Marriages Families and Relationships 14th Edition By Mary Ann Lamanna, Agnes Riedmann, Susan Stewart ISBN 0357368746 978-0357368749

Chapter 1. Making Family Choices in a Changing Society

Defining Family

Family Functions

Structural Family Definitions

Postmodern: There Is No Typical Family

Adapting Family Definitions to the Postmodern Family

Relaxed Institutional Control over Relationship Choices: “Family Decline” or “Family Change”?

A Sociological Imagination: Personal Troubles and Some Social Conditions that Impact Families

Ever-New Biological and Communication Technologies

Economic Conditions

Historical Periods and Events

Demographic Characteristics: Age Structure

Demographic Characteristics: Religion

Demographic Characteristics: Race and Ethnicity

Family Policy: A Family Impact Lens

The Freedom and Pressures of Choosing

Making Informed Decisions

Families of Individuals

Families as a Place to Belong

Familistic (Communal) Values and Individualistic (Self-Fulfilment) Values

People as Individuals and Family Members

Marriages and Families: Four Themes

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 2. Exploring Relationships and Families

Science: Transcending Personal Experience

The Blinders of Personal Experience

Scientific Norms

Theoretical Perspectives on the Family

The Family Ecology Perspective

The Family Life Course Development Framework

The Structure–Functional Perspective

The Interaction-Constructionist Perspective

Exchange Theory

Family Systems Theory

Conflict and Feminist Theory

The Biosocial Perspective

Attachment Theory

The Relationship between Theory and Research

Designing a Scientific Study: Some Basic Principles

Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Data

Deductive versus Inductive Reasoning

Quantitative versus Qualitative Research

Defining Terms

Samples and Generalization

Data-Collection Techniques

The Ethics of Research on Families

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 3. Gender Identities and Families

Our Gender Identities

Gender Is Fluid

Gender and Culture

Doing Gender: To What Extent Do Individuals Follow Cultural Expectations?

Gender Socialization

Gender Socialization Theories

Gender Socialization—The Process

Following Traditional Gender Expectations Can Be Costly

Gender Identities in Social Context

Religion

Government and Politics

Education

Economics

Gender and Social Change

Feminism and Women’s Rights

Gender Today and in the Future

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 4. Our Sexual Selves

Sexual Development and Identity

Children’s Sexual Development

Sexual Identity

Theoretical Perspectives on Human Sexuality

The Exchange Perspective: Rewards, Costs, and Equality in Sexual Relationships

The Interactionist Perspective: Negotiating Cultural Messages

Changing Cultural Scripts

Early America: Patriarchal Sex

The Twentieth Century: The Emergence of Expressive Sexuality

The 1980s and 1990s: Challenges to Heterosexism

The Twenty-First Century: Risk, Caution—and Intimacy

Sexual Values

Sex Outside Committed Relationships

The Sexual Double Standard

Sex within Committed Relationships

Contemporary Issues Concerning Sexuality

Sexual Infidelity

Pornography

Sex Education

Sexual Health

Sexual Responsibility

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 5. Love and Choosing a Life Partner

Love and Commitment

Defining Love

Commitment

Gender Differences in Love

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love

Attachment Theory and Loving Relationships

Three Things Love Is Not

Mate Selection: The Process of Selecting a Committed Partner

Arranged versus Free-Choice Marriages

Social Exchange

Assortative Mating: A Filtering-Out Process

Geographic Availability

Heterogamy in Relationships

Interracial and Inter-Ethnic Unions

Interfaith Relationships

Heterogamy and Relationship Quality and Stability

Minimizing Mate Selection Risk

Meandering Toward Marriage: Developing the Relationship and Moving Toward Commitment

Contemporary Dating

Dating versus “Nondating”

Technology and Dating

From Dating to Commitment

Dating Violence: A Serious Sign of Trouble

The Possibility of Breaking Up

Nurturing Loving and Committed Relationships

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 6. Nonmarital Lifestyles: Living Alone, Cohabiting, and Other Options

What Does it Mean to be Single?

Reasons for More Unmarrieds

Demographic, Economic, and Technological Changes

Social and Cultural Changes

Singles: Their Various Living Arrangements

Living Alone

Living Apart Together

Living with Parents

Group or Communal Living

Cohabitation and Family Life

Characteristics of Cohabitors

Why Do People Cohabit?

Cohabitation as an Alternative to Marriage

The Cohabiting Relationship

Cohabiting Parents and Outcomes for Children

Cohabiting Same-Sex Couples

Maintaining Supportive Social Networks and Life Satisfaction

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 7. Marriage: From Social Institution to Private Relationship

Marital Status: The Changing Picture

Fewer Heterosexual Married Couples

Legal Same-Sex Marriage

The Time-Honored Marriage Premise: Permanence and Sexual Exclusivity

The Expectation of Permanence

The Expectation of Sexual Exclusivity

From “Yoke Mates” to “Soul Mates”: A Changing Marriage Premise

Weakened Kinship Authority

Finding A Spouse on One’s Own

Love and Marriage

Deinstitutionalized Marriage

Institutional Marriage

Companionate Marriage

Individualized Marriage

Marriage and Cohabitation Begin to Look Alike

Deinstitutionalized Marriage: Examining the Consequences

Health, Happiness, Finances, and Child Outcomes: Does Marriage Matter?

