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ISBN 10: 0133998983
ISBN 13: 9780133998986
Author: Bonnie F. Fremgen
Medical Law and Ethics
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Medical Law and Ethics 5th Table of contents:
1 Introduction to Medical Law, Ethics, and Bioethics
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF JEANETTE M. AND THE PHONE CALL
Introduction
WHY STUDY LAW, ETHICS, AND BIOETHICS?
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MEDICAL LAW
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ETHICS
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Theories of Ethics
Utilitarianism
Rights-Based Ethics
Duty-Based Ethics
Justice-Based Ethics
Virtue-Based Ethics
TABLE 1.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Five Ethical Theories
Principles or Values That Drive Ethical Behavior
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Figure 1.1 Beneficence: Helping Others
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Interpersonal Ethics
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Figure 1.2 Confidentiality regarding Patient’s Identity
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TABLE 1.2 Common Sense Approach to Ethics
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MODELS FOR EXAMINING ETHICAL DILEMMAS
Three-Step Ethics Model
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The Seven-Step Decision Model
Dr. Bernard Lo’s Clinical Model
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WHAT ETHICS IS NOT
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BIOETHICS
THE ROLE OF ETHICS COMMITTEES
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QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS
Figure 1.3 Quality Assurance Committee Meeting
MEDICAL ETIQUETTE
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POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART I THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
2 The Legal System
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF JACOB AND THE DISEASED LEG
Introduction
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THE LEGAL SYSTEM
Figure 2.1 Branches of U.S. Government
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Figure 2.2 Separation of Powers in the Federal Legal System
Figure 2.3 Federal Court Structure
SOURCES OF LAW
Constitutional Law
Statutory and Regulatory Law
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Common Law (or Case Law)
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EXAMPLE OF CASE LAW
CLASSIFICATION OF LAWS
Civil (Private) Law
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Tort Law
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TABLE 2.1 Intentional Torts
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Contract Law
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TABLE 2.2 Unintentional or Negligent Torts
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Class Action Lawsuit
Figure 2.4 Components of Civil Law
Public Law (Criminal Law and Administrative Law)
Administrative Law
Figure 2.5 Felony Case Process
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THE COURT SYSTEMS
Figure 2.6 Misdemeanor Case Process
Types of Courts
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THE TRIAL PROCESS
The Grand Jury
The Procedure
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Subpoena
Summary Judgment
Closing Arguments
Figure 2.7 The Procedure for a Civil Trial
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Standards of Proof
Expert Witness
Testifying in Court
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Appellate Court System
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3 Essentials of the Legal System for Healthcare Professionals
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF LATOYA AND THE PHYSICAL THERAPY PATIENT
Introduction
MEDICAL PRACTICE ACTS
Figure 3.1 Physician Discussing Treatment with Patient
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LICENSURE OF THE PHYSICIAN
Examination
Endorsement
Reciprocity
Registration
Revocation and Suspension of Licensure
Practicing Medicine without a License
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Accreditation
STANDARD OF CARE
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Figure 3.2 Standard of Care Applies to All Healthcare Professionals
The Prudent Person Rule
CONFIDENTIALITY
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STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
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GOOD SAMARITAN LAWS
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RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR
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Figure 3.3 Physician Working with Rest of Healthcare Team
Employee’s Duty to Carry Out Orders
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Scope of Practice
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Employer’s Duty to Employees
RISK MANAGEMENT
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Incident Report
Figure 3.4 Everyone must Participate in Risk Management
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
4 Working in Today’s Healthcare Environment
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF MARION AND THE PACEMAKER
Introduction
TODAY’S HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT
Managed Care
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Federal Assistance Programs
Medicare
Figure 4.1 Medicare and Supplemental Private Insurance Cards
Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)
Medicaid
