Language Its Structure and Use 7th Edition by Edward Finegan – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1285052455, 978-1285052458
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ISBN 10: 1285052455
ISBN 13: 978-1285052458
Author: Edward Finegan
Whatever you do and wherever you go, you use language to interact. This text explains what human language is and how it works, giving you a look into the multiple fascinating and surprising facets of this uniquely human trait. You’ll find many opportunities to ask your own questions and explore the language in use all around you.
Language Its Structure and Use 7th Table of contents:
1. Languages and Linguistics
How Many Languages Are There?
Does the United States Have an Official Language?
What Is Human Language?
Three Faces of a Language System
Language: Mental and Social
Signs: Arbitrary and Nonarbitrary
Arbitrary Signs
Representational Signs
Language—A System of Arbitrary Signs
Languages as Patterned Structures
Grammatical Competence
Discreteness
Duality
Displacement
Recursion and Productivity
Speech as Patterned Language Use: Communicative Competence
Languages and Dialects
Different Dialects or Different Languages?
Modes of Linguistic Communication
Speaking
Writing
Signing
Do Only Humans Have Language?
How Animals Communicate in Their Natural Environment
Can Chimpanzees Learn a Human Language?
Project Nim
The Origin of Human Languages: Babel to Babble
What Is Linguistics?
What Are the Branches of Linguistics?
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
Part One. Language Structures
2. Words and Their Parts: Lexicon and Morphology
Introduction: Words Seem Tangible
What Does It Mean to Know a Word?
Lexical Categories (Parts of Speech)
How to Identify Lexical Categories
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Pronouns
Determiners
Prepositions and Postpositions
Conjunctions
Morphemes: Word Parts with Meaning or Function
Morphemes Can Be Free or Bound
Morphemes That Derive Other Words
Inflectional Morphemes
How Are Morphemes Organized Within Words?
Morphemes Are Ordered in Sequence
Morphemes Can Be Discontinuous
Portmanteau Words Contain Merged Morphemes
Morphemes Are Layered Within Words
How Does a Language Increase Its Vocabulary?
Some Word Classes Are Open, Others Closed
How to Derive New Words
Compounds
Shortening
Back Formation
Conversion or Functional Shift
Semantic Shift
Borrowed Words
Inventing Words
What Types of Morphological Systems Do Languages Have?
Isolating Morphology
Agglutinating Morphology
Inflectional Morphology
Variant Pronunciations of a Morpheme: Allomorphy
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Resources
3. The Sounds of Languages: Phonetics
Sounds and Spellings: Not the Same Thing
Same Spelling, Different Pronunciations
Same Pronunciation, Different Spellings
Whys and Wherefores of Sound/Spelling Discrepancies
Phonetics: The Study of Sounds
Phonetic Alphabets
The Vocal Tract
Describing Consonant Sounds
Voicing
Manner of Articulation
Place of Articulation
Kinds of Consonant Sounds
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Obstruents
Approximants
Nasals
Clicks, Taps, Trills
Vowel Sounds
Vowel Height and Frontness
Diphthongs
Other Articulatory Features of Vowels
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
4. Sound Systems of Language: Phonology
Introduction: Sounds in the Mind
Physical Sounds and Sound Spectrograms
What a Child Must Learn
Phonemes and Allophones
Distribution of Allophones
Phonological Rules and Their Structure
Generalizing Phonological Rules
Natural Classes of Sounds
Underlying Forms
Rule Ordering
Syllables and Syllable Structure
Sequence Constraints
Stress
Syllables and Stress in Phonological Processes
Morphology and Phonology Interaction: Allomorphy
English Plural, Possessive, and Third-Person Singular Morphemes
English Past-Tense Morpheme
Underlying Phonological Form of Morphemes in the Lexicon
Phonological Processes
Assimilation
Deletion
Insertion
Metathesis
From Lexical Entries to Surface Realizations: What the Brain Knows
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
5. The Structure and Function of Phrases and Sentences: Syntax
Introduction
Constituency
Tree Diagrams
Major Constituents of Sentences: Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases
Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase
Testing Constituency
Phrase-Structure Expansions
Expanding Noun Phrase
Expanding Prepositional Phrase
Expanding Sentence and Verb Phrase
Phrase-Structure Expansions and Tree Diagrams
Grammatical Relations: Subject, Direct Object, and Others
Immediate Dominance
Subject and Direct Object
Grammatical Relations
Passive Sentences and Structure Dependence
Surface Structures and Underlying Structures
Syntactic Operations: Question Formation and the Auxiliary
Embedded Clauses
Relative Clauses
COMP Node
Types of Syntactic Operations
Functions of Syntactic Operations
Yes/No Questions and Echo Questions
Active and Passive Structures
Recursion and Novel Sentences
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
6. The Study of Meaning: Semantics
Introduction
What Is Meaning?
Linguistic, Social, and Affective Meaning
Linguistic Meaning
Social Meaning
Affective Meaning
Word, Sentence, and Utterance Meaning
Meaning of Words and Sentences
Scope of Word Meaning
Meaning of Utterances
Lexical Semantics
Semantic Fields
Hyponymy
Meronymy: Part/Whole Relationships
Synonymy
Antonymy
Converseness
Polysemy and Homonymy
Metaphors
Lexical Semantics: Discovering Relationships in the Lexicon
Function Words and Categories of Meaning
Tense and Modality
Reference
Deixis
Semantic Roles and Sentence Meaning
Agents and Patients
Semantic Roles and Grammatical Relations
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
7. Language Universals and Language Typology
Similarity and Diversity Across Languages
Why Uncover Universals?
