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ISBN 10: 1305105168
ISBN 13: 9798214349862
Author: Tom S. Garrison
Developed in partnership with the National Geographic Society, market-leading OCEANOGRAPHY: AN INVITATION TO MARINE SCIENCE, 9e gives you a basic understanding of the scientific questions, complexities, and uncertainties involved in ocean use-as well as the role and importance of the ocean in nurturing and sustaining life on Earth. Seasoned researchers Tom Garrison and Robert Ellis emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of marine science, stressing its links to biology, chemistry, geology, physics, meteorology, astronomy, ecology, history, and economics. The book’s focus on the science process includes numerous “How Do We Know?” boxes detailing the science behind how oceanographers know what they know. Coverage of climate change has been updated to reflect the latest findings. In addition, Chapter 14 “Primary Producers” includes expanded coverage of photosynthetic and chemosynthetic producers to help you understand the “big picture” in marine biology.
Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science 9th Table of contents:
1. The Origin of the Ocean
1.1. Earth Is an Ocean World
1.2. Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean
1.3. Stars Form Seas
Stars Formed Early in the History of the Universe
Stars and Planets Are Contained within Galaxies
Stars Make Heavy Elements from Lighter Ones
Solar Systems Form by Accretion
1.4. Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density
1.5. Life Probably Originated in the Ocean
1.6. What Will Be Earth’s Future?
1.7. Are There Other Ocean Worlds?
Our Solar System’s Outer Moons
Mars
Titan
Extrasolar Planets
Life and Oceans?
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
2. A History of Marine Science
2.1. Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration
Early Peoples Traveled the Ocean for Economic Reasons
Systematic Study of the Ocean Began at the Library of Alexandria
Eratosthenes Accurately Calculated the Size and Shape of Earth
Seafaring Expanded Human Horizons
Viking Raiders Discovered North America
The Chinese Undertook Organized Voyages of Discovery
2.2. The Age of European Discovery
Prince Henry Launched the European Age of Discovery
2.3. Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies
Captain James Cook: First Marine Scientist
Accurate Determination of Longitude Was the Key to Oceanic Exploration and Mapping
2.4. The First Scientific Expeditions Were Undertaken by Governments
The United States Exploring Expedition Helped Establish Natural Science in America
Matthew Maury Discovered Worldwide Patterns of Winds and Ocean Currents
The Challenger Expedition Was Organized from the First as a Scientific Expedition
Ocean Studies Have Military Applications
2.5. Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology
Polar Exploration Advanced Ocean Studies
New Ships for New Tasks
Oceanographic Institutions Arose to Oversee Complex Research Projects
Robot Devices Are Becoming More Capable
Satellites Have Become Important Tools in Ocean Exploration
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
3. Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
3.1. Pieces of Earth’s Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together
3.2. Earth’s Interior Is Layered
3.3. The Study of Earthquakes Provides Evidence for Layering
Seismic Waves Travel through Earth and along Its Surface
Earthquake Wave Shadow Zones Confirmed the Presence of Earth’s Core
Data from an Earthquake Confirmed the Model of Earth Layering
3.4. Earth’s Inner Structure Was Gradually Revealed
Each of Earth’s Inner Layers Has Unique Characteristics
Earth’s Interior Is Heated by the Decay of Radioactive Elements
Isostatic Equilibrium Supports Continents above Sea Level
3.5. The New Understanding of Earth Evolved Slowly
The Age of Earth Was Controversial and Not Easily Determined
3.6. Wegener’s Idea Is Transformed
3.7. The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics
3.8. Plates Interact at Plate Boundaries
Ocean Basins Form at Divergent Plate Boundaries
Island Arcs Form, Continents Collide, and Crust Recycles at Convergent Plate Boundaries
Crust Fractures and Slides at Transform Plate Boundaries
3.9. A Summary of Plate Interactions
3.10. The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics
A History of Plate Movement Has Been Captured in Residual Magnetic Fields
Plate Movement above Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots Provides Evidence of Plate Tectonics
Sediment Age and Distribution, Oceanic Ridges, and Terranes Are Explained by Plate Tectonics
3.11. Scientists Still Have Much to Learn about the Tectonic Process
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
4. Ocean Basins
4.1. The Ocean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry
Echo Sounders Bounce Sound off the Seabed
Multibeam Systems Combine Many Echo Sounders
Satellites Can Be Used to Map Seabed Topography
Robots Descend to Observe the Details
4.2. Ocean-Floor Topography Varies with Location
4.3. Continental Margins May Be Active or Passive
Continental Shelves Are Seaward Extensions of the Continents
Continental Slopes Connect Continental Shelves to the Deep-Ocean Floor
Submarine Canyons Form at the Junction between Continental Shelf and Continental Slope
Continental Rises Form as Sediments Accumulate at the Base of the Continental Slope
4.4. The Topography of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of the Continental Margin
Oceanic Ridges Circle the World
Hydrothermal Vents Are Hot Springs on Active Oceanic Ridges
Abyssal Plains and Abyssal Hills Cover Most of Earth’s Surface
Volcanic Seamounts and Guyots Project above the Seabed
Trenches and Island Arcs Form in Subduction Zones
4.5. The Marine Environment Is Classified in Distinct Zones
4.6. The Grand Tour
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
5. Sediments
5.1. Ocean Sediments Vary Greatly in Appearance
5.2. Sediments Are Classified by Particle Size
5.3. Sediments May Be Classified by Source
Terrigenous Sediments Come from Land
Biogenous Sediments Form from the Remains of Marine Organisms
Hydrogenous Sediments Form Directly from Seawater
Cosmogenous Sediments Come from Space
Marine Sediments Are Usually Combinations of Terrigenous and Biogenous Deposits
5.4. Neritic Sediments Overlie Continental Margins
5.5. Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness
Turbidites Are Deposited on the Seabed by Turbidity Currents
Clays Are the Finest and Most Easily Transported Terrigenous Sediments
Oozes Form from the Rigid Remains of Living Creatures
Hydrogenous Materials Precipitate out of Seawater Itself
Evaporites Precipitate as Seawater Evaporates
Oolite Sands Form When Calcium Carbonate Precipitates from Seawater
5.6. Researchers Have Mapped the Distribution of Deep-Ocean Sediments
5.7. Geologists Use Specialized Tools to Study Ocean Sediments
5.8. Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean Processes
5.9. Marine Sediments Are Economically Important
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
6. Water and Ocean Structure
6.1. A Note to the Reader
6.2. Familiar, Abundant, and Odd
6.3. The Water Molecule Is Held Together by Chemical Bonds
6.4. Water Has Unusual Thermal Characteristics
Heat and Temperature Are Not the Same Thing
Not All Substances Have the Same Heat Capacity
Water’s Temperature Affects Its Density
Water Becomes Less Dense When It Freezes
Water Removes Heat from Surfaces As It Evaporates
Seawater and Pure Water Have Slightly Different Thermal Properties
6.5. Surface Water Moderates Global Temperature
Annual Freezing and Thawing of Ice Moderates Earth’s Temperature
Movement of Water Vapor from Tropics to Poles Also Moderates Earth’s Temperature
Global Warming May Be Influencing Oceanic Surface Temperature and Salinity
Ocean Surface Conditions Depend on Latitude, Temperature, and Salinity
6.6. The Ocean Is Stratified by Density
The Ocean Is Stratified into Three Density Zones by Temperature and Salinity
Water Masses Have Characteristic Temperature, Salinity, and Density
Density Stratification Usually Prevents Vertical Water Movement
6.7. Refraction Can Bend the Paths of Light and Sound through Water
6.8. Light Does Not Travel Far through the Ocean
The Photic Zone Is the Sunlit Surface of the Ocean
Water Transmits Blue Light More Efficiently Than Red
6.9. Sound Travels Much Farther Than Light through the Ocean
Refraction Causes SOFAR Layers and Shadow Zones
Sonar Systems Use Sound to Detect Underwater Objects
Ocean Sound Is Used to Monitor Climate Change
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
7. Ocean Chemistry
7.1. Water Is a Powerful Solvent
7.2. Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids
Salinity Is a Measure of Seawater’s Total Dissolved Inorganic Solids
A Few Ions Account for Most of the Ocean’s Salinity
The Components of Ocean Salinity Came from, and Have Been Modified by, Earth’s Crust
The Ratio of Dissolved Solids in the Ocean Is Constant
Salinity Is Calculated by Seawater’s Conductivity
The Ocean Is in Chemical Equilibrium
Seawater’s Constituents May Be Conservative or Nonconservative
7.3. Gases Dissolve in Seawater
Nitrogen Is the Most Abundant Gas Dissolved in Seawater
Dissolved Oxygen Is Critical to Marine Life
The Ocean Is a Vast Carbon Reservoir
Gas Concentrations Vary with Depth
7.4. The Ocean’s Acid–Base Balance Varies with Dissolved Components and Depth
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
8. Circulation of the Atmosphere
8.1. The Atmosphere and Ocean Interact with Each Other
8.2. The Atmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor
8.3. The Atmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth’s Rotation
The Solar Heating of Earth Varies with Latitude
The Solar Heating of Earth Also Varies with the Seasons
Earth’s Uneven Solar Heating Results in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation
The Coriolis Effect Deflects the Path of Moving Objects
The Coriolis Effect Influences the Movement of Air in Atmospheric Circulation Cells
Three Atmospheric Circulation Cells Circulate in Each Hemisphere
8.4. Atmospheric Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns
Cell Circulation Centers on the Meteorological (Not Geographical) Equator
Monsoons Are Wind Patterns That Change with the Seasons
Sea Breezes and Land Breezes Arise from Uneven Surface Heating
El Niño, La Niña
8.5. Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation
Storms Form within or between Air Masses
Extratropical Cyclones Form between Two Air Masses
Tropical Cyclones Form in One Air Mass
8.6. Katrina and Sandy
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
9. Circulation of the Ocean
9.1. Mass Flow of Ocean Water Is Driven by Wind and Gravity
9.2. Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds
Surface Currents Flow around the Periphery of Ocean Basins
Seawater Flows in Six Great Surface Circuits
Boundary Currents Have Different Characteristics
Westward Intensification
Countercurrents and Undercurrents Are Submerged Exceptions to Peripheral Flow
Calm Centers
A Final Word on Gyres
9.3. Surface Currents Affect Weather and Climate
9.4. Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water
Nutrient-Rich Water Rises Near the Equator
Wind Can Induce Upwelling Near Coasts
Wind Can Also Induce Coastal Downwelling
Langmuir Circulation Affects the Ocean Surface
9.5. El Niño and La Niña Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow
9.6. Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean’s Water
Water Masses Have Distinct, Often Unique Characteristics
Different Combinations of Water Temperature and Salinity Can Yield the Same Density
Thermohaline Flow and Surface Flow: The Global Heat Connection
The Formation and Downwelling of Deep Water Occurs in Polar Regions
Water Masses May Converge, Fall, Travel across the Seabed, and Slowly Rise
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
10. Waves
10.1. Ocean Waves Move Energy across the Sea Surface
10.2. Waves Are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics
Ocean Waves Are Formed by a Disturbing Force
Free Waves and Forced Waves
Waves Are Reduced by a Restoring Force
Wavelength Is the Most Useful Measure of Wave Size
10.3. The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving
10.4. Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves
Larger Swell Move Faster Than Small Swell
Many Factors Influence Wind Wave Development
Wind Waves Can Grow to Enormous Size
10.5. Interference Produces Irregular Wave Motions
10.6. Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves as They Approach Shore
Waves Refract When They Approach a Shore at an Angle
Waves Can Diffract When Wave Trains Are Interrupted
Waves Can Reflect from Large Vertical Surfaces
10.7. Internal Waves Can Form between Ocean Layers of Differing Densities
10.8. “Tidal Waves” Are Probably Not What You Think
10.9. Storm Surges Form beneath Strong Cyclonic Storms
10.10. Water Can Rock in a Confined Basin
10.11. Water Displacement Causes Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves
Tsunami Move at High Speed
What’s It Like to Encounter a Tsunami?
