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ISBN 10: 1337094153
ISBN 13: 978-1337094153
Author: Miller, Scott Spoolman
Team up with Miller/Spoolman’s, LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT and the National Geographic Society for the most inspiring introduction to environmental science available! Providing clear introductions to the multiple environmental problems that we face and balanced discussions to evaluate potential solutions, this new edition includes everything you need to succeed in the course, while you get the knowledge you need to make a difference in solving today’s environmental issues. The MindTap online edition of the book offers exclusive National Geographic content, including high-quality videos on important environmental problems.
Living in the Environment 19th Table of contents:
Chapter 1. The Environment and Sustainability
Core Case Study. Learning from the Earth
1.1. What Are Some Key Principles of Sustainability?
Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature
Learning from the Earth: Three Scientific Principles of Sustainability
Key Components of Sustainability
Three Additional Principles of Sustainability
Countries Differ in Their Resource Use and Environmental Impact
1.2. How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth?
Good News: Many People Have a Better Quality of Life
We Are Living Unsustainably
Degrading Commonly Shared Renewable Resources: The Tragedy of the Commons
Our Growing Ecological Footprints
IPAT Is Another Environmental Impact Model
China’s Growing Number of Affluent Consumers
Cultural Changes Can Increase or Shrink Our Ecological Footprints
1.3. What Causes Environmental Problems and Why Do They Persist?
Basic Causes of Environmental Problems
The Human Population Is Growing at a Rapid Rate
Affluence and Unsustainable Resource Use
Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects
Prices of Goods and Services Rarely Include Their Harmful Environmental and Health Costs
People Are Increasingly Isolated from Nature
People Have Different Views about Environmental Problems and Their Solutions
1.4. What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?
Protecting Natural Capital and Living on Its Income
We Can Live More Sustainably
Tying It All Together. Learning From the Earth and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 2. Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
Core Case Study. How Do Scientists Learn About Nature? Experimenting with a Forest
2.1. What Do Scientists Do?
Scientists Collect Evidence to Learn How Nature Works
Scientists Are Curious and Skeptical and Demand Evidence
Critical Thinking and Creativity Are Important in Science
Scientific Theories and Laws: The Most Important and Certain Results of Science
Science Can Be Reliable, Unreliable, and Tentative
Science Has Limitations
2.2. What Is Matter and What Happens When It Undergoes Change?
Matter Consists of Elements and Compounds
Elements and Compounds Are Made of Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Organic Compounds Are the Chemicals of Life
Matter Comes to Life through Cells, Genes, and Chromosomes
Matter Can Change
Law of Conservation of Matter
2.3. What Is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes Change?
Energy Comes in Many Forms
Energy Is Renewable or Nonrenewable
Energy Varies in Its Quality
Energy Changes Obey Two Scientific Laws
2.4. What Are Systems and How Do They Respond to Change?
Systems and Feedback Loops
Tying It All Together. The Hubbard Brook Forest Experiment and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 3. Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?
Core Case Study. Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing
3.1. How Does the Earth’s Life-Support System Work?
Earth’s Life-Support System Has Four Major Components
Three Factors Sustain the Earth’s Life
3.2. What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem?
Ecosystems Have Several Important Components
Soil Is the Foundation of Life on Land
3.3. What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem?
Energy Flows through Ecosystems in Food Chains and Food Webs
Some Ecosystems Produce Plant Matter Faster Than Others Do
3.4. What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem?
Nutrients Cycle Within and Among Ecosystems
The Water Cycle Sustains All Life
Carbon Cycles Among Living and Nonliving Things
Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in Action
Phosphorus Cycles Through Water, Rock, and Food Webs
3.5. How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems?
Some Scientists Study Nature Directly
Ecologists Do Laboratory Research and Use Models
Tying It All Together. Tropical Rain Forests and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 4. Biodiversity and Evolution
Core Case Study. Why Are Amphibians Vanishing?
4.1. What Are the Major Types of Life on Earth?
Earth’s Organisms Are Many and Varied
4.2. What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important?
Biodiversity Is the Variety of Life
4.3. What Roles Do Species Play in Ecosystems?
Each Species Plays a Role
There Are Four Major Ecosystem Roles for Species
Indicator Species Can Sound the Alarm
Keystone Species Play Critical Roles
4.4. How Does the Earth’s Life Change Over Time?
Evolution Explains How Organisms Change Over Time
Evolution Depends on Genetic Variability and Natural Selection
Limits to Adaptation through Natural Selection
Myths About Evolution Through Natural Selection
4.5. What Factors Affect Biodiversity?
How Do New Species Arise?
