Principles of Psychology 1st Edition by Marc Breedlove 9780199329366 0199329362

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• ISBN 10: 0199329362

• ISBN 13:9780199329366

• Author:Marc Breedlove 

 Principles of Psychology
Organized around four well-established core principles, Principles of Psychology provides students with a framework to understand the science of behavior
Written in a conversational style, Principles of Psychology is organized around the following four well-established principles that serve as touchstones for the field of psychology:
The mind is a process at work in a physical machine, the brain.
We are consciously aware of only a fraction of our mental activity.
We constantly modify our behavior, beliefs, and attitudes according to what we perceive about the people around us.
Experience physically alters the structure and function of the brain.
With these four principles as a framework for the text, Principles of Psychology emphasizes that psychology is a science through discussion of relevant big-picture and proven concepts and cutting-edge research-based investigations that examine behavioral, psychological, and neuroscience experiments. By presenting data and facts from other scientific disciplines, as well as real-world vignettes and stories, Marc Breedlove teaches the reader how to think critically and scientifically about the underlying mechanisms of behavior.

Principles of Psychology 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction: Principles of Psychology
The Wages of Fear
Chapter Preview
1.1 Psychology’s Roots
Our ancestors had to pay attention to the behavior of people and other animals
Early philosophers wrestled with questions about knowledge and reality
Darwin taught us that there is a continuum of behavior from animals to humans
1.1 Summary
1.2 The Rise of Empiricism
German thinkers brought keen observation and structure to psychology
William James emphasized functionalism and the “brain as machine”
Behaviorism revealed the rules of learning, but only a limited understanding of behavior
Modern psychology is a cognitive science that discerns processes in the machine at work
Neuroscience aims to explore the brain and its workings directly, peering inside the “black box”
Like most scientific fields, psychology long excluded women and minorities
1.2 Summary
1.3 Psychological Myths and Four Principles of Psychology
Despite great progress, many psychological myths endure
Psychological Myths
Think like a psychologist: There are four important principles to consider for any behavior
Researchers at Work: Detecting racial associations with crime
1.3 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 2: Psychology as a Science
Are women musicians inferior?
Chapter Preview
2.1 What Constitutes a Science?
Science begins with the careful observation of phenomena
We can measure how closely two variables vary together
Observations of behavior may generate hypotheses to be tested
Experimentation can reveal cause-and-effect relationships between variables
Box 2.1: Skeptic at Large: Theories That Cannot Be Disproven Fall outside the Realm of Science
Researchers at Work: Is gender bias in science a thing of the past?
Strong inference is the process of disproving as many plausible hypotheses as possible
2.1 Summary
2.2 How Do We Scientifically Study Behavior?
Random sampling is absolutely crucial in psychology, and surprisingly difficult to do
We use measures of central tendency to gauge differences between groups
Psychologists love statistics because we have to
Psychological measures should be both reliable and valid
Psychologists strive to avoid bias by withholding information
Box 2.2: Skeptic at Large: The Pepsi Paradox
There are standards of ethical conduct in human and animal experimentation
The Cutting Edge: Meta-Analysis Casts Doubt on Antidepressant Drugs
2.2 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 3: The Neuroscience of Behavior
The Laughing Brain
Chapter Preview
3.1 The Structure of the Nervous System: A Microscopic View
The brain contains billions of neurons, or nerve cells
Neurons communicate with each other at synapses
Neurotransmitters transfer information across synapses
We can classify neurons into three functional types
Box 3.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Dualism and Descartes’s Error
3.1 Summary
3.2 The Nervous System at Work: The Body Electric
Every cell in your body is a tiny battery
Neurons use electrical signals to summarize information from many synapses
Synaptic input determines whether a neuron will produce an action potential
Once begun, action potentials travel down the axon
Action potentials work like a flushing toilet
Myelin speeds up action potentials
What happens when the action potential reaches the end of an axon?
