Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism 5th edition by A. J. VEAL – Ebook PDF Instant Download/DeliveryISBN: 1292115313, 9781292115313
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ISBN-10 : 1292115313
ISBN-13 : 9781292115313
Author: A. J. VEAL
Now in its 5th edition, Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism has become the ultimate reference text for both students enrolled in undergraduate and postgraduate degrees and practising managers. This book combines comprehensive coverage of a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative research methods with step-by step guidance through research software including Excel, SPSS and NVivo. The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you’ll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed.
Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism 5th Table of contents:
I Preparation
1 Introduction to research: what, why and who?
1. Introduction
2. What is research?
2.1 Research defined
2.2 Scientific research
2.3 Social science research
2.4 Descriptive, explanatory and evaluative research
3. Why study research?
3.1 In general
3.2 Research in policy-making, planning and management processes
4. Who does research?
4.1 Academics
4.2 Students
4.3 Government, commercial and non-profit organisations
4.4 Managers
4.5 Consultants
5. Who pays?
6. Research outputs
6.1 Academic journal articles
6.2 Professional journal articles
6.3 Conference papers/presentations
6.4 Books
6.5 Policy/planning/management reports
7. Terminology
8. Using this text
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
2 Approaches to leisure and tourism research
1. Introduction
2. Disciplinary traditions
3. Approaches, dimensions, issues, terminology
3.1 Ontology, epistemology, methodology
3.2 Positivist, post-positivist, interpretive and critical approaches/paradigms
3.3 Descriptive, explanatory, evaluative
3.4 Quantitative and qualitative research
3.5 Pragmatism
3.6 Participatory research
3.7 Theoretical and applied research
3.8 Reflexivity
3.9 Experimental and naturalistic methods
3.10 Empirical and non-empirical research
3.11 Induction and deduction
3.12 Objectivity and subjectivity
3.13 Primary and secondary data
3.14 Self-reported and observed data
4. Validity, reliability and trustworthiness
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
3 Starting out – research plans and proposals
Introduction: elements of the research process
1. Select a topic
1.1 Sources of topics
1.2 Processes for topic selection
1.3 Purpose of research
2. Review the literature
2.1 Introduction: purposes
2.2 Conducting the review
2.3 What discipline?
3. Devise conceptual framework
3.1 The idea
3.2 Explore/explain relationships
3.3 Identify/list concepts
3.4 Define concepts
3.5 Operationalise concepts
3.6 Modelling
4. Decide research question(s)
4.1 Research question, problem or hypothesis?
4.2 Specific starting point
4.3 Decision-making models
4.4 Area of interest
4.5 Research questions or objectives?
4.6 Primary and secondary questions
5. List information requirements
6. Decide research strategy
6.1 Project elements/stages
6.2 Information gathering techniques to be used
6.3 Approach to data analysis
6.4 Budget
6.5 Timetable
7. Obtain ethics clearance
8. Conduct the research
9. Communicate findings
10. Store data
11. The research process in the real world
12. Research proposals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Self-generated research proposals
12.3 Responsive proposals – briefs and tenders
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
Appendix 3.1: Examples of conceptual frameworks
4 Research ethics
1. Introduction
2. Institutional oversight of research ethics
3. Ethics in the research process
4. Ethical issues in research
4.1 Social benefit
4.2 Researcher competence
4.3 Subjects’ freedom of choice
4.4 Subjects’ informed consent
4.5 Risk of harm to subjects
4.6 Honesty/rigour in analysis, interpretation and reporting
4.7 Conflict of interest
5. Access to research information
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
5 The range of research methods
1. Introduction – horses for courses
2. Major research methods
2.1 Scholarship
2.2 Just thinking
2.3 Existing sources – the literature
2.4 Existing sources – secondary data
2.5 Observation