Artificial Selection, Genetic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology
Extinction Eliminates Species
Tying It All Together. Amphibians and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 5. Species Interactions, Ecological Succession, and Population Control
Core Case Study. The Southern Sea Otter: A Species in Recovery
5.1. How Do Species Interact?
Competition for Resources
Predation
Coevolution
Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism
5.2. How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions?
Ecological Succession Creates and Changes Ecosystems
Is There a Balance of Nature?
Living Systems Are Sustained Through Constant Change
5.3. What Limits the Growth of Populations?
Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable
Several Factors Can Limit Population Size
No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves
Reproductive Patterns
Species Vary in Their Life Spans
Humans Are Not Exempt from Nature’s Population Controls
Tying It All Together. Southern Sea Otters and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 6. The Human Population
Core Case Study. Planet Earth: Population 7.3 Billion
6.1. How Many People Can the Earth Support?
Human Population Growth
Human Population Growth and Natural Capital
6.2. What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population?
The Human Population Can Grow, Decline, or Stabilize
Fertility Rates
Factors That Affect Birth and Fertility Rates
Factors That Affect Death Rates
Migration
6.3. How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?
Age Structure
Aging Populations Can Decline Rapidly
6.4. How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?
Economic Development
Educating and Empowering Women
Family Planning
Tying It All Together. World Population Growth and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 7. Climate and Biodiversity
Core Case Study. African Savanna
7.1. What Factors Influence Weather?
Weather Is Affected by Moving Masses of Warm or Cold Air
Weather Is Affected by Changes in Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Patterns
Tornadoes and Tropical Cyclones Are Violent Weather Extremes
7.2. What Factors Influence Climate?
Several Factors Affect Regional Climates
Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
7.3. How Does Climate Affect The Nature and Location of Biomes?
Climate Helps to Determine Where Terrestrial Organisms Can Live
Three Types of Deserts
Three Types of Grasslands
Chaparral—a Dry Temperate Biome
Three Types of Forests
Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles
Humans Have Disturbed Much of the Earth’s Land
Tying It All Together. Tropical African Savanna and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 8. Aquatic Biodiversity
Core Case Study. Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs?
8.1. What Is the General Nature of Aquatic Systems?
Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water
Aquatic Species Drift, Swim, Crawl, and Cling
8.2. Why Are Marine Aquatic Systems Important?
Oceans Provide Vital Ecosystem and Economic Services
Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive
Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms
The Open Sea and the Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species
8.3. How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems?
Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Ecosystems
8.4. Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important?
Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others
Some Lakes Have More Nutrients Than Others
Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Large Volumes of Water
Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges
8.5. How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems?
Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Freshwater Systems
Tying It All Together. Coral Reefs and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 9. Sustaining Biodiversity: Saving Species and Ecosystem Services
Core Case Study. Where Have All the Honeybees Gone?
9.1. What Role Do Humans Play in the Loss of Species and Ecosystem Services?
Extinctions Are Natural But Sometimes They Increase Sharply
Endangered and Threatened Species Are Ecological Smoke Alarms
9.2. Why Should We Try To Sustain Wild Species And the Ecosystem Services They Provide?
Species Are a Vital Part of the Earth’s Natural Capital
9.3. How Do Humans Accelerate Species Extinction and Degradation of Ecosystem Services?
Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation: Remember HIPPCO
Invasive Species
Some Accidentally Introduced Species Can Disrupt Ecosystems
Prevention Is the Best Way to Reduce Threats from Invasive Species
Population Growth, High Rates of Resource Use, Pollution, and Climate Change
The Illegal Killing, Capturing, and Selling of Wild Species
Rising Demand for Bushmeat Threatens Some African Species
9.4. How Can We Sustain Wild Species and the Ecosystem Services They Provide?
Treaties and Laws Can Help Protect Species
Wildlife Refuges and Other Protected Areas
Seed Banks, Botanical Gardens, and Wildlife Farms
Zoos and Aquariums
The Precautionary Principle
Protecting Species and Ecosystem Services Raises Difficult Questions
Tying It All Together. Honeybees and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 10. Sustaining Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
