Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd edition by William Trochim, James Donnelly, Kanika Arora – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 8214352008 , 9798214352008
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ISBN 10: 8214352008
ISBN 13: 9798214352008
Author: William Trochim, James Donnelly, Kanika Arora
From an expert team in the research methods field, RESEARCH METHODS: THE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE BASE, 2nd Edition, is written specifically for users who are new to research methods. The book streamlines and clarifies explanations of fundamental, yet difficult, concepts in a familiar, engaging style. Readers learn about the relationship between theory and practice, which helps them become better researchers and better consumers of research.
Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd Table of contents:
Part 1. Foundations
Chapter 1. Foundations of Research Methods
1.1. The Research Enterprise
1.1a. What Is Research?
1.1b. Translational Research
1.1c. Research Syntheses and Guidelines
1.1d. Evidence-Based Practice
1.1e. An Evolutionary Perspective on the Research Enterprise
1.2. Conceptualizing Research
1.2a. Where Research Topics Come from
1.2b. The Literature Review
1.2c. Feasibility Issues
1.3. The Language of Research
1.3a. Research Vocabulary
1.3b. Types of Studies
1.3c. Time in Research
1.3d. Types of Relationships
1.3e. Hypotheses
1.3f. Variables
1.3g. Types of Data
1.3h. The Unit of Analysis
1.3i. Deduction and Induction
1.4. The Structure of Research
1.4a. Components of a Research Study
1.5. The Validity of Research
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 2. Ethics
2.1. Foundations of Ethics in Research
2.2. Historical Cases of Unethical Research
2.2a. Nazi Experimentation during WWII and the Nuremberg Code
2.2b. Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies
2.2c. The Thalidomide Tragedy
2.2d. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
2.3. Evolution of a Modern System of Research Ethics
2.3a. The Belmont Report
2.3b. Related Guidelines on Human Subject Participation
2.3c. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
2.3d. Ethics in Clinical Research: Patient Protection versus Access
2.3e. Ethics in Research with Animals
2.4. Ethics in the Production and Publication of Scholarly Work
2.4a. Honesty in Reporting
2.4b. Conflict of Interest
2.4c. Fairness in Publication Credit
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 3. Qualitative Approaches to Research
3.1. Foundations of Qualitative Research
3.2. The Context for Qualitative Research
3.2a. Generating New Theories or Hypotheses
3.2b. Developing Detailed Stories to Describe a Phenomenon
3.2c. Achieving Deeper Understanding of the Phenomenon
3.2d. Improving the Quality of Quantitative Measures
3.3. Qualitative Traditions
3.3a. Ethnography
3.3b. Phenomenology
3.3c. Field Research
3.3d. Grounded Theory
3.4. Qualitative Methods
3.4a. Participant Observation
3.4b. Direct Observation
3.4c. Unstructured Interviewing
3.4d. Case Studies
3.4e. Focus Groups
3.4f. Unobtrusive Methods in Qualitative Research
3.5. Qualitative Data
3.5a. How Different are Quantitative and Qualitative Data?
3.6. Assessing Qualitative Research
3.6a. Credibility
3.6b. Transferability
3.6c. Dependability
3.6d. Confirmability
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Part 2. Sampling
Chapter 4. Sampling
4.1. Foundations of Sampling
4.2. Sampling Terminology
4.3. External Validity
4.3a. Two Major Approaches to External Validity in Sampling
4.4. Sampling Methods
4.5. Nonprobability Sampling
4.5a. Accidental, Haphazard, or Convenience Sampling
4.5b. Purposive Sampling
4.5c. Modal Instance Sampling
4.5d. Expert Sampling
4.5e. Quota Sampling
4.5f. Heterogeneity Sampling
4.5g. Snowball Sampling
4.5h. Summary of Nonprobability Methods
4.6. Probability Sampling: Theory
4.6a. The Sampling Distribution
4.6b. Sampling Error
4.6c. The Normal Curve in Sampling
4.7. Probability Sampling: Procedures
4.7a. Initial Definitions
4.7b. Simple Random Sampling
4.7c. Stratified Random Sampling
4.7d. Systematic Random Sampling
4.7e. Cluster (Area) Random Sampling
4.7f. Multistage Sampling
4.7g. How Big Should the Sample Be?
4.7h. Summary of Probabilistic Sampling
4.8. Threats to External Validity
4.9. Improving External Validity
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Part 3. Measurement
Chapter 5. Introduction to Measurement
5.1. Foundations of Measurement
5.1a. Levels of Measurement
5.2. Quality of Measurement
5.2a. Reliability
5.2b. Theory of Reliability
5.2c. Types of Reliability
5.2d. Validity
5.2e. Construct Validity and Other Measurement Validity Labels
5.2f. Threats to Construct Validity
5.2g. The Social Threats to Construct Validity
5.3. Integrating Reliability and Validity
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 6. Scales, Tests, and Indexes
6.1. Foundations of Scales, Tests, and Indexes
6.2. Scales and Scaling
6.2a. General Issues in Scaling
6.2b. Purposes of Scaling
6.2c. Dimensionality
6.2d. Unidimensional or Multidimensional?