2.6 Qualitative methods
2.7 Questionnaire-based surveys
2.8 Experimental method
2.9 Case study method
3. Subsidiary/cross-cutting techniques
3.1 Action research
3.2 Big data
3.3 Conjoint analysis
3.4 Content analysis
3.5 Coupon surveys/conversion studies
3.6 Cross-cultural research
3.7 Delphi technique
3.8 Discourse analysis
3.9 En route/intercept/cordon surveys
3.10 Experience sampling method (ESM)
3.11 Historical research
3.12 Longitudinal studies
3.13 Mapping techniques
3.14 Media reader/viewer/listener surveys
3.15 Meta-analysis
3.16 Multiple correspondence/latent class analysis
3.17 Netnography
3.18 Network analysis
3.19 Panel studies
3.20 People meters
3.21 Perceptual mapping
3.22 Projective techniques
3.23 Psychographic/lifestyle research
3.24 Q methodology
3.25 Quantitative modelling
3.26 Repertory grid/laddering
3.27 Scales
3.28 Scenarios
3.29 Time-use surveys
3.30 Visitor conversation research
3.31 Visual methods
3.32 Web-based research
4. Multiple methods
4.1 Triangulation/mixed methods
4.2 Counting heads
4.3 Community study as method
5. Policy/management-related methods
6. Choosing methods
6.1 The research question or hypothesis
6.2 Previous research
6.3 Data availability/access
6.4 Resources
6.5 Time and timing
6.6 Validity, reliability and generalisability
6.7 Ethics
6.8 Uses/users of the findings
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
6 Reviewing the literature
1. Introduction – an essential task
2. The value of bibliographies
3. Searching: sources of information
3.1 Library catalogues
3.2 Indexes and databases
3.3 Searching the internet
3.4 Google Scholar
3.5 Published bibliographies
3.6 General leisure and tourism publications
3.7 Reference lists
3.8 Beyond leisure and tourism
3.9 Unpublished research
4. Obtaining access to material
5. Compiling and maintaining a bibliography
6. Reviewing the literature
6.1 Types of literature review
6.2 Reading critically and creatively
6.3 Summarising
7. Referencing the literature
7.1 The purpose of referencing
7.2 Recording references
8. Referencing and referencing systems
8.1 The author/date or Harvard system
8.2 Footnote or endnote system
8.3 Comparing two systems
9. Referencing issues
9.1 Second-hand references
9.2 Excessive/ambivalent referencing
9.3 Latin abbreviations
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
II Data collection
7 Secondary data sources
1. Introduction – measurement
1.1 Measuring leisure and tourism activity
1.2 Counting heads
2. Introduction to secondary sources
2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data
2.2 Types of secondary data
3. Administrative/management data
3.1 Tourist arrivals and departures
3.2 Licensing and taxing
3.3 Management data
4. National leisure participation surveys
4.1 The national leisure survey phenomenon
4.2 Validity and reliability
4.3 Sample size
4.4 Key questions/specifications
4.5 National time-use surveys
5. Tourism surveys
5.1 International and domestic tourism surveys
5.2 Sample size
5.3 Definitions
6. Economic/industry data
6.1 Household expenditure
6.2 Satellite accounts
7. The population census
7.1 The modern population census
7.2 Uses of census data
8. Documentary sources
9. Opportunism
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
8 Observation
1. Introduction
2. Types and possibilities
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Children’s play
2.3 Informal spaces: counting heads
2.4 Informal spaces: spatial/functional patterns of use
2.5 Visitor profiles
2.6 Deviant behaviour
2.7 Mystery shopping
2.8 Complementary research
2.9 Everyday life
2.10 Social behaviour
3. Main elements of observational research
3.1 Choice of site(s)
3.2 Choice of observation point(s)
3.3 Choice of observation time-period(s)
3.4 Continuous observation or sampling?
3.5 Count frequency
3.6 What to observe
3.7 Division of site into zones
3.8 Recording information
3.9 Conducting the observation
3.10 Analysing data
4. Use of technology
4.1 Automatic counters
4.2 GPS
4.3 Aerial photography
4.4 Still photography
4.5 Video
4.6 Time-lapse photography
5. Just looking
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
9 Qualitative methods: introduction and data collection
1. Introduction
1.1 The nature of qualitative methods
1.2 History and development
2. Merits, functions, limitations