Core Case Study. Costa Rica—A Global Conservation Leader
10.1. What Are The Major Threats to Forest Ecosystems?
Forests Provide Important Economic and Ecosystem Services
Forests Vary in Age and Structure
Ways to Harvest Trees
Fires and Insects Affect Forest Ecosystems
Almost Half of the World’s Old-Growth Forests Have Been Cut Down
Tropical Forests Are Disappearing Rapidly
10.2. How Can We Manage and Sustain Forests?
Managing Forests More Sustainably
Improving Management of Forest Fires
Reducing the Demand for Harvested Trees
Reducing Tropical Deforestation
10.3. How Can We Manage and Sustain Grasslands?
Some Rangelands Are Overgrazed
Managing Rangelands More Sustainably
10.4. How Can We Sustain Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services?
Strategies for Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity
Establishing Wilderness Areas
Establishing Parks and Other Nature Reserves
Designing and Managing Nature Reserves
The Ecosystems Approach for Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity
Protecting Biodiversity Hotspots
Protecting Ecosystem Services
Restoring Damaged Ecosystems
Sharing Areas We Dominate with Other Species
Tying It All Together. Sustaining Costa Rica’s Biodiversity
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 11. Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Core Case Study. The Great Jellyfish Invasion
11.1. What Are The Major Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services?
We Have Much to Learn About Aquatic Biodiversity
Human Activities Are Destroying and Degrading Aquatic Habitats
Invasive Species Can Degrade Aquatic Biodiversity
Population Growth and Pollution Can Reduce Aquatic Biodiversity
Climate Change Is a Growing Threat
Overfishing and Overharvesting: Gone Fishing, Fish Gone
Extinction of Aquatic Species Is a Growing Threat
11.2. How Can We Protect and Sustain Marine Biodiversity?
We Can Protect Marine Species with Laws and Treaties
We Can Establish Marine Sanctuaries
Marine Reserves: An Ecosystem Approach to Marine Sustainability
Restoration Helps Protect Marine Biodiversity, But Prevention Is the Key
11.3. How Should We Manage and Sustain Marine Fisheries?
We Need to Estimate and Monitor Fishery Populations
Some Communities Cooperate to Regulate Fish Harvests
Government Subsidies Can Encourage Overfishing
Consumers Can Choose Sustainably Produced Seafood
11.4. How Should We Protect and Sustain Wetlands?
Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing
Preserving and Restoring Wetlands
11.5. How Should We Protect and Sustain Freshwater Lakes, Rivers, and Fisheries?
Freshwater Ecosystems Are in Jeopardy
Managing River Basins Is Complex and Controversial
Protecting Watersheds
Protecting Freshwater Fisheries
11.6. What Should Be Our Priorities for Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity?
Using an Ecosystem Approach to Sustain Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Tying It All Together. Invading Jellyfish and Aquatic Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 12. Food Production and the Environment
Core Case Study. Growing Power—An Urban Food Oasis
12.1. Why Is Good Nutrition Important?
Many People Suffer from Lasting Hunger and Malnutrition
A Closer Look At Micronutrients
Health Problems from Eating Too Much
Poverty Is the Root Cause of Hunger and Malnutrition
12.2. How Is Food Produced?
Food Production Has Increased Dramatically
Industrialized Crop Production Relies on High-Input Monocultures
Traditional Agriculture Often Relies on Low-Input Polyculture
Organic Agriculture Is on the Rise
A Closer Look at Industrialized Crop Production
Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Produce New Varieties of Crops and Livestock
