Policy Studies for Educational Leaders 4th Edition by Frances Fowler – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 9780133465853 ,0133465853
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ISBN 10: 0133465853
ISBN 13: 9780133465853
Author: Frances Fowler
Policy Studies for Educational Leaders 4th Edition Table of contents:
Part I The Background of Education Policy
1 Policy: What It Is And Where It Comes From
Focus Questions
Why Study Policy?
School Leaders in Oz
Defining Policy
A Brief Definition
Policy and Expressed Government Intentions—Racial Segregation
Policy, Law, and Racial Segregation
Policy and Statutes
Policy, Rules and Regulations, and Racial Segregation
Policy, Court Decisions, and Racial Segregation
Policy, Budgets, and Racial Segregation
Implementation, Policy, and Racial Segregation
Segregation Policy as Governmental Action and Inaction
The Transformation of the Education Policy Environment
The Way It Used to Be
The New Policy Environment
Reasons for These Changes
Economic Changes
Demographic Trends
Ideological Shift
Changed Roles of School Leaders
Reallocation of Authority
District Leadership
Building Leadership
Public Leadership
The Policy Process
Policy Issues
Controversial Elements
Public Element
Examples of Education Policy Issues
Applying the Stage Model to Standards-Based Reform
Issue Definition
Agenda Setting
Policy Formulation
Policy Adoption
Implementation
Evaluation
The School Leader and Policy Studies
Administrators as Policymakers
Administrators as Implementers of Policy
Administrators as Followers of Policy Issues
Administrators as Influencers of Policy
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
2 Power and Education Policy
Focus Questions
Introductory Comments
Defining Power
A “Contested” Concept
A Working Definition of Power
Discourse and Power
School Administration as Talk
Texts
Social Events
Social Practice
The Three-Dimensional Model of Power
The First Dimension of Power: Explicit Uses of Power
Types of Power
Force
Economic Dominance
Authority
Persuasion
Power Resources
Material Resources
Social Resources
Knowledge Resources
Discursive Power in the First Dimension
The Second Dimension of Power: The Mobilization of Bias
Understanding the Second Dimension: Race
News Story for Analysis Teachers’ Union Fears Tenure Bill
Questions
Second-Dimension Power in Education: Parental Involvement
The Mobilization of Bias: Race, Gender, and Class
Mobilization of Bias and Minority Children
Bias Against Women in School Administration
Bias in School Choice
The Third Dimension of Power: The Shaping of Consciousness
Understanding the Shaping of Consciousness
Unusual Empowerment
Unusual Disempowerment
Power in Educational Settings
The Power of Education Policy Actors
Building Power
Case Study Satanism and Witchcraft in the Schools
Questions
Power and Distributed Leadership
Ethical Issues Surrounding Power
The Dangers of Power
Power as Means and End
Power as Individual Means
Power as Individual End
Power as Means for a Group
Power as End for a Group
Using Discursive Power Ethically
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
3 The Economy and Demographics
Focus Questions
Why Analyze the Policy Environment?
Defining Policy Environment
Policy and Its Social Context
The Economic Environment
The Importance of the Economy
An Overview of U.S. Economic History
The Early Days
The Emergence of Capitalism
Problems Develop
The New Deal and Its Aftermath
Economic Troubles Reappear
Reaganomics
The Bushes and Clinton
The Great Recession
Conclusions
Short-Term Economic Changes
Business Cycles
Economic Indicators
Monitoring Business Cycles
Long-Term Economic Trends
Slow Growth
From Manufacturing to Service and Information
Globalization
Heavy Debt
Inflation
Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor
Demographics and the Policy Environment
The Importance of Demographics
Long-Term Demographic Trends
An Aging Population with a “Mini Baby Boom.”
Immigration and Migration
Suburbanization
Increasing Diversity
Pro–Con Debate: Should The Schools Teach All Children A Core Curriculum?
Conclusions
Implications for Education Policy
Implications of the Business Cycle
Implications of Long-Range Trends
The Economic/Demographic Scenario
“Do More with Less”
“Do a Lot More with a Little More”
“Do a Lot More with a Lot Less”
Reading Between the Lines
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
4 The Political System and Political Culture
Focus Questions
The Importance of the Less Obvious
The U.S. Political System
Federalism
Federalism Defined
History of U.S. Federalism
Federalism Today
Separation of Powers
Fragmentation of Governance
Fragmentation of Local Government
Fragmentation Through Separate Structures
Pro–Con Debate: Should School Boards Be Abolished?
