Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability 1st edition by Giancarlo Frosio ISBN 0192573985 9780192573988

Part I: Introduction

1. Mapping Online Intermediary Liability

1. Mapping Fundamental Notions

2. Mapping International Fragmentation: From Safe Harbours to Liability

3. Mapping Subject-Specific Regulation

4. Mapping Intermediary Liability Enforcement

5. Mapping Private Ordering and Intermediary Responsibility

6. Mapping Internet Jurisdiction, Extraterritoriality, and Intermediary Liability

Part II: Mapping Fundamental Notions

2. Who are Internet Intermediaries?

1. Definitions of ‘Internet Intermediaries’

2. Alternative Terms

3. A Functional Taxonomy

4. Typological Considerations

5. Conclusions

3. A Theoretical Taxonomy of Intermediary Liability

1. What is ‘Liability’?

2. Classifying Liability

3. Justifying Intermediary Liability

4. Types of Wrongdoing

5. Conclusions

4. Remedies First, Liability Second: Or Why We Fail to Agree on Optimal Design of Intermediary Liability

1. Three Legal Pillars

2. Distinguishing Reasons from Consequences

3. Typology of Consequences

4. Putting the Cart before the Horse

5. Conclusions

5. Empirical Approaches to Intermediary Liability

1. Volume of Notices

2. Accuracy of Notices

3. Over-Enforcement and Abuse

4. Due Process and Transparency

5. Balancing of Responsibilities and Costs

6. Conclusion: Limitations, Gaps, and Future Research

6. The Civic Role of OSPs in Mature Information Societies

1. Managing Access to Information

2. Human Rights: Harmful Content and Internet Censorship

3. The Civic Role of Osps in Mature Information Societies

4. Conclusion: The Duty of Ethical Governance

7. Intermediary Liability and Fundamental Rights

1. Users’ Rights

2. OSPs, Freedom of Business, and Innovation

3. IP Owners and Property Rights

4. Conclusions

Part III: Safe Harbours, Liability, and Fragmentation

8. An Overview of the United States’ Section 230 Internet Immunity

1. Pre-Section 230 Law

2. Section 230’s Protections for Defendants

3. Section 230’s Implications

4. Comparative Analysis

5. What’s Next for Section 230?

9. The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Internet Intermediary Liability in Latin America

1. Background: Notice and Takedown in the Dmca

2. Free Trade Agreements and Notice-and-Takedown Provisions

3. Implementation of FTA Intermediary Liability Provisions in Latin America

4. The Convenience of the Dmca Approach for Notice and Takedown in Latin America

5. Conclusions

10. The Marco Civil da Internet and Digital Constitutionalism

1. The Civil Rights Framework for the Internet

2. The ‘MCI on the Books’

3. The MCI in Practice

4. The MCI and Digital Constitutionalism

5. Concluding Remarks

11. Intermediary Liability in Africa: Looking Back, Moving Forward?

1. The Slow Rise of the Intermediary Liability Discourse in Africa

2. First-generation Liability Limitations

3. Interstate Cooperation in the African Region: Implications for Intermediary Liability

4. Second-generation Liability Limitations: the Rise of Hybrid Instruments

5. Conclusion: The Role of the African Union and the Promise of the South African Model

12. The Liability of Australian Online Intermediaries

1. Liability: Active Intermediaries and Recalcitrant Wrongdoers

2. Limiting Devices and their Flaws

3. Conclusions

13. From Liability Trap to the World’s Safest Harbour: Lessons from China, India, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and Malaysia

1. China

2. India

3. Japan

4. Indonesia

5. Malaysia

6. South Korea

7. Epilogue

14. China’s IP Regulation and Omniscient Intermediaries: Oscillating from Safe Harbour to Liability

1. Intermediary Liability for Trade mark Infringement

2. Intermediary Liability in the Case of Copyright Liability

3. Conclusions

15. A New Liability Regime for Illegal Content in the Digital Single Market Strategy

1. The Issue of Illegal Content within the DSM Strategy

2. Copyright-Infringing Content and the Copyright in the DSM Directive

3. Harmful Content within the Reformed AudioVisual Media Service Directive

4. Misleading content and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

5. Final Remarks

Part IV: A Subject Matter-Specific Overview

16. Harmonizing Intermediary Copyright Liability in the EU: A Summary

1. The Current Incomplete EU Framework for Intermediary Liability in Copyright

2. The National Regimes on Intermediary Liability in Copyright

3. Intermediary Liability and Tort Law

4. Building a Complete Framework for European Intermediary Liability in Copyright

5. Closing Remarks

17. The Direct Liability of Intermediaries

1. The right of communication to the public as construed through case law

2. Liability of Platform Operators for the Making of Acts of Communication to the Public: The Pirate Bay Case

3. Applicability of C-610/15 Stichting Brein to Less Egregious Scenarios

4. Other Implications: Primary/Secondary Liability and Safe Harbours

5. Conclusion

18. Secondary Copyright Infringement Liability and User-Generated Content in the United States

1. Secondary Copyright Infringement in Common Law

2. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act

3. User-Generated Content in The Shadow of The DMCA and Case Law

4. Policy Activity

5. Secondary Copyright Infringement Liability for Online Intermediaries Outside the United States

6. Conclusions

19. Intermediary Liability and Online Trade Mark Infringement: Emerging International Common Approaches

1. The ‘Ratio’ Principles of Intermediary Responsibility—International Common Approaches

2. The Ius Gentium of Voluntary Measures—International Common Approaches

3. Conclusions

20. Intermediary Liability and Trade Mark Infringement: Proliferation of Filter Obligations in Civil Law Jurisdictions?

1. Trade Mark Rights

2. Limitations of Trade Mark Rights

3. Developments in Case Law

4. Conclusions

21. Intermediary Liability and Trade Mark Infringement: A Common Law Perspective

1. Who are Online Intermediaries?

2. Primary Liability of Intermediaries for Trade Mark Infringement

3. Accessory Liability of Intermediaries for Trade Mark Infringement

4. Injunctions Against Intermediaries Whose Services are Used to Infringe Trade Marks

22. Digital Markets, Rules of Conduct, and Liability of Online Intermediaries—Analysis of Two Case Studies: Unfair Commercial Practices and Trade Secrets Infringement