Meat Consumption Has Grown Steadily
Fish and Shellfish Production Are Growing Rapidly
Industrialized Food Production Requires Huge Inputs of Energy
12.3. What Are the Environmental Effects of Industrialized Food Production?
Producing Food Has Major Environmental Impacts
Topsoil Erosion Is a Serious Problem
Drought and Human Activities Are Degrading Drylands
Excessive Irrigation Can Pollute Soil and Water
Industrialized Crop Production Contributes to Pollution and Climate Change
Producing Food and Biofuel Reduces Biodiversity
There Is Controversy Over Genetically Engineered Foods
There Are Limits to Expanding Green Revolutions
Organic Farming Has Some Drawbacks
Industrialized Meat Production Harms the Environment
Aquaculture Can Harm Aquatic Ecosystems
12.4. How Can We Protect Crops From Pests More Sustainably?
Nature Controls the Populations of Most Pests
Synthetic Pesticides Can Help Control Pest Populations
Benefits of Synthetic Pesticides
Problems with Synthetic Pesticides
Pesticide Use Has Not Consistently Reduced U.S. Crop Losses to Pests
Laws and Treaties Can Help Protect Us from the Harmful Effects of Pesticides
There Are Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides
Integrated Pest Management Is a Component of More Sustainable Agriculture
12.5. How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably?
Conserve Topsoil
Restore Soil Fertility
Reduce Soil Salinization and Desertification
Produce and Consume Meat and Dairy Products More Sustainably
Practice More Sustainable Aquaculture
Expand Organic Agriculture
Shift to More Sustainable Food Production
12.6. How Can We Improve Food Security?
We Can Use Government Policies to Improve Food Production and Security
Other Government and Private Programs Are Increasing Food Security
We Can Grow and Buy More Food Locally and Cut Food Waste
Tying It All Together. Growing Power and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 13. Water Resources
Core Case Study. The Colorado River Story
13.1. Will We Have Enough Usable Water?
Freshwater Is an Irreplaceable Resource That We Are Managing Poorly
Most of the Earth’s Freshwater Is Not Available to Us
Groundwater and Surface Water Are Critical Resources
We Are Using Increasing Amounts of the World’s Reliable Runoff
Freshwater Shortages Will Grow
13.2. Is Groundwater A Sustainable Resource?
Groundwater Withdrawals Are Unsustainable in Some Areas
Overpumping Aquifers Can Have Harmful Effects
Deep Aquifers Might Be Tapped
13.3. How Can We Increase Freshwater Supplies?
Large Dams Provide Benefits and Create Problems
Removing Salt from Seawater to Provide Freshwater
13.4. Can Water Transfers Expand Water Supplies?
Water Transfers Have Benefits and Drawbacks
13.5. How Can We Use Freshwater More Sustainably?
Cutting Water Waste Would Have Many Benefits
We Can Improve Efficiency in Irrigation
Poor Farmers Conserve Water Using Low-Tech Methods
We Can Cut Freshwater Losses in Industries and Homes
We Can Use Less Water to Remove Wastes
We Can Use Water More Sustainably
13.6. How Can We Reduce the Threat of Flooding?
Some Areas Get Too Much Water from Flooding
We Can Reduce Flood Risks
Tying It All Together. The Colorado River and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 14. Geology and Mineral Resources
Core Case Study. The Real Cost of Gold
14.1. What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and What Are Mineral Resources?
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
What Are Minerals and Rocks?
The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Slowly
We Depend on a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
14.2. How Long Might Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last?
Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted
Market Prices Affect Supplies of Mineral Resources
Can We Expand Reserves by Mining Lower-Grade Ores?
Can We Get More Minerals from the Oceans?
14.3. What Are the Environmental Effects of Using Nonrenewable Mineral Resources?
Extracting Minerals Can Have Harmful Environmental Effects
Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects
14.4. How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably?
Find Substitutes for Scarce Mineral Resources
Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably
14.5. What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Hazards?
The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving
Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior
Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events
Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Tsunamis
Tying It All Together. The Real Cost of Gold and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 15. Nonrenewable Energy
Core Case Study. Using Hydrofracking to Produce Oil and Natural Gas
15.1. What Types of Energy Resources Do We Use?
Where Does the Energy We Use Come From?
Net Energy: It Takes Energy to Get Energy
15.2. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Oil?
We Depend Heavily on Oil
Is the World Running Out of Crude Oil?
Using Crude Oil Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Use of Heavy Oil Has a High Environmental Impact
15.3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas?
Natural Gas Is a Versatile and Widely Used Fuel
Can Natural Gas Help to Slow Climate Change?
15.4. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Coal?
Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel
We Are Not Paying the Full Cost of Using Coal
The Future of Coal
We Can Convert Coal into Gaseous and Liquid Fuels
15.5. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Nuclear Power?
How Does a Nuclear Fission Reactor Work?
What Is the Nuclear Fuel Cycle?
Dealing With Radioactive Nuclear Wastes
Can Nuclear Power Slow Climate Change?
Controversy About the Future of Nuclear Power
Is Nuclear Fusion the Answer?
