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The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2nd Edition by Jerry W Rudy ISBN 1605359343 9781605359342

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ISBN 10: 1605359343
ISBN 13: 9781605359342
Author: Jerry W Rudy

To understand how the brain learns and remembers requires an integration of psychological concepts and behavioral methods with mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and systems neuroscience. The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Third Edition, provides a synthesis of this interdisciplinary field. Each chapter makes the key concepts transparent and accessible to a reader with minimal background in either neurobiology or psychology and is extensively illustrated with full-color photographs and figures depicting important concepts and experimental data. The goal of this book remains the same as it was for the previous editions-to present a story of how memories are made. The story has three major parts, which have been expanded to include new chapters or reorganized to incorporate new findings and concepts.Part One explores the molecular basis of the synaptic changes that support memory. It begins with an overview of memory from the perspective of the brain. It next describes the long-term potentiation methodology used to study how synapses are modified and concepts needed to understand the organization of synapses. The remaining chapters are organized around the idea that the synaptic changes that support long-term potentiation evolve in four overlapping stages referred to as (a) generation, (b) stabilization, (c) consolidation, and (d) maintenance. The goal of each chapter is to reveal that each stage depends on unique molecular processes and to describe what they are. There are now separate chapters on the generation and stabilization of long-term memory and the chapter Consolidating LTP: Specific Mechanisms has been extensively revised to give proper treatment to the local events in the dendritic spine region that consolidate memories.Part Two builds on this foundation to show how molecules and cellular processes that have been identified from studies of synaptic plasticity also participate in the making of memories. It discusses some of the basic conceptual issues researchers face in trying to relate memory to synaptic molecules and describes some of the behavioral and neurobiological methods that are used. The chapters describing the processes involved in memory formation and consolidation have been extensively modified to provide a more detailed account of the molecular events that are engaged to ensure that established memories endure. The chapter Maintaining Long-Term Potentiation has been revised to provide a broader view of the topic. New chapters focus on recent advances in the neurobiology of forgetting (The Yin and Yang of Memory: Forgetting versus Maintenance) and the search for engrams (Hunting for Engrams). The Fate of Retrieved Memories chapter has been significantly revised to emphasize the importance of memory destabilization processes and how they combine with memory integration processes to allow new information to be incorporated into the retrieved memory.Part Three is organized around the multiple memory systems view-that different neural systems have evolved to store the content contained in our experience. Three chapters are aimed at issues that surround how the medial-temporal hippocampal system supports episodic memory. The first begins with a discussion of Brenda Milner’s research on H.M. that directed researchers to the hippocampus. The Hippocampus Index and Episodic Memory chapter has been significantly revised to include new findings, based on modern molecular techniques, that support Teyler and DiScenna’s hippocampus index theory. A separate chapter, When Memories Age, is devoted to issues that emerge when researchers confront what happens as memories grow old. Next the cortical-striatal system and its relationship to what are called behavioral actions and habits is described, and the book ends with a discussion of neural systems involved in the acquisition and removal of emotional memories.
 

The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2nd Edition Table of contents:

