Measurement of joint motion a guide to goniometry 5th edition by Cynthia Norkin, Joyce White ISBN 080364566X 978-0803645660

Part I: Introduction to Goniometry and Muscle Length Testing

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Goniometry

Kinematics

Arthrokinematics

Osteokinematics

Planes and Axes

Range of Motion

Active Range of Motion

Passive Range of Motion

Hypomobility

Hypermobility

Factors Affecting Range of Motion

Muscle Length Testing

Chapter 2: Procedures

Positioning

Stabilization

EXERCISE 1: Determining the End of the Range of Motion and End-Feel

Measurement Instruments

Universal Goniometer

EXERCISE 2: The Universal Goniometer

EXERCISE 3: Goniometer Alignment for Elbow Flexion

Gravity-Dependent Goniometers (Inclinometers)

EXERCISE 4: Inclinometers

EXERCISE 5: Inclinometer Alignment for Cervical Rotation

Electrogoniometers

Radiography

Photography

Smartphones

Visual Estimation

Recording

Numerical Tables

Pictorial Charts

Sagittal–Frontal–Transverse–Rotation (SFTR) Method of Recording

American Medical Association Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment Method

Procedures

Precautions to Range of Motion and Muscle Length

Preparation for Testing

Explanation of Procedure

Testing Procedure

EXERCISE 6: Explanation of Goniometric Testing Procedure

EXERCISE 7: Testing Procedure for Goniometric Measurement of Elbow Flexion ROM

Chapter 3: Validity and Reliability of Goniometric Measurement

Validity

Face Validity

Content Validity

Criterion-Related Validity

Construct Validity

Reliability

Summary of Goniometric Reliability Studies

Statistical Methods of Evaluating Measurement Reliability

Exercises to Evaluate Reliability

EXERCISE 8: Intratester Reliability

EXERCISE 9: Intertester Reliability

EXERCISE 10: Calculation of the Standard Error of Measurement and Minimal Detectable Change

EXERCISE 11: Calculation of the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, Standard Error of Measurement, and Minimal Detectable Change

Part II: Upper-Extremity Testing

Chapter 4: The Shoulder

Structure and Function

Shoulder Complex

Glenohumeral Joint

Sternoclavicular Joint

Acromioclavicular Joint

Scapulothoracic Joint

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedure

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Medial (Internal) Rotation

Lateral (External) Rotation

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

Chapter 5: The Elbow and Forearm

Structure and Function

Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints

Superior and Inferior Radioulnar Joints

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Elbow Flexion

Elbow Extension

Forearm Pronation

Forearm Supination

Muscle Length Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Elbow Flexors

Biceps Brachii Muscle Length Test

Elbow Extensors

Long Head of the Triceps Brachii Muscle Length Test

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

Chapter 6: The Wrist

Structure and Function

Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Wrist Flexion

Wrist Extension

Wrist Radial Deviation

Wrist Ulnar Deviation

Muscle Length Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Wrist Flexors

The Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle Length Test

Wrist Extensors

The Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, and Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle Length Test

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

Chapter 7: The Hand

Structure and Function

Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Joints

Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints

Thumb: Carpometacarpal Joint

Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Thumb: Interphalangeal Joint

Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Fingers

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Flexion

Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Extension

Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Abduction

Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Adduction

Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal Flexion

Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal Extension

Fingers: Distal Interphalangeal Flexion

Fingers: Distal Interphalangeal Extension

Fingers: Composite Flexion of the MCP, PIP, and DIP Joints

Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Thumb

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Thumb: Carpometacarpal Flexion

Thumb: Carpometacarpal Extension

Thumb: Carpometacarpal Abduction

Thumb: Carpometacarpal Adduction

Thumb: Carpometacarpal Opposition

Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Flexion

Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Extension

Thumb: Interphalangeal Flexion

Thumb: Interphalangeal Extension

Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Fingers

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Metacarpophalangeal Flexors

Lumbricals, Palmar Interossei, and Dorsal Interossei Muscle Length Test

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

Part III: Lower-Extremity Testing

Chapter 8: The Hip

Structure and Function

Iliofemoral Joint

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Hip Flexion

Hip Extension

Hip Abduction

Hip Adduction

Hip Medial (Internal) Rotation

Hip Lateral (External) Rotation

Muscle Length Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Hip Flexors

Thomas Test

Hip Extensors

Straight Leg Raising (SLR) Test

Hip Abductors

Ober Test

Modified Ober Test

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity of Hip Range of Motion Measurements

