Public Policy Investing for a Better World 1st edition By Michael Mintrom ISBN 0199975973 978-0199975976

CHAPTER 1: THE PURPOSE AND NATURE OF PUBLIC POLICY

OVERVIEW

WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY?

case study 1.1: Fighting Ebola

INSTITUTIONS IN SOCIETY

GOVERNMENTS AS INSTITUTIONS

GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES AND POLICY MAKING

POLITICAL PARTIES

THE LEGISLATURE

THE JUDICIARY

THE EXECUTIVE

INTEREST GROUPS, LOBBYISTS, AND THINK TANKS

PUBLIC POLICY FORMATION IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM

TREATING PUBLIC POLICIES AS INVESTMENTS

case study 1.2: Applying the Investment Perspective: The Value of Higher Education

GOALS OF PUBLIC POLICY

DEFENDING PEOPLE AND PROPERTY AND MAINTAINING PUBLIC ORDER

PROMOTING HUMAN FLOURISHING

SUPPORTING EFFECTIVE NONGOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS

PROMOTING EFFICIENCY

PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY

PROMOTING SOCIAL EQUITY

ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS

PUBLIC POLICY AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

THE WORK OF POLICY ANALYSTS

POLICY INSTRUMENTS THAT GOVERNMENTS USE

MARKET MAKING

TAXES

SUBSIDIES

REGULATION

DIRECT SERVICE SUPPLY

FUNDING AND CONTRACTING

INFORMATION PROVISION AND SOCIAL MARKETING

INDICATORS OF WELL-BEING

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

PART I: FRAMEWORKS

CHAPTER 2: THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS

OVERVIEW

GOVERNMENT AND COLLECTIVE ACTION

A POLICY-MAKING PROCESS FRAMEWORK

INFLUENCES ON POLICY MAKING

INSTITUTIONS

INTERESTS

KNOWLEDGE

THE FIVE STAGES OF POLICY MAKING

STAGE 1: PROBLEM DEFINITION

STAGE 2: AGENDA SETTING

STAGE 3: POLICY ADOPTION

STAGE 4: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

STAGE 5: PROGRAM EVALUATION

THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS: THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

STAGE 1: PROBLEM DEFINITION

STAGE 2: AGENDA SETTING

STAGE 3: POLICY ADOPTION

STAGE 4: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

STAGE 5: PROGRAM EVALUATION

case study 2.1: Allegations of Racial Bias in Policing Practices in Ferguson, Missouri, and the Publ

POLICY INNOVATION IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM

case study 2.2: State Policy Making and the Recognition of Same-Sex Marriage

PREVAILING THEORIES OF POLICY MAKING

ELITE THEORY

NEW INSTITUTIONALISM

INCREMENTALISM

THE PROBLEM STREAM, THE POLICY STREAM, THE POLITICAL STREAM, AND WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

ADVOCACY COALITIONS

case study 2.3: Theories of Policy Making and the Affordable Care Act (2010)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 3: PUBLIC POLICIES AS INVESTMENTS

OVERVIEW

THE WORK OF POLICY ANALYSTS

case study 3.1: The Moneyball for Government Movement

TREATING PUBLIC POLICIES AS INVESTMENTS

PUBLIC POLICIES AS INVESTMENTS: A FRAMEWORK

STEP 1: FOCUS ON EXISTING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS

STEP 2: GATHER POLICY EVIDENCE

in focus 3.1: PERSONAL SAFETY IN A COMMUNITY: AN EXAMPLE OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

STEP 3: MEASURE DESIRED EFFECTS

STEP 4: ASSESS COSTS AND BENEFITS

STEP 5: OFFER ROBUST ADVICE

PUBLIC POLICIES AS INVESTMENTS: TWO CASES

case study 3.2: Early Childhood Education

case study 3.3: Assisting the Long-Term Unemployed in Their Return to the Workforce