Marital Status and Poverty

Additional Influences on Outcomes

Selection versus Experience Effects

Deinstitutionalized Marriage: The Policy Debate

Policies from the Family Decline Perspective

Policies from the Family Change Perspective

Current Policy Measures: Take-Aways from Both the Decline and the Change Perspectives

Couple Satisfaction and Choices Throughout Life

Preparation for Marriage

The First Years Together

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 8. Deciding about Parenthood

Fertility Trends in the United States

Historical Patterns of Fertility and Family Size

Differential Fertility Rates by Education, Income, Race, and Ethnicity

Things to Consider when Deciding about Parenthood

Rewards and Costs of Parenthood

How Children Affect Couple Happiness

Choosing to Be Childfree

Having Children: Options and Circumstances

Timing Parenthood: Earlier versus Later

Having Only One Child

Nonmarital Births

Single Mothers by Choice

Preventing Pregnancy

Abortion

The Politics of Family Planning, Contraception, and Abortion

Deciding about an Abortion

Involuntary Infertility and Reproductive Technology

Reproductive Technology: Social and Ethical Issues

Reproductive Technology: Making Personal Choices

Adoption

The Adoption Process

Transracial Adoption

Adoption of Older Children and Children with Disabilities

International Adoptions

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 9. Raising Children in a Diverse Society

Parenting in Twenty-First Century America

Parenting Challenges and Resilience

A Stress Model of Parental Effectiveness

The Transition to Parenthood

Gender and Parenting

Doing Motherhood

Doing Fatherhood

What do Children Need?

Infants

Preschool and School-Age Children

Teenagers

Experts Advise Authoritative Parenting

Is Spanking Ever Appropriate?

Social Class and Parenting

Middle- and Upper-Middle-Class Parents

Working-Class Parents

Low-Income and Poverty-Level Parents

Parenting and Diversity: Sexual Identity, Racial and Ethnicity and Religion

Same-Sex Parents

African American Parents

Native American Parents

Hispanic Parents

Asian American Parents

Parents of Multiracial Children

Parents in Transnational Families

Religious Minority Parents

Raising Children of Minority Race, Ethnic, Religious, or Gender Identity in a Prejudicial and Discriminatory Society

Grandparents as Parents

Parenting Young Adult Children

Toward Better Parenting

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 10. Work and Family

The Interface of Work and Family Life

Gender and the Work–Family Interface

Men’s Work and Family Roles

“Good Providers” and “Involved Fathers”

Women’s Work and Family Roles

Women in the Labor Force

Women’s Occupations

The Female–Male Wage Gap

Stay-at-Home Moms

Two-Earner Partnerships and Work–Family Options

Two-Career Partnerships

Working Part-Time

Shift Work and Variations

Doing Paid Work at Home

Unpaid Family Work

Household Labor

Why Do Women Do More Household Labor?

Diversity and Household Labor

Juggling Employment and Family Work

Two-Earner Families and Children’s Well-Being

Social Policy, Work, and Family

What Are the Issues?

What’s Needed to Address the Issues?

Who Will Provide What’s Needed to Meet the Challenges?

Family-Friendly Workplace Policies and Unintended Consequences

The Two-Earner Couple’s Relationship

Fairness and Couple Happiness

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 11. Communication in Relationships, Marriages, and Families

Family Cohesion and Conflict

Characteristics of Cohesive Families

Children, Family Cohesion, and Unresolved Conflict

Communication and Relationship Satisfaction

Affection and Antagonism

Communicate Positive Feelings

Stress, Coping, and Conflict in Relationships

Conflict among Happy Couples

Indirect Expressions of Anger

John Gottman’s Research on Couple Communication and Conflict Management

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Positive vs. Negative Affect

Gender Differences in Communication

Working Through Conflicts in Positive Ways—Ten Guidelines

Guideline 1: Express Anger Directly and with Kindness

Guideline 2: Check Out Your Interpretation of Others’ Behaviors

Guideline 3: To Avoid Attacks, Use “I” Statements

Guideline 4: Avoid Mixed, or Double, Messages

Guideline 5: When You Can, Choose the Time and Place Carefully

Guideline 6: Address a Specific Issue, Ask for a Specific Change, and Be Open to Compromise

Guideline 7: Be Willing to Change Yourself

Guideline 8: Don’t Try to Win

Guideline 9: Practice Forgiveness

Guideline 10: End the Argument

Relationship and Family Counseling

Talk to A Stranger: The Importance of “Outside Others”

Improving Communication, Setting Boundaries, and Taking Care of Yourself

When Is It Okay to Let Go?

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 12. Power and Violence in Families

What is Power?

