Neurolinguistics An Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and its Disorders 1st Edition by John Ingram ISBN 9780511352652 0511352654

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ISBN 10: 0511352654
ISBN 13: 9780511352652
Author: John Ingram

Neurolinguistics An Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and its Disorders 1st Edition Table of contents:

PART I Foundational concepts and issues

1 Introduction and overview

Introduction

Co-evolution of language and the brain

An alternative view of co-evolution

Language areas in the brain

Aphasia as evidence of the brain’s representation of language

The language faculty (localization and modularity)

Study questions for chapter 1

2 Aspects of linguistic competence

Introduction

Forms and meanings

Minimal design features of a language

Phonology and syntax as aspects of form

Phonology: the sound patterns of spoken language

Prosody: the phonology of supra-segmental features

Semantics: the representation of meaning

Assertion/presupposition and clause structure

Specificity, reference and deixis

Thematic roles and case

Time reference: tense, aspect and modality

Concluding remarks

Study questions for chapter 2

3 The neuroanatomy of language

Introduction

An orientation to the structures of the cerebral cortex

Discovery of the language areas

The classical account: the Broca-Wernicke-Lichtheim (BWL) model

Non-localizationist views

Site of lesion studies

The neuropsychological perspective

Neural imaging

Metabolic functional imaging

Encephalographic functional imaging

Magnetoencephalography

Combined imaging methods

The subtraction method

Summary: functional neural imaging

Postscript: linguistic structures and the neuroanatomy of language

4 Onmodularity and method

Introduction

Chomskian modularity

Fodorian modularity

Summary: Fodor’s concept of modularity

Modularity uncoupled: Max’s chocolate factory

Modularity and real-time processing

Real-time processing

The connectionist challenge

Connectionist architectures

Connectionist models and neural networks

Symbolic algorithms versus statistical processors

Hybrid models

Summarizing

Modularity of linguistic competence

Fodor’s modularity of processing

Coltheart’s functional modularity

Study questions for chapter 4

PART II Speech perception and auditory processing

5 The problem of speech recognition

Introduction

Three aspects of word recognition

Speech signals, spectrograms and speech recognition

A simple model of speech recognition: phoneme to sound matching

An alternative model: word to sound pattern-matching

Why speech recognition is difficult

The segmentation problem

The variability problem

The rate of information transmission in speech perception

Lexical retrieval in speech perception

Phonological parsing prior to lexical access

Phonetic forms and phonological representations

Under-specified (abstract) versus fully specified (concrete) forms

Discrete (categorical)versusgraded(continuous)properties

Hierarchical organization versus entrainment

Summary

6 Speech perception: paradigms and findings

Introduction

The speech mode hypothesis

Strong and weak versions of the speech mode hypothesis

Dichotic listening

Categorical perception

Coarticulation effects and category boundary shifts

Duplex perception

Sine wave speech

Conclusions: is speech perception special?

Linguistic experience and phonological parsing

Tuning the auditory system: perceptual magnet effects

Prosodic bootstrapping

Phonetic and phonological levels of processing in speech recognition

Conclusions from the gating experiments

7 The speech recognition lexicon

Introduction

Search models of lexical retrieval

The TRACE model

Architecture of TRACE

Lexical effects in TRACE

Empirical tests of the TRACE model

Modelling coarticulation effects and other sequential dependencies

Modelling variability: a challenge for connectionist models?