Researchers At Work: The telltale frog heart: Loewi’s marvelous dream
Drugs affect brain signals and therefore the mind
Hormones affect the brain too
3.2 Summary
3.3 Understanding the Nervous System: Divide and Conquer
The central nervous system gathers information and makes the big decisions
The cerebral surface is divided into lobes
Beneath the surface of the cerebral cortex are orderly clusters of cells
Each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
The peripheral nervous system carries information between the body and the central nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is out of our control
3.3 Summary
3.4 How We Study the Brain
Lesions and electrical stimulation can map brain functions
Scientists can eavesdrop on electrical signals within the brain
Today’s imaging technology reveals the brain’s interior structure and function
We infer brain function by comparing different mental activities
Researchers At Work: Mental subtraction
Psychology and biology use two different vocabularies to describe the same thing
The Cutting Edge: Mapping the Connectome in the Human Brain
3.4 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 4: Genes, Environment, and Behavior
Non-Identical Identical Sisters
Chapter Preview
4.1 Genes at Work
The genes we inherit provide “recipes” for making proteins
Our mother and father give us slightly different “recipes” for each protein
If we get a nonfunctional allele from one parent, the otherallele usually spares us from harm
Box 4.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Natural Selection Favors Beneficial Alleles
We can see how dominant and recessive alleleswork in pea plants
4.1 Summary
4.2 The Regulation of Genes
Different genes are used at different times in different cells
Sensory experience and learning affect gene expression
Genes and experience interact
Researchers at Work: Mothers matter
4.2 Summary
4.3 Single Gene Effects on Behavior
Genes that severely disrupt brain function have a strong, direct, and disastrous effect on behavior
Genes that affect sensory systems can have a strong effect on behavior
Box 4.2: Skeptic at Large: Controlled by Our Genes?
4.3 Summary
4.4 Multiple Gene Effects on Behavior
Twin studies confirm a genetic contribution to schizophrenia
What does it mean if a behavior is “heritable”?
There are several things that heritability does not mean
Inferences about heritability from twin studies make several simplifying assumptions
Although rare, cases of identical twins who are reared apart offer powerful insights
4.4 Summary
4.5 The Interaction of Genes and Experience
Stress plays a role in the appearance of schizophrenia
Genes and the environment constantly interact to affect our behaviors
The Cutting Edge: Early Experience Epigenetically Affects the Stress Response in Adulthood
4.5 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 5: Developmental Psychology
Growing Up Alone
Chapter Preview
5.1 The Developing Brain
There are six stages of neural development
Experience guides brain development
5.1 Summary
5.2 The Developing Mind
Developmental stages can be seen in motor and sensory development
Psychologists have learned how to read babies’ minds
Researchers At Work: Habituation tests help researchers understand visionin infants
Memory develops steadily during infancy
Box 5.1: Skeptic at Large: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Piaget studied the stages of cognitive development
Box 5.2: Psychology in Everyday Life: Autism Is a Difficulty in Reading Other People’s Minds
Proper emotional and social development requires a warm, interactive adult
Scientists study love and attachment
Box 5.3: Psychology in Everyday Life: What Are the Effects of Day Care on Children?
5.2 Summary
5.3 Adolescence: Developing Identity
Adolescence is marked by physical changes that prepare boys and girls for adulthood
Adolescence can be a confusing and troubling time
We must learn to balance pleasing other people and defying them
5.3 Summary
5.4 Adulthood and Beyond
Erikson identified eight stages in the development of our relationships with others
The aging mind slows down but continues to grow
The Cutting Edge: If We Are Lucky, We Face Aging and the Possibility of Alzheimer’s Disease
5.4 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
No Pain, No Gain
Chapter Preview
6.1 Sensory System Principles
Sensation begins with a stimulus
All detection systems have thresholds
Psychophysics systematically analyzes perception
Detection involves finding a signal in a background of noise
A stimulus that doesn’t change is unimportant, so sensory systems ignore it
6.1 Summary
6.2 Touch and Pain
Our nerves provide information about a specific type of stimulation
Touch perception is more refined than you might think
Different receptor cells have different receptive fields
Painlessness is hazardous to your health
Researchers at Work: Specialized receptors transmit information about pain
Pain illustrates the vast difference between sensation and perception
6.2 Summary
6.3 Vision
Reflected light arrives on the retina
We all have our blind spots
Divide and conquer: How visual information reaches the two hemispheres of the brain
Box 6.1: Skeptic at Large: How Does a Flower Look to a Bee?