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Ethical Considerations of Managed Care
Health Care Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) of 1986
TYPES OF MEDICAL PRACTICE
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Solo Practice
Partnership
Associate Practice
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Figure 4.2 Physicians in Partnership
Group Practice
Professional Corporations
Figure 4.3 Group Practice
TABLE 4.1 Types of Medical Practices
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THE ETHICS OF FEE SPLITTING
MEDICAL SPECIALTY BOARDS
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TABLE 4.2 Medical and Surgical Specialties
American College of Surgeons
American College of Physicians
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TABLE 4.3 Designations and Abbreviations for Doctors
ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Figure 4.4 Health Professionals Working Together
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TABLE 4.4 Healthcare Professions
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Conscience Clause
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART II THE HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF DAVID Z. AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
Introduction
PHYSICIAN’S RIGHTS
Figure 5.1 The Physician–Patient Relationship
PHYSICIAN’S RESPONSIBILITIES
TABLE 5.1 AMA Principles of Medical Ethics
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE RESPONSIBILITIES
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TABLE 5.2 Examples of Physicians’ Duties
Duties During a Medical Emergency
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Duty to Treat Indigent Patients
Duty Not to Abandon a Patient
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The Noncompliant and Incompetent Patient
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Duty to Treat Patients with AIDS
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Ethical Considerations When Treating AIDS Patients
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Exposure of Healthcare Workers to a Patient’s Blood
Restriction on HIV-Infected Healthcare Workers
On-the-Job Protection for the Healthcare Worker
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Duty to Properly Identify Patients
Figure 5.2 Needlestick Protection
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Duty to Respect Confidentiality
Duty to Tell the Truth
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PATIENTS’ RIGHTS
Confidentiality
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TABLE 5.3 A Patient’s Bill of Rights
Patient Self-Determination Acts (Advance Directives)
TABLE 5.4 Advance Directives
Living Will
Durable Power of Attorney
Figure 5.3 Sample Living Will
Figure 5.4 Sample Power of Attorney
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
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RIGHTS OF MINORS
TABLE 5.5 Classification of Minors’ Competencies
PATIENTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES
Figure 5.5 A Parent or Guardian Is Responsible for a Minor’s Medical Bills
Consent
The Doctrine of Informed Consent
Figure 5.6 Patient Signs a Consent Form
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Implied Consent
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Exceptions to Consent
Refusal to Grant Consent
ROLE OF THE HEALTHCARE CONSUMER
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POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT IN TO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
6 Professional Liability and Medical Malpractice
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF JOHN F. AND THE HMO
Introduction
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Figure 6.1 Members of Healthcare Team Explain Medical Information to a Patient
PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE AND MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
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THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE
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TABLE 6.1 The Four Ds of Negligence
The Four Ds of Negligence
Duty
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Figure 6.2 Healthcare Professionals have a Duty Not to Harm their Patients
Dereliction or Neglect of Duty
Direct or Proximate Cause
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Damages
FRAUD
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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
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Violation of Statutes
TABLE 6.2 False Claims (as defined by the federal government)
Immunity for Charitable Organizations
DEFENSE TO MALPRACTICE SUITS
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Denial Defense
Assumption of Risk
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Contributory Negligence
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Comparative Negligence
Borrowed Servant
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Statute of Limitations
Res Judicata
PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY
Civil Liability Cases
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Physical Conditions of the Premises
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Illegal Sale of Drugs
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Promise to Cure
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Law of Agency
Figure 6.3 Use Caution when Speaking with Patient
Altered Medical Records
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Who Is Liable?