Focus on Elections
Judicial Review
Implications of the Political System for School Leaders
Competition Among Governance Bodies
Nature of the Competition
Identifying and Monitoring Competitors
Multiple Veto Points
Timing Policy Concerns with Elections
Selecting the Time and the People
Windows of Opportunity
Network and Coalition Building
Building Relationships with Education Professionals
Building Relationships with Other Government Agencies
Political Culture
Defining Political Culture
Traditionalistic Political Culture
Moralistic Political Culture
Individualistic Political Culture
Political Culture and Education Policy
News Story for Analysis There’s No Question About What’s Wrong with Education!
Questions
Implications for School Administrators
Suggestions for Identifying Political Cultures
Leading in a Traditionalistic Setting
Leading in a Moralistic Setting
Leading in an Individualistic Setting
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
5 Values and Ideology
Focus Questions
The Importance of Ideas
Basic Values in U.S. Politics
Self-Interest and Other Values
Self-Interest Values
Economic
Power
General Social Values
Order
Individualism
Democratic Values
Liberty
Equality
Fraternity
Economic Values
Efficiency
Economic Growth
Quality
Values Interacting with Each Other
Cyclical Shifts in Dominant Values
Important Value Conflicts
The Search for Balance
Conflicts Involving Freedom
Conflicts Involving Efficiency
Ideology
Defining Ideology
Major U.S. Ideologies
Conservatism
The Divided House of Conservatism
Business Conservatism
Religious Conservatism
Questions
The Tea Party Movement
Liberalism
Another Divided House
New Democrats
Progressive Democrats
Other Ideologies
Extremist Ideologies in the United States
Left-Wing Extremism
Right-Wing Extremism
Ideologies in Other Countries
Social Democracy
Christian Democracy
Case Study An Unintelligent Approach to Teaching Intelligent Design
Questions
School Leaders Caught in Ideological Crossfire
Schools as Contested Terrain
Dealing Effectively with Ideological Conflicts
Assessing your Own Ideological Stance
First Activity
Second Activity
Third Activity
An Ounce of Prevention
Recognizing an Ideological Conflict
Obtaining Information about an Ideological Issue
Opening the Democratic Process
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
Part II Policy Actors and the Policy Process
6 The Major Education Policy Actors
Focus Questions
The Dramatis Personae of the Policy Drama
Government Actors
The Legislative Branch
The Legislature: Function and Structure
Legislative Staff
Important Legislative Actors
The Executive Branch
Governors
State Boards of Education
Chief State School Officers
State Departments of Education
The Judicial Branch
Local Government Actors
Local Boards of Education
Superintendents
News Story for Analysis Stiff Challenge Awaits Grasmick’s Successor
Questions
Nongovernmental Policy Actors
Interest Groups: What They Are and What They Do
Education Interest Groups
Noneducation Interest Groups
Policy Networks
Policy Planning Organizations
Think Tanks Defined
Think Tanks and Policy Entrepreneurs
The Media
Their Policy Role
The Organization of the Media
Case Study “Stop The Bullies!” The Politics of Accountability
Questions
Identifying and Learning about Policy Actors
Overall Approach
Locating Elected Government Officials
Identifying Appointed Officials and Groups
Identifying Policy Planning and Related Organizations
Locating the “Neglected Stepchild”
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
7 Setting the Stage and Getting on it: Issue Definition and Agenda Setting
Focus Questions
Perception and Reality in the Policy Process
Issue Definition: Setting the Stage
Defining Issue Definition
The Education Policy Planning and Research Community
Its Nature and Structure
Funding the EPPRC
Developing and Discussing New Ideas
New Ideas from Research
New Ideas from Ideology
Forums for Discussion
Disseminating New Ideas
The Spread of a Policy Idea: Site-Based Management
Elements of Skillful Issue Definition
Claims
Evidence
Solution
Discourse
Broad Appeal
Constraints on Issue Definition
Pro–Con Debate: Is There Really an Education Crisis?