Reliability and Validity of Muscle Length Testing

Chapter 9: The Knee

Structure and Function

Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Knee Flexion

Knee Extension

Knee Rotation

Muscle Length Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Knee Extensors

Ely Test

Knee Flexors

Distal Hamstring Length Test

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity of Range of Motion Measurement

Reliability and Validity of Muscle Length Testing

Chapter 10: The Ankle and Foot

Structure and Function

Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Joints

Talocrural Joint

Subtalar Joint

Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint

Tarsometatarsal Joints

Metatarsophalangeal Joints

Interphalangeal Joints

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Talocrural Joint

Talocrural Joint: Dorsiflexion

Talocrural Joint: Plantarflexion

Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Tarsal Joints

Tarsal Joints: Inversion

Tarsal Joints: Eversion

Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot)

Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot): Inversion

Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot): Eversion

Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint: Inversion

Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint: Eversion

Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints

Metatarsophalangeal Joint: Flexion

Metatarsophalangeal Joint: Extension

Metatarsophalangeal Joint: Abduction

Metatarsophalangeal Joint: Adduction

Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes: Flexion

Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes: Extension

Distal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes: Flexion

Distal Interphalangeal Joints of the Four Lesser Toes: Extension

Muscle Length Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Ankle Plantarflexors

Gastrocnemius Muscle Length Test: Supine Non-Weight-Bearing

Gastrocnemius Muscle Length Test: Standing Weight-Bearing

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

PART IV: Testing of the Spine and Temporomandibular Joint

Chapter 11: The Cervical Spine

Structure and Function

Atlanto-Occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints

Intervertebral and Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joints

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Cervical Flexion: Universal Goniometer

Cervical Flexion: Tape Measure

Cervical Flexion: Double Inclinometers

Cervical Flexion: Single Inclinometer

Cervical Flexion: Cervical Range of Motion Device

Cervical Extension: Universal Goniometer

Cervical Extension: Tape Measure

Cervical Extension: Double Inclinometers

Cervical Extension: Single Inclinometer

Cervical Extension: CROM Device

Cervical Lateral Flexion: Universal Goniometer

Cervical Lateral Flexion: Tape Measure

Cervical Lateral Flexion: Double Inclinometers

Cervical Lateral Flexion: Single Inclinometer

Cervical Lateral Flexion: CROM Device

Cervical Rotation: Universal Goniometer

Cervical Rotation: Tape Measure

Cervical Rotation: Single Inclinometer

Cervical Rotation: CROM Device

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

Chapter 12: The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

Structure and Function

Thoracic Spine

Lumbar Spine

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Thoracolumbar Flexion

Thoracolumbar Flexion: Tape Measure

Thoracolumbar Flexion: Fingertip-to-Floor

Thoracolumbar Flexion: Double Inclinometers

Thoracolumbar Extension

Thoracolumbar Extension: Tape Measure

Thoracolumbar Extension: Prone Push-Up

Thoracolumbar Extension: Double Inclinometers

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion: Universal Goniometer

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion: Fingertip-to-Floor

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion: Fingertip-to-Thigh

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion: Double Inclinometers

Thoracolumbar Rotation

Thoracolumbar Rotation: Universal Goniometer

Thoracolumbar Rotation: Double Inclinometers

Lumbar Flexion

Lumbar Flexion: Modified-Modified Schober Test (MMST) or Simplified Skin Distraction Test

Lumbar Flexion: Double Inclinometers

Lumbar Flexion: Single Inclinometer

Lumbar Extension

Lumbar Extension: Modified-Modified Schober Test or Simplified Skin Attraction Test

Lumbar Extension: Double Inclinometers

Lumbar Extension: Single Inclinometer

Lumbar Lateral Flexion

Lumbar Lateral Flexion: Double Inclinometers

Lumbar Lateral Flexion: Single Inclinometer

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Functional Range of Motion

Reliability and Validity

Chapter 13: The Temporomandibular Joint

Structure and Function

Temporomandibular Joint

Range of Motion Testing Procedures

Landmarks for Testing Procedures

Depression of the Mandible (Mouth Opening)

Overbite

Protrusion of the Mandible

Lateral Excursion of the Mandible

Research Findings

Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors

Reliability and Validity

APPENDIXES

A: Normative Range of Motion Values

B: Summary Guides for Measuring Range of Motion

C: Joint Measurements by Body Position

D: Numerical Recording Forms

Index