Liability Insurance
Malpractice Insurance
Practicing Defensive Medicine
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ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
LIABILITY OF OTHER HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Dental Assistant
Laboratory Technician
Medical Assistant
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Nurse
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Nursing Assistant
Paramedic
Pharmacist
Physical Therapist
Physician Assistant (PA)
Respiratory Therapist
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TORT REFORM
MALPRACTICE PREVENTION
General Guidelines
Figure 6.4 Malpractice Prevention includes Treating Patients with Courtesy and Respect
Safety
Communication
Documentation
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
7 Public Duties of the Healthcare Professional
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF BRIAN B. AND THE MEDICAL FILE
Introduction
PUBLIC HEALTH RECORDS AND VITAL STATISTICS
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Births
TABLE 7.1 Recommendations for Completing Legal Records and Certificates
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Deaths
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TABLE 7.2 Cases Needing a Coroner’s Signature
Communicable Diseases
TABLE 7.3 Required Children’s Vaccines
Duty to Report AIDS, HIV, and ARC Cases
Disclosure to Patients of Health Workers’ HIV Status
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Child Abuse
Figure 7.1 A Young Child Explains her Injuries to a Physician
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Elder Abuse
Spousal Abuse
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Signs of Abuse
TABLE 7.4 Signs of Abuse
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Substance Abuse
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Gathering Evidence in Cases of Abuse
Chain of Custody for Evidence
Other Reportable Conditions
Gunshot Wounds
Forensic Medicine
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT AND REGULATIONS
TABLE 7.5 Schedule for Controlled Substances
Prescriptions for Controlled Drugs
Figure 7.2 Explaining Drug Safety to a Patient
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PROTECTION FOR THE EMPLOYEE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
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TABLE 7.6 Warning Signs That an Employee Needs an EAP
Medical Waste
Figure 7.3 Nurse Working in an Employee Assistance Program
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POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT IN TO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
8 Workplace Law and Ethics
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF JANET K. AND EPILEPSY
Introduction
PROFESSIONALISM IN THE WORKPLACE
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DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE
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PRIVACY AND THE WORKPLACE
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CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
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RELIGIOUS CONSIDERATIONS
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EFFECTIVE HIRING PRACTICES
TABLE 8.1 Recommendations for Good Hiring Practices
LEGAL AND ILLEGAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
TABLE 8.2 Legal and Illegal Questions
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FEDERAL REGULATIONS AFFECTING THE PROFESSIONALS
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EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION
Employment-at-Will Concept
TABLE 8.3 Equal Employment Opportunity and Employment Discrimination Laws
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (1991)
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Who Is an Employee Under Title VII?
Who Is an Employer Under Title VII?
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967
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Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
Figure 8.1 Sign Language Teacher
TABLE 8.4 Employee Health and Safety Laws
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935
EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND SAFETY
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970
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TABLE 8.5 List of Potentially Infectious Materials
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Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) of 1988
TABLE 8.6 List of CLIA Laboratory Requirements
Figure 8.2 Laboratory Technologists
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act of 1973
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) of 1985
Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988
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Figure 8.3 All Healthcare Professionals must Understand the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988
COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS REGULATIONS
Social Security Act of 1935
TABLE 8.7 Compensation and Benefits Laws
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938
Equal Pay Act of 1963
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Unemployment Compensation
Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) of 1935
Workers’ Compensation Act
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1994
CONSUMER PROTECTION AND COLLECTION PRACTICES
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)
TABLE 8.8 Protection and Collection Practices
Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1971
Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1975
Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z) of 1969
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act of 1978
Figure 8.4 Collection Calls are Made Between 8:00 a.m. & 9:00 p.m.
Using a Collection Agency
TABLE 8.9 Guidelines for Collection Efforts
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Bankruptcy
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Federal Wage Garnishment Law of 1970
Claims against Estates
The Statute of Limitations
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT IN TO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
9 The Medical Record
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF ANESHA AND THE LOST MEDICAL RECORD
Introduction
PURPOSE OF THE MEDICAL RECORD
Figure 9.1 A Medical Records Filing System
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CONTENTS OF THE MEDICAL RECORD
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TABLE 9.1 Standard Medical Record
TABLE 9.2 Guidelines for Charting
Corrections and Alterations
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Figure 9.2 Example of Corrected Chart Notation
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Timeliness of Documentation
Completeness of Entries
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Credibility of the Medical Record
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OWNERSHIP OF THE MEDICAL RECORD
CONFIDENTIALITY AND THE MEDICAL RECORD
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Release of Information
TABLE 9.3 Maintaining Patient Confidentiality When Using Fax (facsimile) Machines, Copy Machines, or E-mail
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Figure 9.3 Copy of Form for Approval of Release of Medical Information
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State Open-Record Laws
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records
RETENTION AND STORAGE OF MEDICAL RECORDS
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Storage
TABLE 9.4 Time Periods for Retaining Medical Records
Electronic Medical Records
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Loss of Medical Records
Figure 9.4 Medical Assistant uses a Laptop Computer for Bedside Charting
REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
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USE OF THE MEDICAL RECORD IN COURT
Improper Disclosure
Subpoena Duces Tecum
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POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT IN TO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
10 Patient Confidentiality and HIPAA
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF THE NEW MINISTER
Introduction
CONFIDENTIALITY
Figure 10.1 Computer Screen Hidden from Patient View
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Our Right to Privacy
AIDS and Privacy
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PRIVACY ACT OF 1974
HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA) OF 1996
The Privacy Rule
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The HITECH Act
TABLE 10.1 Five Forms Required to Protect Patient’s Privacy
TABLE 10.2 What to Do If the Patient Refuses to Sign the NPP
TABLE 10.3 Patient Rights under HIPAA
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Release of Information and Consent
Figure 10.2 Healthcare Professional Explaining HIPAA Document to Patient
Who Are Affected?