Having two eyes helps bring us the world in 3D
Our eyes adjust to massive changes in light intensity
What is the physical nature of color?
Color is constructed by the brain
The visual system uses shortcuts to provide nearly instantaneous perception
The visual system organizes perceptions of groups of objects
6.3 Summary
6.4 Hearing
Sound is a pattern of pressure in the air (or water)
The outer and middle ears funnel sound to the cochlea
The cochlea detects the various frequencies of sound
The cochlea picks up good vibrations (and bad)
How do we know where a sound is coming from?
6.4 Summary
6.5 Taste and Smell
Our nose and tongue are exquisitely sensitive chemical detectors
Five taste receptors contribute to flavor
Thousands of different odor receptors bring us the richness of flavor
The Cutting Edge: Bionic Eyes
6.5 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 7: Consciousness
Uncontrollable Sleep
Chapter Preview
7.1 Consciousness
It is difficult to assess consciousness
The brain’s activity is similar whether we imagine something or actually see it
What is the function of consciousness?
Split-brain patients offer clues about consciousness without language
In split-brain patients, the verbal mind tries to explain what the other mind is doing
We are not always aware of what our brain has decided to do
Researchers at Work: Who’s in charge here?
Box 7.1: Skeptic at Large: Is Free Will Illusory?
7.1 Summary
7.2 Sleep and Dreams
Biological rhythms enforce a sleep–wake cycle
There are two different categories of sleep
Do animals dream?
At least four brain regions regulate sleep states
Researchers at Work: Divide and conquer
We need sleep, but why?
Sleep deprivation has relatively mild effects, yet total sleep deprivation is fatal
Sleep disorders can have mild effects or be devastating
Sleep patterns change across the life span
7.2 Summary
7.3 Hypnosis and Meditation
Hypnosis is not what it’s cracked up to be
People vary in their susceptibility to hypnosis
Hypnosis can reduce pain
Researchers at Work: Talking away the pain
Hypnosis does not improve memory
What is the boundary between being accommodating and being entranced?
Meditation resembles self-hypnosis
7.3 Summary
7.4 Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs affect the mind by acting on neurotransmitter systems
Drugs can be classified by their general effects on mental activity
Box 7.2: Psychology in Everyday Life: Has the Legal Model of Drug Control Been Effective?
Addiction involves physical and psychological dependence
The Cutting Edge: Marijuana Is Risky for Teenagers
7.4 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 8: Learning
Afraid of Santa Claus
Chapter Preview
8.1 Predicting the Future
The simplest learning tasks involve only one cue
Classical conditioning teaches us to anticipate the future
Subjects in classical conditioning learn about more than just the conditioned stimulus
Our everyday behavior reflects what we’ve learned by classical conditioning
Taste aversion proved the relevance of evolution to conditioning
Researchers at Work: Some associations are made more readily than others
Box 8.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Taste Aversion Saves Lives
Fear conditioning is a type of classical conditioning using a painful unconditioned stimulus
8.1 Summary
8.2 Reinforcing Behavior
Live and learn: Thorndike’s law of effect
Everyone likes to be rewarded
Box 8.2: Skeptic at Large: Operant Conditioning for Fun and Profit
Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative
Punishment can be counterproductive
Active avoidance is especially resistant to extinction
The pace of rewards affects how quickly and well we learn
8.2 Summary
8.2 Observational Learning
Does a rat in a maze become lost in thought?
Researchers at Work: Latent learning
“You can observe a lot by watching”
Social learning profoundly shapes human behavior
Sometimes insight plays a role in learning
What Ever Happened to Little Albert?
The Cutting Edge: What Makes You So Smart?