Tying It All Together. Fracking, Nonrenewable Energy, and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 16. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Core Case Study. Saving Energy and Money and Reducing Our Environmental Impact
16.1. Why Do We Need a New Energy Transition?
Establishing New Energy Priorities
16.2. Why Is Improving Energy Efficiency and Reducing Energy Waste an Important Energy Resource?
We Waste a Lot of Energy and Money
Improving Energy Efficiency in Industries and Utilities
Building a Smarter and More Energy-Efficient Electrical Grid
Making Transportation More Energy-Efficient
Switching to Energy-Efficient Vehicles
Designing Buildings That Save Energy and Money
Saving Energy and Money in Existing Buildings
Why Are We Wasting So Much Energy and Money?
Relying More on Renewable Energy
16.3. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Solar Energy?
Heating Buildings and Water With Solar Energy
Cooling Buildings Naturally
Concentrating Sunlight to Produce High-Temperature Heat and Electricity
Using Solar Cells to Produce Electricity
16.4. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wind Power?
Using Wind to Produce Electricity
16.5. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Geothermal Energy?
Tapping into the Earth’s Internal Heat
16.6. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Biomass as an Energy Source?
Producing Energy by Burning Solid Biomass
Using Liquid Biofuels to Power Vehicles
16.7. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydropower?
Producing Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water
Using Tides and Waves to Produce Electricity
16.8. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydrogen as an Energy Source?
Will Hydrogen Save Us?
16.9. How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?
Shifting to a New Energy Economy
Tying It All Together. Saving Energy and Money and Reducing Our Environmental Impact
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 17. Environmental Hazards and Human Health
Core Case Study. Mercury’s Toxic Effects
17.1. What Major Health Hazards Do We Face?
We Face Many Types of Hazards
17.2. How Do Biological Hazards Threaten Human Health?
Some Diseases Can Spread from Person to Person
Viral Diseases and Parasites Are Killers
Reducing the Incidence of Infectious Diseases
17.3. How Do Chemical Hazards Threaten Human Health?
Some Chemicals Can Cause Cancers, Mutations, and Birth Defects
Some Chemicals Can Affect Our Immune and Nervous Systems
Some Chemicals Affect the Endocrine System
17.4. How Can We Evaluate Risks from Chemical Hazards?
Many Factors Determine the Toxicity of Chemicals
Scientists Use Live Laboratory Animals and Non-Animal Tests to Estimate Toxicity
Other Ways to Estimate the Harmful Effects of Chemicals
Are Trace Levels of Toxic Chemicals Harmful?
Why Do We Know So Little About the Harmful Effects of Chemicals?
Pollution Prevention and the Precautionary Principle
17.5. How Do We Perceive and Avoid Risks?
The Greatest Health Risks Come from Poverty, Gender, and Lifestyle Choices
Estimating Risks from Technologies
Most People Do a Poor Job of Evaluating Risks
Certain Principles Can Help Us Evaluate and Reduce Risk
Tying It All Together. Mercury’s Toxic Effects and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 18. Air Pollution and Ozone Depletion
Core Case Study. Los Angeles Air Pollution
18.1. What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere?
The Atmosphere Consists of Several Layers
Air Movements and Chemicals in the Troposphere Affect the Earth’s Weather and Climate
The Stratosphere Is Our Global Sunscreen
18.2. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems?
Air Pollution Comes from Natural and Human Sources
Air Pollution Has Harmful Effects
Major Outdoor Air Pollutants
Burning Coal Produces Industrial Smog
Sunlight Plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog
Several Factors Affect Levels of Outdoor Air Pollution
18.3. What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem?
Acid Deposition
Harmful Effects of Acid Deposition
Reducing Acid Deposition
18.4. What Are the Major Indoor Air Pollution Problems?
Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious Problem
18.5. What Are the Health Effects of Air Pollution?
Your Body’s Natural Air Pollution Defenses Can Be Overwhelmed
Air Pollution Is a Big Killer
18.6. How Should We Deal with Air Pollution?
Laws and Regulations Can Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
Using the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
Ways to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
Reducing Indoor Air Pollution
18.7. How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It?
The Use of Certain Chemicals Threatens the Ozone Layer
Why Should We Worry About Ozone Depletion?