Tsunami Have a Long and Destructive History
Tsunami Warning Networks Save Lives
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
11. Tides
11.1. Tides Are the Longest of All Ocean Waves
11.2. Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia
The Movement of the Moon Generates Strong Tractive Forces
The Sun Also Generates Tractive Forces
Sun and Moon Influence the Tides Together
11.3. The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory
Tidal Patterns Center on Amphidromic Points
The Tidal Reference Level Is Called the Tidal Datum
Tidal Patterns Vary with Ocean Basin Shape and Size
Tide Waves Generate Tidal Currents
Tidal Friction Slows Earth’s Rotation
11.4. Most Tides Can Be Accurately Predicted
11.5. Tidal Patterns Can Affect Marine Organisms
11.6. Power Can Be Extracted from Tidal Motion
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
12. Coasts
12.1. Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes
12.2. Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts
Erosional Coasts Often Have Complex Features
Shorelines Can Be Straightened by Selective Erosion
Coasts Are Also Shaped by Land Erosion and Sea-Level Change
Volcanism and Earth Movements Affect Coasts
12.3. Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts
Beaches Consist of Loose Particles
Wave Action, Particle Size, and Beach Permeability Combine to Build Beaches
Beaches Often Have a Distinct Profile
Waves Transport Sediment on Beaches
Sand Input and Outflow Are Balanced in Coastal Cells
12.4. Larger-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts
Sand Spits and Bay Mouth Bars Form When the Longshore Current Slows
Barrier Islands and Sea Islands Are Separated from Land
Deltas Can Form at River Mouths
12.5. Biological Activity Forms and Modifies Coasts
Reefs Can Be Built by Coral Animals
Coral Reefs Are Classified into Three Types
Mangrove Coasts Are Dominated by Sediment-Trapping Root Systems
12.6. Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries
Estuaries Are Classified by Their Origins
Estuary Characteristics Are Influenced by Water Density and Flow
Estuaries Support Complex Marine Communities
12.7. The Characteristics of U.S. Coasts
The Pacific Coast
The Atlantic Coast
The Gulf Coast
12.8. Humans Interfere in Coastal Processes
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
13. Life in the Ocean
13.1. Life on Earth Is Notable for Unity and Its Diversity
13.2. The Concept of Evolution Helps Explain the Nature of Life in the Ocean
Evolution Appears to Operate by Natural Selection
Evolution “Fine-Tunes” Organisms to Their Environment
13.3. Rapid, Violent Change Causes Mass Extinctions
13.4. Oceanic Life Is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage
Systems of Classification May Be Artificial or Natural
Scientific Names Describe Organisms
13.5. The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization
Energy Can Be Stored through Photosynthesis
Energy Can Also Be Stored through Chemosynthesis
Food Webs Disperse Energy through Communities
13.6. Living Organisms Are Built from a Few Elements
13.7. Elements Cycle between Living Organisms and Their Surroundings
The Carbon Cycle Is Earth’s Largest Biogeochemical Cycle
Nitrogen Must Be “Fixed” to Be Available to Organisms
Lack of Iron and Other Trace Metals May Restrict the Growth of Marine Life
13.8. Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms
Photosynthesis Depends on Light
Temperature Influences Metabolic Rate
Dissolved Nutrients Are Required for the Production of Organic Matter
Salinity Influences the Function of Cell Membranes
Dissolved Gas Concentrations Vary with Temperature
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Influences the Ocean’s Acid-Base Balance
Hydrostatic Pressure Is Rarely Limiting
Substances Move through Cells by Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
14. Primary Producers
14.1. Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Material
14.2. Plankton Drift with Ocean Currents
14.3. Plankton Collection Methods Depend on the Organism’s Size
14.4. Phytoplankton
Picoplankton
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Coccolithophores
14.5. Lack of Nutrients and Light Can Limit Primary Productivity
Nutrient Availability Can Be a Limiting Factor
Light May Also Be Limiting
14.6. Production Equals Consumption at the Compensation Depth
14.7. Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions
14.8. Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Efficient Primary Producers
Complex Adaptations Permit Seaweeds to Thrive in Shallow Waters
Seaweeds Are Nonvascular Organisms
Seaweeds Are Classified by Their Photosynthetic Pigments
Seaweeds Are Commercially Important
True Marine Plants Are Vascular Plants
Sea Grasses
Mangroves
14.9. Primary Productivity Also Occurs Deep in the Water Column, at Hydrothermal Vents, in Seabed Sediments, and in Solid Rock
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
15. Marine Animals
15.1. Animals Evolved When Food and Oxygen Became Plentiful
Successful Animals Blend Effective Form and Function
The Oxygen Revolution
15.2. Invertebrates Are the Most Successful and Abundant Animals
Phylum Porifera Contains the Sponges
Stinging Cells Define the Phylum Cnidaria
15.3. The Worm Phyla Are the Link to Advanced Animals
15.4. Advanced Invertebrates Have Complex Bodies and Internal Systems
The Phylum Mollusca Is Exceptionally Diverse