Language Types
Semantic Universals
Pronouns
Phonological Universals
Vowel Systems
Nasal and Oral Vowels
Consonants
Syntactic and Morphological Universals
Word Order
Possessor and Possessed Noun Phrases
Prepositions and Postpositions
Relative Clauses
Overall Patterns of Ordering
Relativization Hierarchy
Types of Language Universals
Absolute Universals and Universal Tendencies
Implicational and Nonimplicational Universals
Explanations for Language Universals
Original Language Hypothesis
Universals and Perception
Acquisition and Processing Explanations
Social Explanations
Language Universals, Language Diversity, and Language Acquisition
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
Part Two. Language Use
8. Information Structure and Pragmatics
Introduction: Encoding Information Structure
Categories of Information Structure
Given Information and New Information
Topics
Contrast
Definite and Indefinite Expressions
Referential Expressions
Generic and Specific Expressions
Categories of Information Structure
Information Structure: Intonation, Morphology, Syntax
New-Information Stress
Information Structure Morphemes
Fronting
Left-Dislocation
It Clefts and wh-Clefts
Passives
Word Order
The Relationship of Sentences to Discourse: Pragmatics
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
9. Speech Acts and Conversation
Language in Use
Sentence Structure and the Function of Utterances
Speech Acts
Types of Speech Act
Locutions and Illocutions
Distinguishing Among Speech Acts
Appropriateness Conditions and Successful Declarations
The Cooperative Principle
Maxim of Quantity
Maxim of Relevance
Maxim of Manner
Maxim of Quality
Violations of the Cooperative Principle
Indirect Speech Acts
Politeness
Respecting Independence and Showing Involvement
Speech Events
Conversation Is Organized
Turn Taking and Pausing
Adjacency Pairs
Opening Sequences
Closing Sequences
Conversational Routines
Repairs
Politeness: An Organizational Force in Conversation
Cross-Cultural Communication
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
10. Language Variation Across Situations of Use: Registers
Introduction
Language Varies Within a Speech Community
Language Choice in Multilingual Societies
Linguistic Repertoires in Brussels, Tehran, and Los Angeles
Switching Varieties Within a Language
Speech Situations
Elements of a Speech Situation
Registers in Monolingual Societies
Markers of Register
Lexical Markers of Register
Phonological Markers of Register
Grammatical Markers of Register
Semantic Markers of Register
Similarities and Differences Between Spoken and Written Registers
Two Registers Compared
Lexicon and Grammar
Phonology
Comparing Registers
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
11. Language Variation Among Social Groups: Dialects
Language or Dialect: Which Do You Speak?
Social Boundaries and Dialects
Distinguishing Among Dialect, Register, and Accent
How Do Languages Diverge and Merge?
Language Merger in an Indian Village
Language/Dialect Continua
National Varieties of English
American and British National Varieties
Regional Varieties of American English
Mapping Dialects
Dialect Boundaries
Dictionary of American Regional English
The Atlas of North American English
Vowel Mergers
Vowel Shifts
ANAE Findings
Ethnic Varieties of American English
African American English
Chicano English
Ethnic Varieties and Social Identification
Socioeconomic Status Varieties: English, French, and Spanish
New York City
Norwich, England
Montreal, Canada
Argentina
General Comments
The Language Varieties of Women and Men
Why Do Stigmatized Varieties Persist?
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
Part Three. Language Change, Language Development, and Language Acquisition
12. Language Change Over Time: Historical Linguistics
Do Living Languages Always Change?
Language Families and the Indo-European Family
How to Reconstruct the Linguistic Past
Polynesian and Pacific Background
Polynesian Languages and Their History
Comparative Reconstruction
Reconstructing the Proto-Polynesian Vocabulary
Historical Linguistics and Prehistory
What are the Language Families of the World?
Counting Speakers and Languages
Indo-European Family
Sino-Tibetan Family
Austronesian Family
Afroasiatic Family
The Three Major Language Families of Sub-Saharan Africa
Other Language Families of Asia and Europe
Native American Languages
Languages of Aboriginal Australia
Papuan Languages
Nostratic Macrofamily
Language Origins and Language Evolution
Languages in Contact
Multilingualism
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
13. Historical Development in English
A Thousand Years of Change
Where Does English Come From?
English Is a Germanic Language
Grimm’s Law
Morphology and Syntax in Indo-European
Periods in the History of English
Old English: 700–1100
Old English Script
Old English Sounds
Old English Vocabulary and Morphology
Inflections and Word Order in Old English
Companions of Angels: A Narrative in Old English
Vocabulary in the Narrative
Grammar: Syntax and Morphology in the Narrative
Text Structure of the Narrative
Middle English: 1100–1500
The Norman Invasion
Middle English Vocabulary
Middle English Sounds
Middle English Inflections
Middle English Word Order
Where Men and Women Go All Naked: A Middle English Travel Fable
Vocabulary in the Fable
Morphology in the Fable
Syntax in the Fable
Modern English: 1500–Present
Early and Late Modern English
Phonology: The English Vowel Shift
Modern English Morphology
Modern English Word Order
Modern English Vocabulary
Modern English Grammar
Summary
What Do You Think? REVISITED
Exercises
Other Resources
14. Acquiring First and Second Languages
Introduction
Acquiring a First Language
Principles of Language Acquisition
Adult Input in Language Acquisition
Stages of Language Acquisition
How Do Children Acquire Morphology and Grammar?
How Fast Do Children Acquire Vocabulary?
How Do Children Acquire Speech Sounds?
Studying Language Acquisition
Receptive Competence and Productive Competence
Wugs and Other Experimental Techniques
Acquiring a Second Language
First and Second Languages
Comparing First- and Second-Language Acquisition
The Role of Motivation in Second-Language Learning
The Role of Attitudes in Second-Language Learning
Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages
Summary
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