Reversing Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Tying It All Together. Los Angeles Air Pollution and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 19. Climate Change
Core Case Study. Melting Ice In Greenland
19.1. How Is the Earth’s Climate Changing?
Weather and Climate Are Not the Same
Climate Change Is Not New but Recently Has Accelerated
19.2. Why Is the Earth’s Climate Changing?
Natural Factors Can Lead to Climate Change
Human Activities Play a Key Role in Current Atmospheric Warming
What Role Does the Sun Play in Climate Change?
Effects of the Oceans on Atmospheric Warming
Effects of Cloud Cover on Atmospheric Warming
Outdoor Air Pollution Can Affect Atmospheric Warming
19.3. What Are the Likely Effects of a Warmer Atmosphere?
Rapid Atmospheric Warming Could Have Serious Consequences
More Ice and Snow Are Likely to Melt
Methane Emissions from Permafrost and Tropical Wetlands
Sea Levels Are Rising
The Oceans Are Becoming More Acidic
Severe Drought Could Become More Common
Extreme Weather Will Be More Likely
Climate Change Threatens Biodiversity
Threats to Food Production
Threats to Human Health, National Security, and Economies
19.4. How Can We Slow Climate Change?
Dealing with Climate Is Difficult
What Are Our Options?
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Removing CO 2 from the Atmosphere
Can Geoengineering Provide Solutions?
Regulating Greenhouse Gases as Pollutants
Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions
Using Government Subsidies to Address Climate Change
International Cooperation
Some Countries, States, and Localities Are Leading the Way
Some Companies Are Reducing Their Carbon Footprints
Colleges and Universities Are Reducing Their Carbon Footprints
Every Individual Can Make a Difference
19.5. How Can We Adapt to Climate Change?
We Can Prepare for Climate Change
A No-Regrets Strategy
Tying It All Together. Melting Ice in Greenland and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 20. Water Pollution
Core Case Study. The Gulf of Mexico’s Annual Dead Zone
20.1. What Are the Causes and Effects of Water Pollution?
Water Pollution Comes from Point and Nonpoint Sources
Harmful Effects of Water Pollutants
20.2. What Are the Major Pollution Problems in Streams and Lakes?
Streams Can Cleanse Themselves, If We Do Not Overload Them
Stream Pollution in More-Developed Countries
Stream Pollution in Less-Developed Countries
Pollution of Lakes and Reservoirs
Cultural Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing
Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone: A Closer Look
20.3. What Are the Major Groundwater Pollution Problems?
Groundwater Cannot Cleanse Itself Very Well
Groundwater Pollution Is a Hidden Threat
Purifying Drinking Water
Using Laws to Protect Drinking Water Quality
20.4. What Are the Major Ocean Pollution Problems?
Ocean Pollution Is a Growing Problem
Ocean Pollution From Oil
20.5. How Can We Deal With Water Pollution?
Reducing Ocean Water Pollution
Reducing Water Pollution from Nonpoint Sources
Sewage Treatment Reduces Water Pollution
Improving Conventional Sewage Treatment
Sustainable Ways to Reduce and Prevent Water Pollution
Tying It All Together. Dead Zones and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 21. Solid and Hazardous Waste
Core Case Study. Cradle-to-Cradle Design
21.1. What Environmental Problems Are Related to Solid and Hazardous Wastes?
Solid Waste Is Piling Up
Hazardous Waste Is a Serious and Growing Problem
21.2. How Should We Deal With Solid Waste?
Burn, Bury, or Recycle Solid Waste and Produce Less of It
The Four Rs of Waste Reduction
21.3. Why Are Refusing, Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling So Important?
Alternatives to the Throwaway Economy
Revisiting Cradle-to-Cradle Design: Reuse Is on the Rise
Recycling
We Can Mix or Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling
Recycling Paper
Recycling Glass
Recycling Plastics
Recycling Has Advantages and Disadvantages
21.4. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?