BROADER IMPLICATIONS FROM THE SPECIFIC CASES

THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

LOOKING BEYOND FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

case study 3.4: The Head Start Program and the Pursuit of Civil Rights

TOWARD SYSTEMATIC APPLICATION OF THE INVESTMENT APPROACH

case study 3.5: The Investment Approach, from Theory to Practice

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

PART II: APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 4: PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

case study 4.1: Congestion on the New York

WHY GOVERNMENTS GET INVOLVED IN INFRASTRUCTURE

FUNDING INFRASTRUCTURE

REGULATING INFRASTRUCTURE

STIMULATING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

case study 4.2: The Levees Protecting New Orleans

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

SETTING PRIORITIES

SECURING FUNDING

ALIGNING INCENTIVES

INFRASTRUCTURE IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS

KEY INSIGHTS FROM THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

case study 4.3: Maintaining the Williamsburg Bridge

IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE THROUGH OWNERSHIP CHANGES

CHANGING OWNERSHIP OF ELECTRICITY ASSETS

ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF OWNERSHIP CHANGE

case study 4.4: Improving Nuclear Power Plant Performance

INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 5: DEFENSE AND HOMELAND SECURITY

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO DEFENSE AND HOMELAND SECURITY

case study 5.1: Managing Aversion Behavior: Public Perceptions of Danger and Safety

THE PUBLIC PROBLEM: PROTECTING AMERICAN INTERESTS

in focus 5.1: THE UNITED STATES DEFENSE BUDGET IN CONTEXT

TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO DEFENSE POLICY

THE QUEST FOR MILITARY SUPERIORITY

THE NONMILITARY PURSUIT OF SECURITY

in focus 5.2: THE NUCLEAR AGE AND NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

THE EMERGENCE OF AN INCIDENTAL SUPERPOWER

THE IMPORTANCE OF HOMELAND SECURITY

COORDINATION INITIATIVES AND INFORMATION SHARING

DETECTING TERRORIST PLOTS

FEDERALISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY

case study 5.2: Militarism, State Gun Laws, and Public Safety

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

STAYING STRONG AMID THE CHANGING NATURE OF WARFARE

PROMOTING NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT

TACKLING INEFFICIENCIES IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

CLARIFYING PRIORITIES IN HOMELAND SECURITY

DEFENSE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE AND DEFENSE PROCUREMENT

THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE AND HOMELAND SECURITY

case study 5.3: Improving Commercial Passenger Airliner Security

DEFENSE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC SCHOOLING

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SCHOOLING

case study 6.1: Encouraging Students to Be Creative Thinkers

TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLING

CARING FOR CHILDREN

SOCIALIZING CHILDREN

PROVIDING ENCULTURATION FOR CHILDREN

SORTING CHILDREN AND PREPARING THEM FOR THE WORKFORCE

WHY GOVERNMENTS GET INVOLVED IN SCHOOLING

PROMOTING POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES

ADVANCING SOCIAL JUSTICE

PROMOTING CONSISTENT EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES

TRADITIONAL POLICY APPROACHES

STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY

PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

POLITICAL CONTROL OF PUBLIC SCHOOLING

RELIGION AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS

STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

in focus 6.1: STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN THE UNITED STATES—A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT

NEW ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SCHOOLS

SCHOOL CHOICE AND CHARTER SCHOOLS

IMPROVING TEACHER QUALITY

case study 6.2: Charter Schools and Improvement in Teaching Practice

MAKING EFFECTIVE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM

PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

STUDIES AT THE COUNTRY LEVEL

STUDIES OF SPECIFIC POLICY ACTIONS

case study 6.3: Class Size and Student Achievement

OPTIONS FOR IMPROVING SCHOOL PERFORMANCE

PUBLIC SCHOOLING AND THE PURSUIT OF CIVIL RIGHTS

THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLING

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 7: HEALTH CARE

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE

case study 7.1: Using Taxes to Reduce Sugar Consumption

WHY GOVERNMENTS GET INVOLVED IN HEALTH CARE

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE

MANAGING COMPLEXITY

MAKING HEALTH CARE AFFORDABLE

ALIGNING INCENTIVES

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH CARE PROVISION: EXPENDITURES AND OUTCOMES

EXPENDITURES AND LIFE EXPECTANCIES

NONMEDICAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

HEALTH DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE UNITED STATES

FUNDING HEALTH CARE: COMPARING SINGLE- AND MULTI-PAYER SYSTEMS

TRADITIONAL POLICY APPROACHES IN THE UNITED STATES

THE HISTORICAL BACKDROP

KEY MOMENTS IN HEALTH CARE POLICY DEVELOPMENT

in focus 7.1: FEATURES AND IMPACTS OF MEDICARE AND MEDICAID

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

EXPANDING HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE

in focus 7.2: FEATURES AND IMPACTS OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT 2010

A STABLE, EVOLVING SYSTEM

HIGH COSTS

COVERAGE GAPS

QUALITY OF CARE

HEALTH CARE AND FEDERAL SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT

case study 7.2: State and Local Efforts to Reduce Cigarette Smoking

HEALTH CARE AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

LONG-TERM BENEFITS OF HEALTH CARE SPENDING

GETTING BETTER OUTCOMES AT LOWER COST

case study 7.3: Workplace Wellness Programs

HEALTH CARE AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

THE FUTURE OF HEALTH CARE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE PATIENT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND HOSPITAL SYSTEMS

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 8: POVERTY ALLEVIATION

OVERVIEW

DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY

ABSOLUTE POVERTY VERSUS RELATIVE POVERTY

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF POVERTY

THE OFFICIAL DEFINITION OF POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES

in focus 8.1: PATTERNS OF POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES

COMMON CAUSES OF POVERTY

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

IMMIGRATION

LACK OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HEALTH PROBLEMS AND PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DISABILITIES

FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCES

EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION

THE PROBLEM OF A “CULTURE OF POVERTY”

case study 8.1 Good Intentions, Challenging Circumstances, and Poverty

WHY GOVERNMENTS GET INVOLVED IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION

MAINTAINING PUBLIC ORDER

PROMOTING SOCIAL EQUITY AND HUMAN FLOURISHING

SUPPORTING ECONOMIC GROWTH

TRADITIONAL POLICY APPROACHES TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION

LEGACIES OF THE NEW DEAL

THE WAR ON POVERTY

AN EMPHASIS ON PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

SOCIAL INSURANCE VERSUS MEANS-TESTED CASH TRANSFERS

in focus 8.2: THE FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL SECURITY

FEDERALISM AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

GOVERNMENT BUDGET STRESS

JOB SKILLS IN A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

MAKING WORK PAY

POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

in focus 8.3: FROM DATA ANALYSIS TO TARGETED INTERVENTIONS IN NEWZEALAND

case study 8.2 Welfare-to-Work Programs

POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 9: CRIMINAL JUSTICE

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE

THE U.S. PRISON POPULATION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

case study 9.1: Prisoner Abuse in New York’s Attica Correctional Facility

THE PUBLIC PROBLEM

ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER

BALANCING PUNISHMENT AND REHABILITATION

TRADITIONAL POLICY APPROACHES

EARLY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

FROM CORPORAL PUNISHMENT TO LENGTHY PRISON TERMS

ESTABLISHING HUMANE PRISONS

case study 9.2: Preparing Prisoners for Effective Release and Social Integration

CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM

EVOLVING DEFINITIONS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

THE PRISON POPULATION

SENTENCING REFORM

THE DEATH PENALTY

PRIVATE PRISONS

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

THE JUSTICE REINVESTMENT MOVEMENT

JUSTICE REINVESTMENT IN MICHIGAN

case study 9.3: Improving Probation and Parole Supervision

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE PURSUIT OF CIVIL RIGHTS

EVOLVING PRACTICES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 10: SCIENCE FUNDING