1 Introduction: Fundamental Concepts and Historical Foundations

Learning and Memory Are Theoretical Concepts

Psychological and Neurobiological Approaches

Psychological Approach

Neurobiological Approach

Historical Influences: The Golden Age

Phenomena and Ideas

The Neuron Doctrine and Synaptic Plasticity

Behavioral Methods

Core Themes

Synaptic Basis of Memory

Molecules and Memory

Neural Systems and Memory

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

Part 1 Synaptic Basis of Memory

2 Memory and the Brain: Central Concepts

A Brain’s View of Memory

The Phenomenon of Long-Term Potentiation

The Conceptual Basis of LTP

Structure and Functions of the Neurons

Neuronal Communications

Membrane Potential

Synaptic Depolarization and Hyperpolarization

Synaptic Strength

Methodology for Inducing and Measuring LTP

Long-Term Depression: The Polar Opposite of LTP

How Synapses Are Modified

The Synapse as a Biochemical Factory

Postsynaptic Density

Other Synaptic Proteins

Signaling Cascades

First and Second Messengers

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

An Organizing Framework: Three Principles

The Duration of LTP Can Vary

Molecular Processes Determine LTP Durability

Synapses Are Strengthened and Maintained in Stages

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

3 Generating Long-Term Potentiation

The Role of Glutamate Receptors

LTP Induction Requires NMDA Receptors

Two Events Open the NMDA Channel

Increase in AMPA Receptors Supports LTP Expression

Post-Translation Processes

AMPA Receptor Trafficking

Constitutive Trafficking

Lateral Diffusion

Recycling Endosomes

Actin Cytoskeleton Degradation

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

4 Stabilizing Long-Term Potentiation

Structural Changes in Dendritic Spines Support LTP

Stabilizing LTP Requires Actin Polymerization

Phase 1: Actin Filaments Are Unbundled and Severed

Phase 2: The Actin–Spine Architecture Is Reconstructed

Experimental Evidence

Single Spine Imaging

TBS Induces Actin Regulation

Cell Adhesion Molecules Help Stabilize the Trace

Integrin Receptors

Neural Cadherins

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

5 Consolidating LTP: Translation and Transcription

The De Novo Protein Synthesis Hypothesis

Local Protein Synthesis

Genomic Signaling

Synapse-to-Nucleus Signaling

Soma-to-Nucleus Signaling

Translation Requires Increased Calcium Levels

Spine and Dendritic Compartments

Soma Compartment

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

6 Consolidating LTP: Specific Mechanisms

Local Dendritic mRNA Dynamics

Initiation of Local Protein Synthesis

Signaling Pathways

Protein Degradation

The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System

Protein Degradation and LTP

Arc Protein Synthesis

Arc Antisense Blocks Long-Lasting LTP

BDNF–TrkB Consolidation Depends on Arc Protein Synthesis

Arc Protein Sustains Actin Regulation

The Clustered Plasticity Model

Synaptic Tags and the Regulation of Spine Clusters

What Is the Tag?

Inverse Tags

A Caveat

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

7 Maintaining Long-Term Potentiation

Maintenance Molecules

CaMKII

PKMζ

Inhibiting PKMζ Prevents LTP Maintenance

PKMζ Releases Glua2 Ampa Receptors into the Synapse

PKMζ Prevents Endocytosis of Ampa Receptors

PKMζ Clusters PSD-95

Multiple Contributions of PKMζ

Redundancy and Compensation

Genomic Contributions

Structural Contributions

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

8 Bringing It All Together

Generation

Stabilization

Consolidation

Maintenance

And So It Is

Part 2 Molecules and Memory

9 Making Memories: Conceptual Issues and Methodologies

LTP and Memory

Behavior and Memory

Test Behavior: The Window to the Memory Trace

The Learning–Performance Distinction

Dimensions of Memory Traces

The Concept of Memory Consolidation

Electroconvulsive Shock and Memory Disruption

Memory Disruption: A Storage or Retrieval Failure?