3. The qualitative research process
3.1 Sequential vs recursive
3.2 Grounded theory
4. The range of qualitative methods – introduction
5. In-depth interviews
5.1 Nature
5.2 Purposes and situations
5.3 Checklist
5.4 The interviewing process
5.5 Recording
6. Focus groups
6.1 Nature
6.2 Purposes
6.3 Methods
7. Participant observation
7.1 Nature
7.2 Purposes
7.3 Methods
8. Analysing texts
8.1 Nature
8.2 Novels and other literature
8.3 Mass media coverage
8.4 Film
8.5 Material culture
8.6 Digital sources
9. Biographical research
9.1 Nature
9.2 Biography/autobiography
9.3 Oral history
9.4 Memory work
9.5 Personal domain histories
10. Ethnography
11. Validity and reliability, trustworthiness
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
10 Questionnaire surveys: typology, design and coding
1. Introduction
1.1 Definitions and terminology
1.2 Roles
1.3 Merits
1.4 Limitations
1.5 Interviewer-completion or respondent-completion?
1.6 Types of questionnaire survey
2. The household questionnaire survey
2.1 Nature
2.2 Conduct
2.3 Omnibus surveys
2.4 Time-use surveys
2.5 National surveys
3. The street survey
3.1 Nature
3.2 Conduct
3.3 Quota sampling
4. The telephone survey
4.1 Nature
4.2 Conduct
4.3 Representativeness and response levels
4.4 National surveys
5. The mail survey
5.1 Nature
5.2 The problem of low response rates
5.3 Mail and user/site/visitor survey combos
6. E-surveys
6.1 Nature and conduct
6.2 Advantages and disadvantages
7. User/on-site/visitor surveys
7.1 Nature
7.2 Conduct
7.3 Uses of user surveys
7.4 User/site/visitor and mail/e-survey combo
8. Captive group surveys
8.1 Nature
8.2 Conduct
9. Questionnaire design
9.1 Introduction – research problems and information requirements
9.2 Example questionnaires
9.3 General design issues
9.4 Types of information
9.5 Activities/events/places questions
9.6 Respondent characteristics
9.7 Attitude/opinion questions
9.8 Market segments
9.9 Ordering of questions and layout of questionnaires
10. Coding
10.1 Pre-coded questions and open-ended questions
10.2 Open-ended questions
10.3 Recording coded data
11. Validity of questionnaire-based data
11.1 Threats to validity
11.2 Checking validity
12. Conducting questionnaire surveys
12.1 Planning fieldwork arrangements
12.2 Conducting a pilot survey
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
11 Experimental research
1. Introduction
2. Principles of experimental research
2.1 Components
2.2 The classic experimental design
3. Validity
3.1 Threats to validity
3.2 Field experiments versus laboratory experiments
4. Quasi-experimental designs
4.1 Types of quasi-experimental design
4.2 Experiments and projects
5. Experimental methods in leisure and tourism research
5.1 Discrete choice experiments (DCEs)
5.2 Policy/management experimental projects
5.3 Experimenting with research methods
5.4 Psychological/perceptual studies
5.5 Sport-related experiments
5.6 Children’s play
5.7 Other examples
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
12 Case study method
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
2.1 What is the case study method?
2.2 What the case study method is not
2.3 Scale
3. Validity and reliability
4. Merits of the case study approach
5. Design and conduct of case studies
5.1 Defining the unit of analysis
5.2 Selecting the case(s)
5.3 Data gathering
6. Analysis
7. Case studies in practice
7.1 Case study 12.1: English Life and Leisure
7.2 Case study 12.2: Euro Disneyland
7.3 Case study 12.3: Nike, advertising and women
7.4 Case study 12.4: Leisure, Lifestyle and the New Middle Class
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
13 Sampling: quantitative and qualitative
1. Introduction: the idea of sampling
2. Samples and populations
3. Representativeness
3.1 Random sampling
3.2 Sampling for household surveys
3.3 Sampling for telephone surveys
3.4 Sampling for site/user/visitor surveys
3.5 Sampling for street surveys and quota sampling
3.6 Sampling for mail surveys
3.7 Sampling for e-surveys
3.8 Sampling for complex events and destination studies
3.9 Sampling/random assignment in experimental research
4. Sample size
4.1 Level of precision – confidence intervals
4.2 Detail of proposed analysis
4.3 Budget
4.4 Reporting sample size issues
4.5 Confidence intervals applied to population estimates
4.6 Sample size and small populations