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Covered Transactions
TABLE 10.4 Covered Entities under HIPAA
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Denial of the Request for Privacy
State’s Preemption
Unique Identifiers for Healthcare Providers
Can Protected Health Information (PHI) Be Deidentified?
TABLE 10.5 Deidentified Public Health Information (PHI)
What Are the Obligations to the Patient under HIPAA?
Figure 10.3 Only the Minimum of Information That Is Needed can be Sent to Another Provider
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Permitted Incidental Disclosures
What Are the Penalties for Noncompliance with HIPAA?
TABLE 10.6 Permitted Incidental Disclosures
TABLE 10.7 Patients’ Rights under the Privacy Standards
What Are the Patients’ Rights Under the Privacy Standards?
HIPAA-Defined Permissions
Special Rules Relating to Research
TABLE 10.8 HIPAA-Defined Permissions
Problems Relating to Implementation of HIPAA’s Privacy Rules
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Misconceptions about HIPAA
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Recommendations
ETHICAL CONCERNS WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (INFORMATICS)
TABLE 10.9 Precautions Relating to HIPAA
Voice Recognition Technology
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Technology Technicians
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT IN TO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part III MEDICAL ETHICS
11 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS RESEARCH STUDY
Introduction
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EARLY HISTORY
Figure 11.1 Hippocrates
ETHICAL STANDARDS AND BEHAVIOR
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CODES OF ETHICS
American Medical Association (AMA) Principles of Medical Ethics
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Judicial Council Opinions of the AMA
TABLE 11.1 Summary of Opinions of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the AMA
CODES OF ETHICS FOR OTHER MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS
Nurses’ Code of Ethics
Code of Ethics of the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)
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BIOETHICAL ISSUES
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TABLE 11.2 Medical Issues Relating to Bioethics
Organ and Tissue Donation
The Ethics of Transplant Rationing
Figure 11.2 Patient Undergoing Hemodialysis while Waiting for a Kidney Transplant
Figure 11.3 Organ Donor Card
TABLE 11.3 Information about Organ Transplants
ETHICAL ISSUES AND PERSONAL CHOICE
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THE ETHICS OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
Ethics of the Biomedical Researcher
Consent
Clinical Trials
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When Research Can Resolve Debate over the Best Treatment
Figure 11.4 Premature Infant
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Conflicts of Interest
Ethics of Randomized Test Trials
Problems with the Double-Blind Test
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
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GENETIC ENGINEERING
Cloning
Gene Therapy
Human Stem Cell Research
Whistleblowing
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POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
12 Ethical Issues Relating to Life
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE WILLOWBROOK STATE HOSPITAL CASE
Introduction
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
When Does Life Begin?