Auditory-phonetic and phonological levels of representation

8 Disorders of auditory processing

Introduction

Flow-on effects of temporal sequencing deficit

Levels and types of auditory processing disorder

Clinical classification of auditory processing disorders

Disturbances of auditory-acoustic processing

Cortical deafness

Auditory agnosia

Auditory-acoustic processing deficits and aphasia

Effects of brain damage on phonetic feature extraction

Pure word deafness

Studies of prevalence of word-sound deafness

The nature of word-sound deafness

The neural basis for speech agnosia or pure word deafness

Mirror neurons and the speech-motor loop

Disturbances in accessing the recognition lexicon

Summary

PART III Lexical semantics

9 Morphology and the mental lexicon

Introduction

Morphological decomposition in the mental lexicon

Psycholinguistic studies of word structure

Semantic and morphological relatedness

Priming effects of prefixes and suffixes

Conclusions from the Marslen-Wilson et al. study

Cross-linguistic generalizations on morphological processing

Neuroimaging studies of normal and aphasic morphological processes

PET and MEG studies of morphological processing

Summary

10 Lexical semantics

Introduction

Semantic networks

Testing Quillian’s model

Evaluation of TLC

From word to sentence meanings

Conceptual dependency theory

Evaluation of symbolic models of lexical semantics

Investigating semantic structures

The role of context in word-sense disambiguation

Semantic priming and the activation/retrieval of word meaning

Results: associative and semantic priming and the effect of prime type

Brain imaging studies of lexical semantic activation

Summary

11 Lexical semantic disorders in aphasia

Introduction

Early work

Competence or performance deficit in lexical semantic disorder?

Behavioural on-line measures of lexical access and organization in aphasia

On-line lexical processing in Wernicke’s aphasia

On-line lexical processing in Broca’s aphasia

Lexical integration in aphasia

Category-specific semantic impairment

A case study of domain-specific semantic impairment

Explaining patterns of category-specific semantic impairment

Summary

PART IV Sentence comprehension

12 Sentence comprehension and syntactic parsing

Introduction

Syntactic processing and sentence comprehension

The grammar and the parser

Competing models of sentence processing

Asyntactic sentence comprehension: the case of agrammatism

Thematic role assignment and sentence comprehension

Reversible passive constructions

Canonical word order and thematic relations in complex sentences

Strategies for processing complex sentences

Summary: grammatical heuristics and agrammatism

Ambiguity resolution and syntactic parsing strategies

Lexical and syntactic ambiguity

Why ambiguity is important for theories of language processing

Minimal attachment

Testing minimal attachment

Local ambiguities and garden path sentences

Summary

13 On-line processing, working memory and modularity

Introduction

Working memory, parsing and syntactic complexity

Individual differences in working memory capacity and sentence processing

Modularity and VWMC

Sequential or parallel processing as a capacity effect

Syntactic complexity

Gibson’s model of parsing complexity

Properties of Gibson’s parser

Summary and recapitulation

Syntactic trace reactivation

Load/capacity effects and the cross-modal lexical priming paradigm

Recapitulation and summary: trace reactivation and the CMLP paradigm

Neural imaging techniques and on-line sentence processing

Phrase structure and argument structure violations and ERPs

Jabberwocky sentence processing and ERPs

Deep and surface anaphora

General summary and conclusions

14 Agrammatism revisited

Introduction

Agrammatism revisited

Off-line methods of language comprehension assessment

A case for syntactic deficit in Broca’s aphasia

A case against syntactic deficit in Broca’s aphasia

Three theories of agrammatism

Weighing the evidence

Grammaticality judgement and sentence comprehension

Trace reactivation and on-line measures of sentence processing

Slow retrieval or under-activation of lexical items

Self-paced listening and transient processing load

ERP imaging of on-line sentence processing in aphasia

Summary and conclusion

PART V Discourse: language comprehension in context

15 Discourse processing

Introduction

Discourse modelling

Discourse construction: an example

Reference management and pragmatic knowledge

Relevance

Strong and weak implicature and relevance

Refining a model of discourse

Under-specification

Sentence-level discourse devices

Studies of discourse anaphora resolution

On-line studies of discourse anaphora

Summary

16 Breakdown of discourse

Introduction

Language and psychosis

Characteristics of thought disordered speech

A study of thought disordered speech

Cognitive impairment and thought disordered language

Summarizing the evidence on executive dysfunction in thought disorder

Neurological models of thought disorder

The dopamine hypothesis

The cingulate modulation hypothesis

Conclusion

17 Conclusion and prospectus

Introduction

Connectionist models of language processing: a case study

Embodied cognition as a perspective on language processing

Concrete or abstract perceptual representations of speech sounds

Lexical retrieval mechanisms

Discourse structure and embodiment

Glossary

References

Index

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