5. Weighting
6. Sampling for qualitative research
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
Appendix 13.1: Suggested appendix on sample size and confidence intervals
III Data analysis
14 Analysing secondary data
1. Introduction
2. Case studies of secondary data analysis
2.1 Income inequality and leisure participation
2.2 Estimating demand for a leisure facility
2.3 Tourism trend analysis
2.4 Facility utilisation
2.5 Facility catchment area
2.6 Meta-analysis
Summary
Exercises
Resources
References
15 Analysing qualitative data
1. Introduction
1.1 Data collection and analysis
1.2 Data storage and confidentiality
1.3 Case study example
2. Manual methods of analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Reading
2.3 Emergent themes
2.4 Mechanics
2.5 Analysis
3. Qualitative analysis using computer software
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Interview transcripts
4. NVivo
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Creating a project
4.3 Saving
4.4 Classifications, attributes and values
4.5 Cases and their attributes
4.6 Importing documents
4.7 Linking individual interviewees/nodes and documents
4.8 Setting up a coding system
4.9 Maps
4.10 Coding text
4.11 Project summary
4.12 Analysis: coding query
4.13 Analysis: matrix coding query
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
16 Analysing quantitative data
1. Introduction
2. Quantitative data analysis and types of research
2.1 Descriptive research
2.2 Explanatory research
2.3 Evaluative research
2.4 Overlaps
2.5 Reliability
3. Spreadsheet analysis
4. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
5. Preparation
5.1 Cases and variables
5.2 Specifying variables
5.3 Starting up
5.4 Entering information about variables – Variable View window
5.5 Saving work
5.6 Entering data – Data View window
6. Analysis procedures
6.1 Starting an analysis session
6.2 Descriptives
6.3 Frequencies
6.4 Checking for errors
6.5 Multiple response
6.6 Recode
6.7 Mean, median and mode – measures of central tendency
6.8 Presenting the results – statistical summary
6.9 Crosstabulation
6.10 Weighting
6.11 Graphics
7. The analysis process
Summary
Test questions
Exercises
Resources
References
17 Statistical analysis
1. Introduction
2. The statistics approach
2.1 Probabilistic statements
2.2 The normal distribution
2.3 Probabilistic statement formats
2.4 Significance
2.5 The null hypothesis
2.6 Dependent and independent variables
3. Data types and appropriate statistical tests
4. Chi-square
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Null hypothesis
4.3 Procedure
4.4 The value of Chi-square
4.5 Degrees of freedom
4.6 Reporting
5. Comparing two means: the t-test
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Paired samples test
5.3 Independent samples test
6. A number of means: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Variance
6.3 ANOVA: analysis of variance
7. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Procedure
8. Correlation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Significance of r: null hypothesis
8.3 Procedure
9. Linear regression
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regression model
9.3 Procedure
9.4 Non-linear regression
10. Multiple regression
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Procedure
10.3 Binary logistic regression analysis and odds ratios
10.4 Multi-dimensional scaling
11. Cluster, factor, multiple correspondence analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Factor analysis
11.3 Cluster analysis
11.4 Multiple correspondence analysis
12. In conclusion
Summary
Test questions and exercises
Resources
References
Appendix 17.1: Details of example data used – variable deatails and data
Appendix 17.2: Statistical formulae
IV Communicating results
18 Preparing a research report
1. Introduction
2. Written research reports
2.1 Types/styles
2.2 Getting started
2.3 Report components
2.4 Main body of the report – technical aspects
2.5 Main body of the report – structure
2.6 Between methods and results
2.7 Audiences and style
2.8 Report functions: record and narrative
2.9 Research reports: conclusions
3. Other media
3.1 Oral presentations
3.2 Use of PowerPoint-type software
3.3 Poster presentations
4. A final comment
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