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ISBN 10: 1134470010
ISBN 13: 9781134470013
Author: Karl Popper
Described by the philosopher A.J. Ayer as a work of ‘great originality and power’, this book revolutionized contemporary thinking on science and knowledge. Ideas such as the now legendary doctrine of ‘falsificationism’ electrified the scientific community, influencing even working scientists, as well as post-war philosophy. This astonishing work ranks alongside The Open Society and Its Enemies as one of Popper’s most enduring books and contains insights and arguments that demand to be read to this day.
The Logic of Scientific Discovery 2nd Table of contents:
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE LOGIC OF SCIENCE
1. A SURVEY OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS
1. THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION
2. ELIMINATION OF PSYCHOLOGISM
3. DEDUCTIVE TESTING OF THEORIES
4. THE PROBLEM OF DEMARCATION
5. EXPERIENCE AS A METHOD
6. FALSIFIABILITY AS A CRITERION OF DEMARCATION
7. THE PROBLEM OF THE ‘EMPIRICAL BASIS’
8. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITY AND SUBJECTIVE CONVICTION
2. ON THE PROBLEM OF A THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
9. WHY METHODOLOGICAL DECISIONS ARE INDISPENSABLE
10. THE NATURALISTIC APPROACH TO THE THEORY OF METHOD
11. METHODOLOGICAL RULES AS CONVENTIONS
PART II: SOME STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A THEORY OF EXPERIENCE
3. THEORIES
12. CAUSALITY, EXPLANATION, AND THE DEDUCTION OF PREDICTIONS
13. STRICT AND NUMERICAL UNIVERSALITY
14. UNIVERSAL CONCEPTS AND INDIVIDUAL CONCEPTS
15. STRICTLY UNIVERSAL AND EXISTENTIAL STATEMENTS
16. THEORETICAL SYSTEMS
17. SOME POSSIBILITIES OF INTERPRETING A SYSTEM OF AXIOMS
18. LEVELS OF UNIVERSALITY. THE MODUS TOLLENS
4. FALSIFIABILITY
19. SOME CONVENTIONALIST OBJECTIONS
20. METHODOLOGICAL RULES
21. LOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF FALSIFIABILITY
22. FALSIFIABILITY AND FALSIFICATION
23. OCCURRENCES AND EVENTS
24. FALSIFIABILITY AND CONSISTENCY
5. THE PROBLEM OF THE EMPIRICAL BASIS
25. PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCES AS EMPIRICAL BASIS: PSYCHOLOGISM
26. CONCERNING THE SO-CALLED ‘PROTOCOL SENTENCES’
27. THE OBJECTIVITY OF THE EMPIRICAL BASIS
28. BASIC STATEMENTS
29. THE RELATIVITY OF BASIC STATEMENTS. RESOLUTION OF FRIES’S TRILEMMA
30. THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
6. DEGREES OF TESTABILITY
31. A PROGRAMME AND AN ILLUSTRATION
32. HOW ARE CLASSES OF POTENTIAL FALSIFIERS TO BE COMPARED?
33. DEGREES OF FALSIFIABILITY COMPARED BY MEANS OF THE SUBCLASS RELATION
34. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SUBCLASS RELATION. LOGICAL PROBABILITY
35. EMPIRICAL CONTENT, ENTAILMENT, AND DEGREES OF FALSIFIABILITY
36. LEVELS OF UNIVERSALITY AND DEGREES OF PRECISION
37. LOGICAL RANGES. NOTES ON THE THEORY OF MEASUREMENT
38. DEGREES OF TESTABILITY COMPARED BY REFERENCE TO DIMENSIONS
39. THE DIMENSION OF A SET OF CURVES
40. TWO WAYS OF REDUCING THE NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS OF A SET OF CURVES
7. SIMPLICITY
41. ELIMINATION OF THE AESTHETIC AND THE PRAGMATIC CONCEPTS OF SIMPLICITY
42. THE METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF SIMPLICITY
43. SIMPLICITY AND DEGREE OF FALSIFIABILITY
44. GEOMETRICAL SHAPE AND FUNCTIONAL FORM
45. THE SIMPLICITY OF EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
46. CONVENTIONALISM AND THE CONCEPT OF SIMPLICITY
8. PROBABILITY
47. THE PROBLEM OF INTERPRETING PROBABILITY STATEMENTS
48. SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATIONS
49. THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF THE THEORY OF CHANCE
50. THE FREQUENCY THEORY OF VON MISES
51. PLAN FOR A NEW THEORY OF PROBABILITY
52. RELATIVE FREQUENCY WITHIN A FINITE CLASS
53. SELECTION, INDEPENDENCE, INSENSITIVENESS, IRRELEVANCE
54. FINITE SEQUENCES. ORDINAL SELECTION AND NEIGHBOURHOOD SELECTION