8.3 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 9: Memory
Trapped in the Eternal Now
Chapter Preview
9.1 The Stages of Memory Formation
We retain raw sensory information for only a few seconds
Box 9.1: Skeptic at Large: Does Anyone Have Photographic Memory?
Researchers at Work: How to retrieve fading images
Short-term memory is brief, but can be extended if we work with the information
Long-term memories also fade unless they are used
Short-term memory and long-term memory rely on different processes
We have to encode information in order to store and retrieve it
Some short-term memories are consolidated into the vast store of long-term memory
Box 9.2: Psychology in Everyday Life: A Few People Have Prodigious Memories
9.1 Summary
9.2 The Vulnerability of Memory
Sometimes one memory can interfere with another
Several psychological phenomena indicate that forgetting is probably due to a failure in retrieval
Memory is susceptible to distortion
Researchers at Work: Language can impart a bias in visual memory
Box 9.3: Psychology in Everyday Life: The Seven Sins of Memory
How can you improve your memory?
9.2 Summary
9.3 Different Forms of Long-Term Memory
There are different types of amnesia
The hippocampus is required to put some memories into LTM elsewhere in the brain
Researchers at Work: Henry was able to form new memories for some tasks
People with Korsakoff’s syndrome, like H.M., have trouble forming new declarative memories
Brain damage can destroy autobiographical memories while sparing general memories
Box 9.4: Skeptic at Large: Amnesia in Real Life Is Not Like It Is in the Movies
Different forms of nondeclarative memory serve varying functions
What is the physical basis of memory?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) may provide a physical basis for memory
The Cutting Edge: Are There Some Things We Should Forget?
9.3 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 10: Language and Cognition
Unheeded Warnings
Chapter Preview
10.1 Language
What are the components of human language?
Animal communication reveals the evolutionary roots of language
Can other animals acquire language with training?
We start life ready to decode any language we happen to hear
Psychologists use behavior to test babies’ language ability
Researchers at Work: “Reading babies’ minds”
Box 10.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Williams Syndrome Offers Clues about Language
There are sensitive periods for learning a language
Some people have a harder time learning to read
For most people, the left hemisphere of the brain controls language
Box 10.2: Psychology in Everyday Life: The Comparatively Minor Effects of Childhood Loss of a Cerebr
What is the right cerebral hemisphere for?
Language and culture can influence our thought processes
10.1 Summary
10.2 Deconstructing Mental Processes
There are two kinds of people, and both of them categorize
Mental processes take time
We reproduce images and manipulate them in our mind
Researchers at Work: We need time to move mental images
There are at least three stages in acquiring a skill
Box 10.3: Skeptic at Large: Is There Such a Thing as Subliminal Perception?
Attention is the spotlight of the mind
Even a brief break in our attention can make us “blind”
10.2 Summary
10.3 Decision Making and Problem Solving
Every judgment is subject to error and bias
Researchers at Work: Even random information can induce bias
We are all prone to particular errors of judgment
Our hindsight seems so good because our memory is so easily distorted
We hate loss more than we love gain
Problem solving involves algorithms, heuristics, and representations
Strategies may help or impede problem solving
The Cutting Edge: Defending Preferences You Never Made
10.3 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 11: Intelligence
The Admirable Crichton
Chapter Preview
11.1 History and Development of Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests were first created to make a more ordered society
How are intelligence tests administered?
Modern-day IQ scores compare individuals of the same age group
Intelligence test scores are normally distributed
A reliable psychological test provides consistent results
Establishing test validity is more difficult
What do IQ scores “predict”?
11.1 Summary
11.2 The Many Facets of Intelligence
Is there any such thing as general intelligence?
Newer models emphasize “intelligences”
A wide variety of developmental disorders result in intellectual disability
A few people are remarkably gifted at specific mental abilities
Intelligence, and intelligence scores, can change over the life span
Does IQ decline with age?
11.2 Summary
11.3 The Controversy over Group Differences in IQ
How do we measure the heritability of IQ?