The Policy Agenda
Defining Policy Agenda
Types of Policy Agendas
The Systemic Agenda
The Governmental Agenda
How Agendas Relate to Each Other
News Story for Analysis Make Way for Merit Pay!
Questions
Getting on the Governmental Policy Agenda
The Story of School Choice
Public Officials and Agendas
Other Paths to the Agenda
The Problem of the Disempowered
Staying on a Policy Agenda
Nondecisions
School Leaders and the Early Stages of the Policy Process
Following the Early Stages
Influencing the Early Stages
Influencing National Issue Definition
Challenging National Definitions Locally
Influencing Agenda Setting: Basic Prerequisites
Attracting Attention to an Issue
Reducing Attention to an Issue
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
8 Getting the Words and the Money: Policy Formulation and Policy Adoption
Focus Questions
The High-Visibility Stages of the Policy Process
Policy Formulation and Adoption in Legislatures
A Conservative Process
Legislative Proposals and Where They Come From
How Bills Are Drafted
How Bills Move Through a Legislature
The Politics of Getting a Policy Adopted
Sponsorship
Reference Committee
Standing Committee
Rules Committee
Conference Committee
Obtaining Funding
The Budget Process
The Federal Budget Process
Budgeting at the State Level
Policy Formulation and Adoption in Administrative Agencies
Rule Making
Why Rules are Needed
How Rules are Written
Why Administrative Rule Making is Helpful
Federal Rule Making
Rule Making in the States
Policy Formulation and Adoption in the Courts
Judges as Policy Actors
Taking Cases to Court
How Judges Formulate and Adopt Policy
Examples of Education Policymaking by Judges
In State Courts
In Federal Courts
Influencing Policy Formulation and Adoption
General Principles
Know the Process
Follow Government Activity
Work with Others
Set Priorities
Influencing Legislatures and Agencies
Three Approaches
Government Relations
Vignette I: Making the Case for Technology
Influence Through Building Relationships
Working Through Professional Organizations
Lobbying
Vignette III: Avoiding a Financial Loss
Case Study The Gadfly
Questions
When to “Lobby.”
Written Communication
Telephone Calls
Personal Visits
Special Comments on Influencing the Judiciary
Danger—Beware!
Partisan Activity
Campaign Contributions
Gifts
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
9 Looking at Policies: Policy Instruments and Cost Effectiveness
Focus Questions
Learning to Analyze Public Policies
Lowi’s Techniques of Control
Distributive Policies
Distributive Defined
Subsidies
Contracts
Nonregulatory Licensing
Distribution as Control
Distributive Politics
Regulatory Policies
Regulatory Defined
Types of Regulatory Policies
Regulatory Politics
Redistributive Policies
Redistributive Defined
Types of Redistributive Policies
Redistributive Politics
Do Lowi’s Categories Overlap?
Using Lowi’s Categories in School Leadership
Anticipating Political Situations
Managing Policy Change
Planning Influence Strategies
Strategies for Distributive Arenas
Strategies for Regulatory Arenas
Strategies for Redistributive Arenas
Exercises on the Techniques of Control
McDonnell and Elmore’s Policy Instruments
Mandates
Inducements
Capacity Building
System Change
Hortatory Policy, or Persuasion
The Use of Policy Instruments in the States
Using McDonnell and Elmore’s Ideas in School Leadership
Diversifying Policy Instruments
Combining Policy Instruments in School Leadership
Exercises on the Policy Instruments
Cost Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Thinking About Costs
Cost Analysis
Levin and Mcewan’s Ingredients Method
The Ingredients Method Applied
Analyzing Tangible and Intangible Costs and Benefits
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Thinking About Effectiveness
Steps in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Final Points
Exercises on Cost Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
For Further Reading
10 Policy Implementation: Getting People to Carry Out a Policy
Focus Questions
The Surprising Difficulty of Implementation
The Research on Implementation
Defining Implementation
A Rapidly Growing Field
First-Generation Research—The Difficulty of Implementation
OVERVIEW
In-Depth Look at a Typical Study
Lessons from the First Generation
Second-Generation Research—Analyses of Failure and Success
OVERVIEW
In-Depth Look at a Typical Study
Lessons from the Second Generation
Third-Generation Research—Implementing Complex Policies
OVERVIEW
Implementers as Learners
OVERVIEW
In-Depth Look at a Typical Study
Scaling Up
OVERVIEW
In-Depth Look at a Typical Study
Lessons from the Third Generation
How to Implement a New Policy
Mobilizing for Implementation
Adopting a New Policy
Motives for Adopting a New Policy
Appropriateness of the New Policy
Adequate Support
News Story for Analysis Iroquois Superintendent Warns Race to Top Grant May Be Too Low
Questions
Planning for Implementation
Who Should Participate in Planning?