55. N-FREEDOM IN FINITE SEQUENCES
56. SEQUENCES OF SEGMENTS. THE FIRST FORM OF THE BINOMIAL FORMULA
57. INFINITE SEQUENCES. HYPOTHETICAL ESTIMATES OF FREQUENCY
58. AN EXAMINATION OF THE AXIOM OF RANDOMNESS
59. CHANCE-LIKE SEQUENCES. OBJECTIVE PROBABILITY
60. BERNOULLI’S PROBLEM
61. THE LAW OF GREAT NUMBERS (BERNOULLI’S THEOREM)
62. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM AND THE INTERPRETATION OF PROBABILITY STATEMENTS
63. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM AND THE PROBLEM OF CONVERGENCE
64. ELIMINATION OF THE AXIOM OF CONVERGENCE. SOLUTION OF THE ‘FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF THE THEORY OF CHANCE’
65. THE PROBLEM OF DECIDABILITY
66. THE LOGICAL FORM OF PROBABILITY STATEMENTS
67. A PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM OF SPECULATIVE METAPHYSICS
68. PROBABILITY IN PHYSICS
69. LAW AND CHANCE
70. THE DEDUCIBILITY OF MACRO LAWS FROM MICRO LAWS
71. FORMALLY SINGULAR PROBABILITY STATEMENTS
72. THE THEORY OF RANGE
9. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON QUANTUM THEORY
73. HEISENBERG’S PROGRAMME AND THE UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS
74. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM THEORY
75. A STATISTICAL RE-INTERPRETATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY FORMULAE
76. AN ATTEMPT TO ELIMINATE METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS BY INVERTING HEISENBERG’S PROGRAMME; WITH APPLICATIONS
77. DECISIVE EXPERIMENTS
78. INDETERMINIST METAPHYSICS
10. CORROBORATION, OR HOW A THEORY STANDS UP TO TESTS
79. CONCERNING THE SO-CALLED VERIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES
80. THE PROBABILITY OF A HYPOTHESIS AND THE PROBABILITY OF EVENTS: CRITICISM OF PROBABILITY LOGIC
81. INDUCTIVE LOGIC AND PROBABILITY LOGIC
82. THE POSITIVE THEORY OF CORROBORATION: HOW A HYPOTHESIS MAY ‘PROVE ITS METTLE’
83. CORROBORABILITY, TESTABILITY, AND LOGICAL PROBABILITY*1
84. REMARKS CONCERNING THE USE OF THE CONCEPTS ‘TRUE’ AND ‘CORROBORATED’
85. THE PATH OF SCIENCE
APPENDIX I: DEFINITION OF THE DIMENSION OF A THEORY (CF. SECTIONS 38 AND 39)
APPENDIX II: THE GENERAL CALCULUS OF FREQUENCY IN FINITE CLASSES (CF. SECTIONS 52 AND 53)
APPENDIX III: DERIVATION OF THE FIRST FORM OF THE BINOMIAL FORMULA (FOR FINITE SEQUENCES OF OVERLAPPING SEGMENTS, CF. SECTION 56)
APPENDIX IV: A METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING MODELS OF RANDOM SEQUENCES (CF. SECTIONS 58, 64, AND 66)
APPENDIX V: EXAMINATION OF AN OBJECTION. THE TWO-SLIT EXPERIMENT (CF.SECTION 76)
APPENDIX VI: CONCERNING A NON-PREDICTIVE PROCEDURE OF MEASURING (CF.SECTION 77)
APPENDIX VII: REMARKS CONCERNING AN IMAGINARY EXPERIMENT (CF. SECTION 77)
NOTE TO NEW APPENDICES, 1959 EDITION
APPENDIX I: TWO NOTES ON INDUCTION AND DEMARCATION, 1933–1934
A CRITERION OF THE EMPIRICAL CHARACTER OF THEORETICAL SYSTEMS
ON THE SO-CALLED ‘LOGIC OF INDUCTION’ AND THE ‘PROBABILITY OF HYPOTHESES’
APPENDIX II: A NOTE ON PROBABILITY, 1938
A SET OF INDEPENDENT AXIOMS FOR PROBABILITY
APPENDIX III: ON THE HEURISTIC USE OF THE CLASSICAL DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY, ESPECIALLY FOR DERIVING THE GENERAL MULTIPLICATION THEOREM
APPENDIX IV: THE FORMAL THEORY OF PROBABILITY
APPENDIX V: DERIVATIONS IN THE FORMAL THEORY OF PROBABILITY
APPENDIX VI: ON OBJECTIVE DISORDER OR RANDOMNESS
APPENDIX VII: ZERO PROBABILITY AND THE FINE-STRUCTURE OF PROBABILITY AND OF CONTENT
APPENDIX VIII: CONTENT, SIMPLICITY, AND DIMENSION
APPENDIX IX: CORROBORATION, THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE, AND STATISTICAL TESTS
DEGREE OF CONFIRMATION
A SECOND NOTE ON DEGREE OF CONFIRMATION
A THIRD NOTE ON DEGREE OF CORROBORATION OR CONFIRMATION
APPENDIX X: UNIVERSALS, DISPOSITIONS, AND NATURAL OR PHYSICAL NECESSITY
APPENDIX XI: ON THE USE AND MISUSE OF IMAGINARY EXPERIMENTS, ESPECIALLY IN QUANTUM THEORY
APPENDIX XII: THE EXPERIMENT OF EINSTEIN, PODOLSKY, AND ROSEN
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