Burning Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
21.5. How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?
Hazardous Waste Requires Special Handling
Detoxifying Hazardous Waste
Storing Hazardous Waste
21.6. How Can We Shift to Low-Waste Economy?
Citizens Can Take Action
Using International Treaties to Reduce Hazardous Waste
Encouraging Reuse and Recycling
Reuse and Recycling Present Economic Opportunities
Making the Transition to Low-Waste Economies
Tying It All Together. The Cradle-to-Cradle Approach and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 22. Urbanization and Sustainability
Core Case Study. Portland, Oregon: Urban Sustainability in Action
22.1. What Are the Major Population Trends in Urban Areas?
More Than Half of the World’s People Live in Urban Areas
Urban Sprawl
22.2. What Are the Major Urban Resource and Environmental Problems?
Urbanization Has Advantages
Urbanization Has Disadvantages
Poverty and Urban Living
22.3. How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts?
Cities Can Grow Outward or Upward
Pros and Cons of Motor Vehicles
Reducing Automobile Use
Alternatives to Cars
22.4. How Important Is Urban Land-Use Planning?
Conventional Land-Use Planning
Smart Growth
Preserving and Using Open Space
22.5. How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable?
New Urbanism
The Eco-City Concept: Cities for People, Not Cars
Eco-Villages
Tying It All Together. Portland, Oregon, and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Chapter 23. Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
Core Case Study. Germany: Using Economics to Spur a Shift to Renewable Energy
23.1. How Are Economic Systems Related to the Biosphere?
Economic Systems Depend on Natural Capital
Government Intervention to Help Correct Market Failures
Controversy over the Sustainability of Economic Growth
The Steady-State Economy Model
23.2. How Can We Estimate the Values of Natural Capital, Pollution Control, and Resource Use?
Ways to Value Natural Capital
Estimating the Future Value of a Resource Is Controversial
Estimating Optimum Levels of Pollution Control and Resource Use
Cost–Benefit Analysis
23.3. How Can We Use Economic Tools to Deal with Environmental Problems?
Full-Cost Pricing
Shifting from Environmentally Harmful to Environmentally Beneficial Subsidies
Environmental Indicators
Taxing Pollution and Wastes Instead of Wages and Profits
Labeling Environmentally Beneficial Goods and Services
Environmental Laws and Regulations
Using the Marketplace to Reduce Pollution and Resource Waste
Selling Services Instead of Products
23.4. How Can Reducing Poverty Help Us to Deal With Environmental Problems?
We Can Reduce Poverty
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals
23.5. How Can We Make the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies?
Low-Throughput Economies
Shifting to More Sustainable Economies
Using Lessons from Nature to Make the Transition
Tying It All Together. Germany’s Transition and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 24. Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
Core Case Study. The Greening of American Campuses
24.1. What Is the Role of Government in Making the Transition to More Sustainable Societies?
Serving Environmental and Other Public Interests
The Democratic Process
Environmental Justice
Principles of Environmental Policy Making
24.2. How Is Environmental Policy Made?
Democratic Government: The U.S. Model
Developing Environmental Policy—a Controversial Process
Influencing Environmental Policy
Environmental Leadership
24.3. What Is the Role of Environmental Law in Dealing With Environmental Problems?
Environmental Law
Environmental Lawsuits
24.4. What Are the Major Roles of Environmental Groups?
The Roles of Environmental Groups
Grassroots Environmental Groups
Student Environmental Groups and Researchers
24.5. How Can We Improve Global Environmental Security?
Why Is Global Environmental Security Important?
Strengthening International Environmental Policies
Role of Corporations in Promoting Environmental Sustainability
24.6. How Can We Implement More Sustainable and Just Environmental Policies?
Green Planning
Making a Shift to More Environmentally Sustainable Societies
Tying It All Together. Greening College Campuses and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Data Analysis
Chapter 25. Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability
Core Case Study. The United States, China, and Sustainability
25.1. What Are Some Major Environmental Worldviews?
Differing Environmental Worldviews
Human-Centered Environmental Worldviews
Can We Manage the Earth?
Life-Centered and Earth-Centered Environmental Worldviews
25.2. What Is the Role of Education in Living More Sustainably?
Becoming More Environmentally Literate
Learning from the Earth
25.3. How Can We Live More Sustainably?
Living More Simply and Lightly on the Earth
Revisiting the United States, China, and Sustainability
Bringing About a Sustainability Revolution During Your Lifetime
Tying It All Together. The United States, China, and Sustainability
Chapter Review
Critical Thinking
Doing Environmental Science
Global Environment Watch Exercise
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Supplement 1. Measurement Units and Unit Conversions
Supplement 2. Reading Graphs and Maps
Supplement 3. Some Basic Chemistry
Supplement 4. Maps and Map Analysis
Supplement 5. Environmental Data and Data Analysis
Supplement 6. Geologic and Biological Time Scale
National Geographic Profiles
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