Just because IQ is heritable doesn’t mean it can’t be changed
Box 11.1: Skeptic at Large: Class Bias Is Found in Most IQ Tests
Heritability does not mean what most people think it does
Knowing a trait is heritable does not address the cause of average group differences
Heritability estimates are higher in middle-class and affluent populations than in poor people
Early intervention programs for children can raise IQ scores
Box 11.2: Skeptic at Large: The Bogus Mozart Effect
Emotional state affects performance on intelligence tests
Researchers at Work: The test you are about to take…
The Cutting Edge: Can the N-Back Procedure Increase Fluid Intelligence?
11.3 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 12: Motivation and the Regulation of Behavior
Brenda, the “Cave Woman”
Chapter Preview
12.1 Motivation
What do we mean by motivation?
Homeostasis is the regulation of internal states
A pathway in the brain provides us with intense pleasure
Researchers at Work: The quest for pleasure
Motivational systems fulfill a hierarchy of needs
12.1 Summary
12.2 Hunger
Body weight is tightly regulated by the brain in animal models and humans
The brain carefully regulates sugar and fat to avoid energy shortages
What are the factors that control appetite?
Researchers at Work: Monitoring hunger pangs
There are some methods of weight loss that work for some people
Eating disorders usually arise in adolescence and are more common in girls than boys
12.2 Summary
12.3 Sexual Behavior
In non-human animals, sexual behaviors are stereotyped and closely regulated by hormones
In humans, sexual behavior is neither as stereotyped nor as hormonally regulated as in animals
Prenatal hormones shape the sex of the body in humans and other mammals
Box 12.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Why Aren’t There More Women Scientists and Engineers?
Testicular steroids masculinize the developing brain of animals and perhaps of humans
Sexual orientation is a complex behavior that in humans appears to be affected by prenatal hormones
Nature seems to have some influence on sexual orientation
12.3 Summary
12.4 Social Motivation
Everyone feels the need to belong
Industrial and organizational psychology is the study of the behavior and attitudes of people in wor
The Cutting Edge: Distracted by Food
12.4 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 13: Emotions, Stress, and Health
The Stresses and Strains of Baboon Life
Chapter Preview
13.1 Emotions
What is the relationship between emotional experience and the body’s physiological reactions?
Manipulating sympathetic arousal gives rise to the two-factor theory of emotional experience
Researchers at Work: Arousing emotions
How many different emotions are there?
Box 13.1: Skeptic at Large: Why Do We Yawn?
The ancient theory of emotional catharsis is not supported by modern research
The pursuit of happiness
A specialized brain circuit underlies the adaptive experience called fear
Affective neuroscience is revealing brain circuits for emotion
Box 13.2: Psychology in Everyday Life: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The left and right sides of the brain differ in emotional processing
13.1 Summary
13.2 Stress and Health
Box 13.3: Psychology in Everyday Life: “Lie Detector Tests” Detect Stress, not Lies
The physiology of the stress response is similar across all mammals
Not everyone responds to stress the same way
Lack of control and unpredictability make unpleasant events even more stressful
Researchers at Work: The value of control and predictability
Health psychology explores the relationship between physical and mental health
There is constant communication between the nervous system and the immune system
We are simply not adapted to handle prolonged stress
What are some strategies for dealing with stress?
Healthy living helps combat stress
Box 13.4: Psychology in Everyday Life: How to Stop Smoking
Friends and family provide us with a buffer from the cruel, cruel world
The Cutting Edge: Fearless Parasites Manipulate Their Hosts
13.2 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 14: Personality
An Explosive Personality
Chapter Preview
14.1 The Quest for Personality
There is a long history of ideas about personality
Box 14.1: Skeptic at Large: Your Horoscope Today Says…
Freud focused on the unconscious
Freud believed family dynamics during development affected personality
Box 14.2: Skeptic at Large: Does Birth Order Affect Personality?