1. Problem Definition

2. Online Intermediaries: Walking a Tightrope Between Immunity from Liability and Remedies

3. Unfair Commercial Practices via Online Intermediaries

4. Trade Secrets Infringement via OIs

5. Assessment

23. Notice-and-Notice-Plus: A Canadian Perspective Beyond the Liability and Immunity Divide

1. Legal Context

2. Proposal for Reform

3. Notice-and-Notice-Plus Beyond Defamation Law

4. Conclusions

24. Free Expression and Internet Intermediaries: The Changing Geometry of European Regulation

1. The European Regulatory Framework

2. Geometrical Shifts

3. Conclusions

25. The Right to Be Forgotten in the European Union

1. The Right to be Forgotten Vis-à-Vis Search Engines

2. The Right to be Forgotten Vis-à-Vis Primary Publishers

3. Conclusions

26. Right to be … Forgotten? Trends in Latin America after the Belén Rodriguez Case and the Impact of the New European Rules

1. The Belén Rodriguez Case: Something New Under the Sun?

2. Trends in Latin America: What do they Follow?

3. The Right to Privacy and the Right to Freedom of Expression Under the Inter American System of Human Rights and its Impact on the Right to be Forgotten

4. Conclusions

Part V: Intermediary Liability and Online Enforcement

27. From ‘Notice and Takedown’ to ‘Notice and Stay Down’: Risks and Safeguards for Freedom of Expression

1. Impact on Freedom of Expression

2. Notice and TakeDown

3. Notice and Notice

4. Notice and Stay Down

5. Conclusions

28. Monitoring and Filtering: European Reform or Global Trend?

1. OSP as a ‘Mere Conduit’: ‘No Monitoring’ Obligations

2. From ‘Mere Conduits’ to ‘Gate-Keepers’? The Global Shift in Intermediary Liability

3. The EU Copyright Directive in the Digital Single Market: Legitimation through Legislation?

4. Effect on Fundamental Rights

5. Conclusions

29. Blocking Orders: Assessing Tensions with Human Rights

1. A Freedom of Expression Perspective on Website Blocking: The Emergence of User Rights

2. A Freedom to Conduct a Business Perspective on Website Blocking: The (Rising) Role of the ISPS in Digital Copyright Enforcement

3. A Right to Property Perspective on Website Blocking: Effectiveness of the Blocking

4. Recent EU Copyright Reform and its Effects on Website Blocking and Fundamental Rights

5. Conclusions

30. Administrative Enforcement of Copyright Infringement in Europe

1. The European Landscape: Spain, Italy, and Greece

2. The Legal Context

3. The Essential Features

4. The AGCOM Regulation in Practice: A Case Study

Part VI: Intermediary Responsibility, Accountability, and Private Ordering

31. Accountability and Responsibility of Online Intermediaries

1. Tools for Increasing Responsibility

2. Mechanisms and Legal Challenges

3. Conclusions

32. Addressing Infringement: Developments in Content Regulation in the US and the DNS

1. ICANN, the DNS, and DNS Intermediaries

2. The History of Intellectual Property Enforcement in the DNS

3. ICANN’s new gTLD Programme and IP Stakeholder Demands

4. Expanding IP Enforcement in the DNS: Within and Without ICANN

5. Conclusions

33. Intermediary Liability in Russia and the Role of Private Business in the Enforcement of State Controls over the Internet

1. Russian Internet

2. The Evolution of Internet Regulations and ISP Liability

3. How the Government Relies on Intermediaries

4. Compliance Dilemma

5. Transparency and Compliance with Human Rights

6. Conclusions

34. Guarding the Guardians: Content Moderation by Online Intermediaries and the Rule of Law

1. Content Moderation by Platforms and The Rule of law

2. Barriers to Accountability

3. Enhancing Intermediaries’ Oversight

4. Future Challenges

35. Algorithmic Accountability: Towards Accountable Systems

1. Accountable to whom?

2. Accountability for what?

3. Challenges with Algorithmic Accountability

4. What does Algorithmic Accountability mean in the context of Intermediary Liability Online?

5. Conclusions

Part VII: Internet Jurisdiction, Extraterritoriality, and Liability

36. Internet Jurisdiction and Intermediary Liability

1. Internet Intermediaries and Jurisdiction

2. Terms of Service, Jurisdiction, and Choice of Law

3. Access to Evidence and Jurisdiction

4. Scope of Jurisdiction of Content Blocking

5. Concluding Remarks

37. The Equustek Effect: A Canadian Perspective on Global Takedown Orders in the Age of the Internet

1. Where it all Began: The Yahoo France Case

2. Equustek Solutions v Google: Internet Jurisdiction Hits Canada’s Highest Court

3. Supreme Court of Canada Hearing

4. The Supreme Court of Canada Decision

5. After Equustek: The Risks of Global Takedown Orders From National Courts

6. Conclusions

38. Jurisdiction on the Internet: From Legal Arms Race to Transnational Cooperation

1. National Jurisdictions and Cross-Border Data Flows and Services

2. A Legal Arms Race in Cyberspace?

3. Limits to International Cooperation

4. A Dangerous Path

5. Filling the Institutional Gap in Internet Governance

6. Towards Transnational Frameworks

7. Conclusions

Index