6.3. Tests
6.3a. Validity, Reliability, and Test Construction
6.3b. Standardized Tests
6.3c. Test Fairness
6.3d. How to Find a Good Test
6.4. Indexes
6.4a. Some Common Indexes
6.4b. Constructing an Index
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 7. Survey Research
7.1. Foundations of Survey Research
7.2. Types of Survey Research
7.2a. Questionnaires
7.2b. Interviews
7.3. Selecting the Survey Method
7.3a. Population Issues
7.3b. Sampling Issues
7.3c. Question Issues
7.3d. Content Issues
7.3e. Bias Issues
7.3f. Administrative Issues
7.4. Survey Design
7.4a. Types of Questions
7.4b. Question Content
7.4c. Response Format
7.4d. Question Wording
7.4e. Question Placement
7.4f. The Golden Rule
7.5. Interviews
7.5a. The Role of the Interviewer
7.5b. Training the Interviewers
7.5c. The Interviewer’s Kit
7.5d. Conducting the Interview
7.5e. Obtaining Adequate Responses—The Probe
7.5f. Recording the Response
7.5g. Concluding the Interview
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Part 4. Design
Chapter 8. Introduction to Design
8.1. Foundations of Design
8.2. Research Design and Causality
8.2a. Establishing Cause and Effect in Research Design
8.2b. Internal Validity
8.3. Developing a Research Design
8.4. Types of Designs
8.4a. Expanding on Basic Designs
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 9. Experimental Design
9.1. Foundations of Experimental Design
9.2. Introduction: The Origins of Experimental Design
9.2a. Distinguishing Features of Experimental Design
9.2b. Experimental Design and Threats to Internal Validity
9.2c. Design Notation for a Two-Group Experimental Design
9.2d. Difference between Random Selection and Assignment
9.3. Classifying Experimental Designs
9.4. Signal Enhancing Designs: Factorial Designs
9.4a. The Basic 2 × 2 Factorial Design
9.4b. Benefits and Limitations of Factorial Designs
9.4c. Factorial Design Variations
9.5. Noise-Reducing Designs: Randomized Block Designs
9.6. Noise-Reducing Designs: Covariance Designs
9.7. Hybrid Designs: Switching-Replications Experimental Designs
9.8. Limitations of Experimental Design
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 10. Quasi-Experimental Design
10.1. Foundations of Quasi-Experimental Design
10.2. The Nonequivalent-Groups Design
10.2a. Reaching Cause-and-Effect Conclusions with the NEGD
10.3. The Regression-Discontinuity Design
10.3a. The Basic RD Design
10.3b. The Role of the Comparison Group in RD Designs
10.3c. The Internal Validity of the RD Design
10.3d. Statistical Power and the RD Design
10.3e. Ethics and the RD Design
10.4. Other Quasi-Experimental Designs
10.4a. The Proxy Pretest Design
10.4b. The Separate Pre-Post Samples Design
10.4c. The Double-Pretest Design
10.4d. The Switching-Replications Design
10.4e. The Nonequivalent Dependent Variables (NEDV) Design
10.4f. The Regression Point Displacement (RPD) Design
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Part 5. Analysis and Reporting
Chapter 11. Introduction to Data Analysis
11.1. Foundations of Data Analysis
11.2. Conclusion Validity
11.2a. Threats to Conclusion Validity
11.2b. Improving Conclusion Validity
11.3. Data Preparation
11.3a. Logging the Data
11.3b. Checking the Data for Accuracy
11.3c. Developing a Database Structure
11.3d. Entering the Data into the Computer
11.3e. Data Transformations
11.4. Descriptive Statistics
11.4a. The Distribution
11.4b. Central Tendency
11.4c. Dispersion or Variability
11.4d. Correlation
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 12. Inferential Analysis
12.1. Foundations of Analysis for Research Design
12.2. Inferential Statistics
12.3. General Linear Model
12.3a. The Two-Variable Linear Model
12.3b. The “General” in the General Linear Model
12.3c. Dummy Variables
12.3d. The t-Test
12.4. Experimental Analysis
12.4a. The Two-Group Posttest-Only Randomized Experiment
12.4b. Factorial Design Analysis
12.4c. Randomized Block Analysis
12.4d. Analysis of Covariance
12.5. Quasi-Experimental Analysis
12.5a. Nonequivalent Groups Analysis
12.5b. Regression-Discontinuity Analysis
12.5c. Regression Point Displacement Analysis
Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Websites
Review Questions
Chapter 13. Research Communication
13.1. Research Communication
13.1a. Research Communication and the Research-Practice Continuum
13.1b. General Considerations for Research Communication
13.2. The Written Report
13.2a. Key Elements and Formatting of a Research Paper
13.3. Other Forms of Research Communication
13.3a. Presentations
13.3b. Posters
Summary
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Tags: William Trochim, James Donnelly, Kanika Arora, Research Methods, Essential Knowledge