Freudians probe the unconscious to reveal conflicts in a client’s personality
Projective tests are unreliable and their validity is difficult to determine
Humanistic psychology challenged the psychoanalytic model
14.1 Summary
14.2 The Rejection of Personality Types and the Pursuit of Traits
Modern psychology emphasizes traits rather than types
Introverts and extraverts offer a continuum of personalities
How many personality traits are there?
Modern personality theory embraces the five-factor model
How do we assess personality traits?
Some tests are designed to screen for psychological disorders or career fit
Box 14.3: Skeptic at Large: Can the MMPI Reliably Detect Malingering?
14.2 Summary
14.3 Biological Influences on Personality
There are genetic influences on personality traits
Temperament seems to be a lifelong characteristic
Researchers at Work: Tracking different temperaments
Is personality stable across situations?
14.3 Summary
14.4 Social Influences on Personality
Behaviorism: Behavioral approaches emphasize overt behavior and rewards
Cognitive psychology: Perceptions of control and competency shape a developing personality
Cross-cultural psychology studies the role of culture in personality
What Ever Happened to Phineas Gage?
The Cutting Edge: Do Non-Human Animals Have Personalities?
14.4 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 15: Social Psychology
The People’s Temple
Chapter Preview
15.1 Social Perception
Impressions and physical appearance affect social interactions
Attributions are easy to make and hard to shake
Box 15.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Inheriting Political Views
Different cultures foster different styles of attribution
Attitudes affect behavior, and behaviors affect attitude
Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort of holding two conflicting beliefs
Researchers at Work: Getting paid to lie to others
Stereotypes and racial prejudice live on
Societal stereotypes are embedded deep in our brains
Researchers at Work: Implicit associations affect cognition
Stereotype threat produces self-fulfilling prophecies
15.1 Summary
15.2 Social Influences on Behavior
We constantly waver between conformity and nonconformity
Sometimes being part of a group leads us to shirk our responsibilities
Sometimes being part of a group leads us to do the wrong thing
Sometimes being part of a group leads us to make faulty decisions
What are the roles of cooperation and competition?
Evolutionary psychology offers an explanation for altruism
Neuroeconomics offers a new way of studying human influence
15.2 Summary
15.3 Friendship and Romance
Friends have things in common and reciprocate
Married people tend to be happier and healthier than single people
There are three components to romantic relationships
15.3 Summary
15.4 Aggression
Experiments in non-human animals offer a context for aggression
Hormones influence human aggression
Aggression can be planned or impulsive
Genes and the environment influence aggression
Social and cultural factors influence aggression
Box 15.2: Skeptic at Large: Video Violence and Aggression
How can punishment reflect the crime and serve society?
15.4 Summary
15.5 Persuasion and Authority
Stanley Milgram demonstrated the power of authority
Later variations of Milgram’s experiment had surprising results
The Cutting Edge: Aftermath of Milgram’s Study
15.5 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 16: Clinical Psychology
“My Lobotomy”
Chapter Preview
16.1 Modern Classification of Psychological Disorders
Twentieth-century psychiatrists seeking standardization created the DSM
How do we define normal?
Modern classification emphasizes the consequences for everyday life
Mental disorders may represent extremes on a continuum
16.1 Summary
16.2 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Complusive Disorder, and Depression
What are the roots of anxiety disorders?
Phobias can be unlearned
Obsessive-compulsive disorder brings recurrent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
Depression is a debilitating, potentially deadly disorder
Box 16.1: Skeptic at Large: Does the Incidence of Depression Peak at the Holidays?
Cognitive behavioral therapy is as effective as antidepressant medication
16.2 Summary
16.3 Personality Disorders
Some personality disorders resemble mild versions of more serious disorders
Where are the borders for borderline personality disorder?
Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by social anxiety and feelings of inadequacy
Can we detect psychopaths in the modern world?
Box 16.2: Skeptic at Large: Multiple Personality Disorder: Myth or Reality?
16.3 Summary
16.4 Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia suggest many different disorders
Anatomical differences are seen in the brains of many people with schizophrenia
There is a strong genetic component to schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is an inherited susceptibility to stress, especially stress early in life
Researchers at Work: The stress of city living
Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia

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