Power Bases

The Resource Hypothesis: A Classical Perspective on Marital Power

Resources and Gender

Resources in Cultural Context

Current Research on Couple Power

Decision-Making

Division of Household Labor

Money Allocation

Ability to Influence the Other

Diversity and Marital Power

Power Politics versus Freely Cooperative Relationships

Family Violence

IPV Data Sources

The Incidence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Correlates of Family Violence

Gender and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Self-Defense?

Situational Couple Violence

Coercive Controlling Violence

Male Victims of Heterosexual Terrorism

Abuse among Same-Gender, Bisexual, and Transgender Couples

Violence against Children—Child Maltreatment

Neglect and Abuse

How Extensive Is Child Maltreatment?

Sibling Violence

Child-to-Parent Violence

Stopping Family Violence

Separating Victim from Perpetrator

The Criminal Justice Response

The Therapeutic Approach

Macro or Structural Approaches

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 13. Family Stress, Crisis, and Resilience

Defining Family Stress, Crisis, and Resilience

Individual Stress

Family Stress

Theoretical Perspectives on Family Stress and Crises

What Precipitates a Family Crisis?

Types of Stressors

Stressor Overload

The Course of a Family Crisis

The Period of Disorganization

Recovery

Family Stress, Crisis, Adjustment, and Adaptation: A Theoretical Model

Stressor Pileup

Appraising the Situation

Crisis-Meeting Resources

Meeting Crises Creatively

A Positive Outlook

Spiritual Values and Support Groups

Open, Supportive Communication

Adaptability

Informal Social Support

An Extended Family

Community Resources

Crisis: Disaster or Opportunity?

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 14. Divorce and Relationship Dissolution

Today’s Divorce Rate

The Divorce Divide

Starter Marriages and Silver Divorces

Divorce among Gay and Lesbian Couples

Redivorce

Why did the Divorce Rate Rise in the Twentieth Century?

Demographic Factors

Economic Factors

Weakening Social, Moral, and Legal Constraints

High Expectations for Marriage

Interpersonal Dynamics

Why Is the Divorce Rate Dropping?

Thinking About Divorce: Weighing the Alternatives

“What’s Stopping Me?” Barriers to Divorce

“Would I Be Happier?” Alternatives to the Marriage

“Can This Marriage Be Saved?” Rewards of the Current Marriage

Other Solutions to Marital Distress

Getting the Divorce

The “Black Box” of Divorce

Initiating a Divorce

Legal Aspects of Divorce

Divorce Mediation

Divorce “Fallout”

The Economic Consequences of Divorce

Consequences for Children: Single-Parent Families and Poverty

Economic Losses for Women

Economic Losses for Men

Child Support

The Social and Emotional Consequences of Divorce

Consequences for Women and Men

How Divorce Affects Children

The “Child of Divorce” Perspective

Child-Custody Issues

The Residential Parent

The Visiting Parent

Joint Custody

Styles of Parental Relationships After Divorce

Improving Divorce Outcomes

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 15. Remarriages and Stepfamilies

Defining and Measuring Stepfamilies

What Makes a Stepfamily?

Various Types of Stepfamilies

Perceptions of Stepfamilies: Stereotypes and Stigmas

Choosing Partners the Next Time

Dating with Children

What Kinds of People Become Stepparents?

Second Weddings

Happiness, Satisfaction, and Stability in Remarriage

Day-to-Day Living in Stepfamilies

Challenges to Developing a Stepfamily Identity

The Stepfamily System

Stepfamily Roles

Stepfamily Relationships

Financial and Legal Issues

Well-Being in Stepfamilies

The Well-Being of Parents and Stepparents

The Well-Being of Children

Creating Supportive Stepfamilies

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

Chapter 16. Aging and Multigenerational Families

Our Aging Population

Aging Baby Boomers

Longer Life Expectancy

Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Older American Population

Older Americans and the Diversity of Family Forms

Living Arrangements of Older Americans

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Older Americans’ Living Arrangements

Gender Differences in Older Americans’ Living Arrangements

Aging in Today’s Economy

Retirement?

Gender Issues and Older Women’s Finances

Relationship Satisfaction in Later Life

Sexuality in Later Life

Later-Life Divorce, Widowhood, and Repartnering

Widowhood and Widowerhood

Aging and Repartnering

Multigenerational Ties: Older Parents, Adult Children, and Grandchildren

Older Parents and Adult Children

Grandparenthood

Aging Families and Caregiving

Adult Children as Elder Care Providers

Gender Differences in Providing Elder Care

The Sandwich Generation

Elder Care—Joy, Ambivalence, Reluctance, and Conflict

Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Family Elder Care

Elder Abuse and Neglect

Elder Maltreatment by Family Members

Two Models to Explain Elder Abuse

The Changing American Family and Elder Care in the Future

Same-Sex Families and Elder Care

Toward Better Caregiving

The Private Face of Family Caregiving

The Public Face of Family Caregiving

Summary

Questions for Review and Reflection

Key Terms

References