric Titration of Chloride and Iodide in a Mixture

38J-3. The Potentiometric Determination of Solute Species in a Carbonate Mixture

38J-4. The Direct Potentiometric Determination of Fluoride Ion

38K. Electrogravimetric Methods

38K-1. The Electrogravimetric Determination of Copper and Lead in Brass

38L. Coulometric Titrations

38L-1. The Coulometric Titration of Cyclohexane

38M. Voltammetry

38M-1. The Polarographic Determination of Copper and Zinc in Brass

The Amperometric Titration of Lead

38N. Methods Based on the Absorption of Radiation

38N-1. The Cleaning and Handling of Cells

38N-2. The Determination of Iron in a Natural Water

38N-3. The Determination of Manganese in Steel

38N-4. The Spectrophotometric Determination of pH

38O. Molecular Fluorescence

38O-1. The Determination of Quinine in Beverages

38P. Atomic Spectroscopy

38P-1. The Determination of Lead in Brass by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

38P-2. The Determination of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in Mineral Waters by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

38Q. Application of Ion-Exchange Resins

38Q-1. The Separation of Cations

38Q-2. Determination of Magnesium by Ion-Exchange Chromatography

38R. Gas-Liquid Chromatography

38R-1. The Gas Chromatographic Determination of Ethanol in Beverages

Appendix 1. The Literature of Analytical Chemistry

Appendix 2. Solubility Product Constants at 25 ° C

Appendix 3. Acid Dissociation Constants at 25 ° C

Appendix 4. Formation Constants at 25 ° C

Appendix 5. Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials

Appendix 6. Use of Exponential Numbers and Logarithms

Appendix 7. Volumetric Calculations Using Normality and Equivalent Weight

Appendix 8. Compounds Recommended for the Preparation of Standard Solutions of Some Common Elements

Appendix 9. Derivation of Error Propagation Equations

Periodic Table and Other References

Color Plates

Excel Shortcuts

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