Figure 12.1 Embryo at 5–6 Weeks in Utero
ASSISTED OR ARTIFICIAL CONCEPTION
Artificial Insemination
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Consent for Artificial Insemination Donor (AID)
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Legal Status of Offspring
Ethical Considerations in Artificial Conception
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In-Vitro Fertilization
Surrogate Motherhood
The Baby M Case
Ethical Considerations with Surrogate Motherhood
Figure 12.2 A Physician Examining a Newborn
Fertility Drugs
Selective Reduction or Harvesting Embryos
CONTRACEPTION
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STERILIZATION
Voluntary Sterilization
Voluntary Sterilization of Unmarried Minors
Consent for Sterilization
Therapeutic Sterilization
Eugenic Sterilization
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Negligence Suits Related to Sterilization
Ethical Issues Surrounding Sterilization and Birth Control
ABORTION
Roe v. Wade
Historical Progression of Cases Affecting Abortion
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Partial Birth Abortion
Incompetent Persons and Abortion
Plan “B” Contraceptive Pill
Opposition to Abortion
Employee’s Right to Refuse to Participate in Abortions
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Funding for Abortion
Ethical Issues Surrounding Abortion
Baby Doe Regulations
In the Matter of Baby K
Conscience Clause in Contraception and Abortion
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GENETIC COUNSELING AND TESTING
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Figure 12.3 Genetic Counseling with Prospective Parents
TABLE 12.1 Hereditary Disorders
Prenatal Testing
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Conceiving Donor Siblings
Genetic Testing of Newborns
Ethical Questions Regarding Genetic Testing
WRONGFUL-LIFE SUITS
Wrongful Life
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Wrongful Conception/Wrongful Pregnancy
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Safe Haven Laws
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POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
13 Death and Dying
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
THE CASE OF MARGUERITE M. AND THE ANGIOGRAM
Introduction
THE DYING PROCESS
LEGAL DEFINITION OF DEATH
Karen Ann Quinlan Case
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Criteria for Death
Cardiac Death
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Brain-Oriented Death
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Uniform Determination of Death Act
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Withdrawing versus Withholding Treatment
Active Euthanasia versus Passive Euthanasia
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Arguments in Favor of Euthanasia
Arguments in Opposition to Euthanasia
Slippery Slope Argument of Assisted Suicide
The Nancy Cruzan Case
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Terri Schiavo: “The Face That Moved a Nation”
Direct versus Indirect Killing
Ordinary versus Extraordinary Means
Right to Die Legislation or Right to Refuse Treatment
STAGES OF DYING
TABLE 13.1 Five Stages of Dying (or Grief)
QUALITY-OF-LIFE ISSUES
USE OF MEDICATIONS
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Figure 13.1 Older Adults May Need Special Assistance with Medication
HOSPICE CARE
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Figure 13.2 Older Adult Discussing Healthcare with Physician
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PALLIATIVE CARE
VIATICAL SETTLEMENTS
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES
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CHOICES IN LIFE AND DEATH
Suicide
TABLE 13.2 Suicide Warning Signs
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Antidepressants and Suicide
TABLE 13.3 Risk Factors
Gender
Age Factor of Children
Older Adults
TABLE 13.4 Ethnic Groups
Risks for Nonfatal Suicide Attempts
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Suicide Prevention
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“Survivor’s Guilt”
The Case of the Conjoined Twins
Mechanical Heart Recipient
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choice
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14 Future Trends in Healthcare
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
CASE OF ANNE AND THE RUNAWAY STROLLER
Introduction
PROBLEMS IN THE CURRENT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
First Do No Harm
Cost of Healthcare
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Lack of Healthcare Providers
“Germ Warfare”
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)
Fraud
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Prescription Drug Abuse
Figure 14.1 Prescription Drug Abuse
TABLE 14.1 Steps to Drug Safety for Teenagers
Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare
NEW ADVANCES AND IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTHCARE
Promoting Prevention and Health Screenings
TABLE 14.2 Recommended Health Screenings
Patient Rights
Use of Robotics
Robotic Surgery
TABLE 14.3 Hospital Patient Rights Include
The Ethics of Using Robots and Robotics
HEALTHCARE TRENDS AND REFORM
History of Healthcare Laws and Programs
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)
Figure 14.2 Young Boy Covered Under the Children’s Health Initiative Program
Health Maintenance
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)
TABLE 14.4 Essential Health Benefits of the Affordable Care Act
Supporters of the Law
Opponents of the Law
Estimates of Revenue and Cost for the Affordable Care Act
Who Is Covered Under the Affordable Care Act?
Preventive Care Services
TABLE 14.5 Wellness Screenings
Insurance Exchanges
TABLE 14.6 Health Benefits Offered by Medical Exchanges
Preexisting Conditions
Early Implementation Problems
THE ETHICS OF CARE UNDER THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT
“Adverse Selection”
Birth Control and Abortion
HealthCare Law Scams
Health Literacy
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How Do We Teach Our Patients?
POINTS TO PONDER
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REVIEW CHALLENGE
Matching
Multiple Choices
DISCUSSION CASES
PUT IT INTO PRACTICE
WEB HUNT
CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Back Matter
A Codes of Ethics
HIPPOCRATIC OATH
THE NUREMBERG CODE
NURSES’ CODE OF ETHICS (AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION)
CODE OF ETHICS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL ASSISTANTS (AAMA)
Human Dignity
Confidentiality
Honor
Continued Study
Responsibility for Improved Community
B Case Citations
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