Planning by Forward Mapping
Gathering Resources for Implementation
Money
Time
Personnel
Space
Equipment and Materials
Implementation Proper
Stages of Implementation
Early Implementation
Late Implementation
Cross-Cutting Themes
Monitoring and Feedback
Ongoing Assistance
Problem Coping
Institutionalization
Implementing Unpopular Policies
Why Some Policies Are Unpopular
SELF-INTEREST
Professional Values
Issues Surrounding Resistance
Exit, Voice, and Disloyalty
Case Study The Reform That Went Awry
Questions
Coping with Resistance
Choosing to Resist
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
11 Policy Evaluation: Determining if the Policy Works
Focus Questions
A Nervous-Making Topic
Definitions Associated with Policy Evaluation
A Brief History of Educational Policy Evaluation
Early Evaluation
The War on Poverty
The Professionalization of Evaluation
Characteristics of Policy Evaluations
The Evaluation Process
Criteria for Judging Evaluations
UTILITY
FEASIBILITY
PROPRIETY
ACCURACY
Evaluation Accountability
Case Study A Laughable Evaluation
Questions
Purposes of Evaluations
Summative Evaluation
Formative Evaluation
PSEUDO-EVALUATIONS
Methodologies Used in Policy Evaluation
Quantitative Methodologies
Qualitative Methodologies
Holistic Evaluations
Indicators
Facilitating Meaningful Policy Evaluations
The Politics of Evaluation
Why Evaluation is Political
The Players in the Evaluation Arena
The Policymakers
The Policy Implementers
The Clients
The Evaluators
Maneuvers to Prevent a Good Evaluation
Suggestions for Achieving a Sound Evaluation
Building Evaluation in Early
Communicating with Stakeholders
Selecting Indicators
Building in Data Collection
Choosing Evaluators
News Editorial for Analysis Maine’s ‘Worst’ Schools
Questions
Acting on an Evaluation Report
Inaction
Minor Modifications
Major Modifications
Termination
Final Points
Questions and Activities for Discussion
For Further Reading
12 Education Policy in the United States: Retrospective and Prospective
Focus Questions
If We Aren’t in Kansas, Where are We?
Four Theoretical Frameworks
Competing Values
Lowi’s Policy Types
Institutional Choice
International Convergence
Retrospective on U.S. Education Policy
The Young Republic, 1783–1830
OVERVIEW
The Competing Values Perspective
The Policy Types Perspective
The Institutional Choice Perspective
The International Convergence Perspective
Concluding Reflections
The Rise of the Common School, 1831–1900
Overview
The Competing Values Perspective
The Policy Types Perspective
The Institutional Choice Perspective
The International Convergence Perspective
Concluding Reflections
The “Scientific” Sorting Machine, 1900–1982
OVERVIEW
The Competing Values Perspective
The Policy Types Perspective
The Institutional Choice Perspective
The International Convergence Perspective
Concluding Reflections
In Search of a New Paradigm, 1983–Present
OVERVIEW
The Competing Values Perspective
The Policy Types Perspective
The Institutional Choice Perspective
The International Convergence Perspective
Concluding Reflections
Is No Child Left Behind the New Paradigm?
Overview
The Passage of NCLB
Major Provisions of NCLB
Applying Four Theoretical Lenses to NCLB
Competing Values
Lowi’s Policy Types
Institutional Choice
International Convergence
Will NCLB Be Repealed?
What, Then, Should Education Leaders Do?
Final Points
Questions for Discussion
For Further Reading
Glossary
Appendix Useful Web Sites for Following Education Policy*
How to Locate Government Web Sites for Specific States*
References
Name Index
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