Some Behavioral Test Methods for Studying Memory

Inhibitory Avoidance Conditioning

Fear Conditioning

Spatial Learning in a Water-Escape Task

Recognition Memory Tasks

Methods for Manipulating Brain Function

Stereotaxic Surgery

Genetic Engineering

Viral Vectors

Optogenetics

Dreadd

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

10 Memory Formation: Early Stages

NMDA Receptors and Memory Formation

Pharmacological Alteration

Genetic Engineering

Deletion

Overexpression

Cautions and Caveats

AMPA Receptors and Memory Formation

Fear Conditioning Drives GluA1 AMPA Receptors into Spines

Preventing AMPA Receptor Trafficking Impairs Fear Conditioning

Ampakines and Cognitive Enhancement

NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Acquisition and Retrieval

CaMKII and Memory Formation

Preventing Autophosphorylation of CaMKII Impairs Learning

CaMKII and Fear Memories

Actin Dynamics and Memory Formation

Working and Reference Memory

An Animal Model

Critical Contributions of Glutamate Receptor Subunits

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

11 Memory Consolidation

The Research Paradigm

Criterion for When the Memory is Consolidated

Inhibiting Protein Synthesis

Molecular Basis of Consolidation

Local Protein Synthesis: The First Wave

MTOR

BDNF

Genomic Signaling: The Second Wave

An Autoregulatory Loop

Sleep and Reactivation Processes

Protein Degradation Processes

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

12 Memory Modulation Systems

Memory Modulation Framework

The Great Modulator: The Basolateral Amygdala

The Role of Epinephrine

The Epinephrine Vagus Connection

Norepinephrine Enhances Memories

Norepinephrine Enhances Glutamate Release and Arc Translation

The Norepinephrine Signal in Other Storage Areas

The Epinephrine Liver–Glucose Connection

Bioenergetics and the Brain

Glucose Modulates Memory

Glucose and Aging

Glucose and Transcription

Glucocorticoids: The Other Adrenal Hormones

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

13 The Yin and Yang of Memory: Forgetting versus Maintenance

Psychological View of Forgetting

Neurobiology of Forgetting: The Yin

Calcium Signaling Regulates Forgetting

AMPA Receptor Endocytosis

Mediators of Calcium Signaling

Calcineurin

State of Rac1

Memory Maintenance: The Yang

PKMζ Opposes Forgetting

Interfering with PKMζ Erases a Taste-Aversion Memory

PKMζ Strengthens New Memories and Prevents Forgetting

PKMζ Prevents AMPA Receptor Endocytosis

Epilogue: Why Do We Forget or Remember?

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

14 Hunting for Engrams

The Engram Search: A Story of Technical Advances

Immediate Early Genes

The TetTag Mouse

Optogenetics

Dynamics of Engram Formation

What Gets to Be an Engram Cell?

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

15 The Fate of Retrieved Memories

Historical Context

Cue-Dependent Amnesia

Active Trace Theory

Reconsolidation Theory

Trace Destabilization

What Triggers Destabilization?

Destabilization, Repetition, and Integration

Destabilization without Behavioral Expression

Integration Theory and Amnesia

Memory Erasure: A Potential Therapy

Drug Relapse

Preventing Relapse

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

Part 3 Neural Systems and Memory

16 Memory Systems and the Hippocampus

The Multiple Memory Systems Perspective

Example 1: Personal Facts and Emotions

Example 2: Personal Facts and Skills

The Case of Henry Molaison

The Episodic Memory System

The Animal Model Strategy

Studies of Patients with Selective Hippocampal Damage

The DNMS Paradox Resolved

The MTH System: Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory

A Modular MTH System

Growing Up without the Hippocampus

Recognition Memory and MTH Modularity

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

17 The Hippocampus Index and Episodic Memory

Properties of Episodic Memory

Conscious Recollection and Contextual Information Storage

Automatic Capture of Episodic and Incidental Information

Single Episode Capture with Protection from Interference

Properties Summary

A Neural System that Supports Episodic Memory

The Hierarchy and the Loop

The MTH System

The Indexing Theory of Episodic Memory

Pattern Completion and Pattern Separation

Why Not Just Store the Memory in the Neocortex?

Indexing Theory and Properties of Episodic Memory

Evidence for the Indexing Theory

Animal Studies

Context Representations Depend on the Hippocampus

Conscious Awareness and Recollection

Automatic Capture of Single Episodes

Pattern Separation

Modern Tests

False Memories

Silencing Indexing Neurons Prevents Retrieval

The Index Controls Activation of Cortical Engram Neurons

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

18 When Memories Age

The Standard Model of Systems Consolidation

Evaluating the Standard Model

Clinical Evidence

Experimental Evidence

Damage to the Hippocampus Disrupts Old and New Memories

Memory without the Hippocampus

Retrograde but Not Anterograde Damage Produces Amnesia

The Extrahippocampal System Supports Long-Lasting Fear Memories

The Extrahippocampal System Acquires the Memory when the Hippocampus is Present

Summary and Implications

Systems Consolidation: Another Look

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

19 Actions, Habits, and the Cortico-Striatal System

The Concept of Instrumental Behavior

Two Theories of Instrumental Behavior

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Tolman’s Cognitive Expectancy Theory

Action and Habit Systems

With Practice, Actions Become Habits

A Conceptual Model for Actions and Habits

Action and Habit Systems Compete

Action Systems Are Vulnerable

A Cortico-Striatal System Supports Instrumental Behavior

Neural Support for Actions

Dorsomedial Striatum

Basolateral Amygdala

Prelimbic Prefrontal Cortex

Neural Support for Habits

Dorsolateral Striatum

Infralimbic Prefrontal Cortex

The Striatum Stores Action and Habit Memories

The Neural Basis of Rewarding Outcomes

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

20 Learning about Danger: The Neurobiology of Fear Memories

The Fear System

The Neural Basis of Fear

Eliminating Maladaptive Fears: Theories of Extinction

Neural Basis of Fear Extinction

The CS–noUS Neural Circuit

Why Fear Renews: A Role for the Hippocampus

Why Fear Spontaneously Recovers: A Role for Forgetting

Extinction Learning Depends on NMDA Receptors

Extinction Can Erase Fear Memories

Defensive Circuits and the Concept of Fear

Summary

References

List of Key Terms

Glossary

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