The Phylum Arthropoda Is the Most Successful Animal Group
A Water Vascular System Is Unique to the Phylum Echinodermata
15.5. Construction of Complex Chordate Bodies Begins on a Stiffening Scaffold
Not All Chordates Have Backbones
Vertebrate Chordates Have Backbones
15.6. Vertebrate Evolution Traces a Long and Diverse History
15.7. Fishes Are Earth’s Most Abundant and Successful Vertebrates
Jawless Fishes Are the Most Primitive Living Fishes
Sharks Are Cartilagenous Fishes
Bony Fishes Are the Most Abundant and Successful Fishes
15.8. Fishes Are Successful Because of Unique Adaptations
Movement, Shape, and Propulsion
Maintenance of Level
Gas Exchange
Feeding and Defense
15.9. Sea Turtles and Marine Crocodiles Are Ocean-Going Reptiles
15.10. Some Marine Birds Are the World’s Most Efficient Flyers
15.11. Marine Mammals Include the Largest Animals Ever to Have Lived
Order Cetacea—the Whales
Order Carnivora—Oceanic Carnivores
Order Sirenia—Manatees and Their Kin
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
16. Marine Communities
16.1. Marine Organisms Live in Communities
16.2. Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
Physical and Biological Environmental Factors Affect Communities
Organisms within a Community Compete for Resources
Growth Rate and Carrying Capacity Are Limited by Environmental Resistance
Population Density and Distribution Depend on Community Conditions
16.3. Marine Communities Change as Time Passes
16.4. Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities
Rocky Intertidal Communities Are Densely Populated Despite Environmental Rigors
Sand and Cobble Beach Communities Exist in One of Earth’s Most Rigorous Habitats
Salt Marshes and Estuaries Often Act as Marine Nurseries
16.5. Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open-Ocean Marine Communities
Seaweed Communities Shelter Organisms
Coral Reef Are Earth’s Most Densely Populated and Diverse Communities
Planktonic Communities Are Common throughout the Ocean
The Open-Ocean Community Is Concentrated at the Surface
16.6. Examples of Deep-Sea Marine Communities
The Deep-Sea Floor Is Earth’s Most Uniform Community
Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps Support Diverse Communities
Whale-Fall Communities Represent Unique Opportunities
16.7. Organisms in Communities Can Live in Symbiosis
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
17. Marine Resources
17.1. Marine Resources Are Subject to the Economic Laws of Supply and Demand
17.2. Physical Resources
Petroleum and Natural Gas Are the Ocean’s Most Valuable Resources
Large Methane Hydrate Deposits Exist in Shallow Sediments
Marine Sand and Gravel Are Used in Construction
Deep-Sea Mining
Salts Are Harvested from Evaporation Basins
Freshwater Is Obtained by Desalination
17.3. Renewable Sources of Marine Energy
Windmills Are Effective Energy Producers
Waves, Currents, and Tides Can Be Harnessed to Generate Power
17.4. Biological Resources
Fish, Crustaceans, and Molluscs Are the Ocean’s Most Valuable Biological Resources
Most of Today’s Fisheries Are Not Sustainable
Much of the Commercial Catch Is Discarded as “Bycatch”
Marine Botanical Resources Have Many Uses
Organisms Can Be Grown in Controlled Environments
Whaling Continues
New Drugs and Bioproducts of Oceanic Origin Are Being Discovered
17.5. Nonextractive Resources Use the Ocean in Place
17.6. The Law of the Sea Governs Marine Resource Allocation
The United Nations Formulated the International Law of the Sea
The U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone Extends 200 Nautical Miles from Shore
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
18. The Ocean and the Environment
18.1. An Introduction to Marine Environmental Issues
18.2. Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human Generated
Pollutants Interfere with an Organism’s Biochemical Processes
Oil Enters the Ocean from Many Sources
Cleaning a Spill Always Involves Trade-offs
Toxic Synthetic Organic Chemicals May Be Biologically Amplified
Heavy Metals Can Be Toxic in Very Small Quantities
Eutrophication Stimulates the Growth of Some Species to the Detriment of Others
Plastic and Other Forms of Solid Waste Can Be Especially Hazardous to Marine Life
Phytoplankton Are in Decline
Pollution Is Costly
18.3. Organisms Cannot Prosper if Their Habitats Are Disturbed
Bays and Estuaries Are Especially Sensitive to the Effects of Pollution
Introduced Species Can Disrupt Established Ecosystems
Coral Reefs Are Stressed by Environmental Change
Rising Ocean Acidity Is Jeopardizing Habitats and Food Webs
Sound Is Also a Pollutant
18.4. Marine Protected Areas Are Refuges
18.5. Earth’s Climate Is Changing
Earth’s Surface Temperature Is Rising
Mathematical Models Are Used to Predict Future Climates
Can Global Warming Be Curtailed?
18.6. What Can Be Done?
Chapter in Perspective
Questions from Students
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Study Questions
Afterword
Appendix 1. Measurements and Conversions
Appendix 2. Geologic Time
Appendix 3. Latitude and Longitude, Time, and Navigation
Appendix 4. Maps and Charts
Appendix 5. The Beaufort Scale
Appendix 6. Taxonomic Classification of Marine Organisms
Appendix 7. Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix 8. Working in Marine Science
Appendix 9. The World Ocean Seafloor
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