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE FUNDING

WHY GOVERNMENTS GET INVOLVED IN SCIENCE FUNDING

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AS A PUBLIC GOOD

PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

SCIENCE FUNDING

case study 10.1: Bell Laboratories and Private Science Funding

ACTIONS TO GUIDE GOOD FUNDING CHOICES

SCIENCE FUNDING IN FEDERAL SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT

TRADITIONAL POLICY APPROACHES

EXAMPLES OF PRIVATE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES

THE CREATION OF LAND GRANTS

SPECIFIC FEDERAL SCIENCE PROJECTS

DEFENSE AND SCIENCE FUNDING

CREATING SCIENCE FUNDING INSTITUTIONS

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

THE EXPANSION OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

THE LINEAR MODEL OF SCIENCE

in focus 10.1: QUESTIONING THE PURE BASIC RESEARCH MODEL: THE STOKES CONCEPT

THE BIG SCIENCE MODEL

case study 10.2: The Human Genome Project

THE CHALLENGE OF SHORT-TERM THINKING

THE PIPELINE OF SCIENTIFIC TALENT

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

SCIENCE FUNDING AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

THE APPEAL OF RATIONAL FUNDING DECISIONS

THE QUEST TO ASSESS RETURN ON INVESTMENT

case study 10.3: From Scientific Knowledge to Technological Innovation

SCIENCE FUNDING AND THE PURSUIT OF CIVIL RIGHTS

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

THE FUTURE FOR SCIENCE FUNDING

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 11: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

OVERVIEW

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

case study 11.1 Extraction Industries and Environmental Damage

WHY GOVERNMENTS GET INVOLVED IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

GLOBAL WARMING AS A TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

case study 11.2: Beijing’s Health-Threatening Air Pollution Problems

PUBLIC POLICY RESPONSES TO THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

TRADITIONAL POLICY APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

NATURE CONSERVANCY

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

EXTENDING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

USING INCENTIVES TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND U.S. PUBLIC OPINION

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

THE POLITICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

in focus 11.1: THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES IN PARIS (2015) AND ITS AFTERMATH

CONTEMPORARY POLICY ISSUES

MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

SELECTING AND IMPLEMENTING POLICY INSTRUMENTS

PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

case study 11.3: Controversy Surrounding Fracking to Release Oil and Natural Gas

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

INVESTING TO REDUCE ACID RAIN

INVESTING TOGETHER TO REDUCE HARMFUL EMISSIONS

case study 11.4: Renewable Electricity Generation

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS

case study 11.5: Environmental Justice and Civil Rights

LESSONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY

THE FUTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONNECTIONS TO OTHER CHAPTERS

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

PART III: AN AGENDA FOR CHANGE

CHAPTER 12: POLICY LEGACIES

OVERVIEW

THE PROMISE OF PUBLIC POLICY

KEY LESSONS FROM THE APPLICATIONS CHAPTERS

FORESIGHT MATTERS

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS DRIVE POLICY DURABILITY

GOVERNANCE INFLUENCES SERVICE PERFORMANCE

GOVERNMENT CANNOT DO EVERYTHING

POLICY DESIGN CAN ENCOURAGE INNOVATION

FEDERALISM ENCOURAGES POLICY LEARNING

ASSESSING POLICY LEGACIES

UNDERSTANDING PATH DEPENDENCIES

MEASURING THE IMPACT OF BOTH OLD AND NEW POLICIES

ASSESSING IMPLICATIONS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

PUBLIC POLICIES AS INVESTMENTS

SUCCESSES OF THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

CHALLENGES TO THE INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE

EFFECTIVE POLICY ANALYSTS

1. ASPIRE TO CREATE PUBLIC VALUE

2. IDENTIFY WHAT WORKS

3. THINK LIKE SCIENTISTS

4. BUILD SKILLS IN DATA ANALYSIS

5. APPLY DESIGN THINKING

6. PRACTICE POLITICAL ASTUTENESS

7. TELL GOOD STORIES

8. PLAY THE LONG GAME

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

WEBSITES

FOR DISCUSSION

GLOSSARY

NOTES

INDEX