Scientific American Nutrition for a Changing World 2nd Edition by Jamie Pope, Steven Nizielski ISBN 1319422950 9781319422950

Chapter 1 The Science and Scope of Nutrition

Introducing the Science of Nutrition

Food Provides Nutrients and Energy

What Is Malnutrition?

Nutrient Intake Recommendations

Energy Recommendations

Nutrition Science in Action

Forming a Hypothesis

Conducting an Experiment

Analyzing the Results

Credible Sources of Nutrition Information

Health Goals for Americans

Assessing the North American Diet

Chapter 1 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 2 Healthy Diets

Healthy Diets Feature Variety, Balance, Adequacy, and Moderation

Understanding the Nutrient Density and Energy Density of Foods

Limit These: Solid Fats and Added Sugars

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Global Nutrition

Understanding the Labeling on Food

Percent Daily Value (%DV)

Ingredients List

Claims on Food Labels

Menu Labeling

Chapter 2 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 3 Digestion

Overview of the Digestive Process

Gastrointestinal Tract and Accessory Organs

Overview of Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

Gastrointestinal Motility

Enzymes and Hormones in Digestion

The Path of Digestion from the Mouth to the Large Intestine

Food Passes from the Esophagus to the Stomach

The Structural Features of the Small Intestine Facilitate Absorption of Nutrients

Secretions from Accessory Organs Aid in Digestion

Transport of Nutrients Across the Cell Membrane

Circulation of Nutrients in Blood and Lymph

The Large Intestine Is the End of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Role of Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Digestive Disorders

Diarrhea, Constipation, and Hemorrhoids

Problems Associated with Weakened or Relaxed Lower Esophageal Sphincters

Gallstones

Diverticular Disease

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Awareness of Celiac Disease is Growing

Chapter 3 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 4 Carbohydrates

What are Carbohydrates?

Classification of Carbohydrates

Starch, Fiber, and Glycogen

Sources of Carbohydrates

Refining of Grains

Grains of Truth

The Digestion of Carbohydrates

Enzymes in Carbohydrate Digestion

Glucose in the Body

Added Sugar

Dental Caries

Sugar Alternatives

Understanding Fiber

Fiber Recommendations

Types of Fiber

Benefits of Fiber

Carbohydrate Intake Recommendations

Chapter 4 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight A Nutrition and Diabetes

What Is Diabetes Mellitus?

Blood Glucose Regulation is Disrupted in Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes in the United States

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Complications

Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes Treatment and Prevention

Blood Glucose Response to Various Foods

Hypoglycemia

Spotlight A Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 5 The Lipids

Dietary Fat

Overview of the Lipids

Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

Sterols

Phospholipids

Lipid Digestion and Absorption

Lipoprotein Transport

Essential Fatty Acids

Trans Fats

Current Fat Intake and Recommendations

Chapter 5 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight B Lipids in Health and Disease

Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

A Heart-Protective Diet

Fat Intake and Health—Beyond Cardiovascular Disease

Spotlight B Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 6 Protein

Recommendations for Protein Intake

Structure of Protein

Protein Synthesis

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins

Varied Functions of Protein

Protein Turnover and Nitrogen Balance

Seniors May Benefit From Higher Intakes of Protein

Protein Sources

Protein Quality

Protein Deficiency

High-Protein Diets

Chapter 6 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight C Plant-Based Diets

Vegetarian and Semi-Vegetarian Diets

Benefits of a Diet Rich in Plant Foods

How Cancer Develops

Benefits of Phytochemicals

Polyphenols

Carotenoids

Nutritional Considerations and Concerns Associated with Plant-Based Diets

Protein

Iron

Other Nutrients of Concern for Vegetarians

Plant-Based and Vegetarian Guidelines

The Mediterranean Diet

Spotlight C Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 7 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Introducing The Vitamins

Bioavailability and Solubility

Properties of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A

Sources of Vitamin A

Functions of Vitamin A in the Body

Antioxidants Protect Against Damage From Free Radicals

Vitamin A Deficiency and Toxicity

Vitamin D

Sources of Vitamin D

Functions of Vitamin D in the Body

Vitamin D Deficiency and Toxicity

Vitamin E

Sources of Vitamin E

Functions of Vitamin E in the Body

Vitamin E Deficiency and Toxicity

Vitamin K

Functions of Vitamin K in the Body

Vitamin K Deficiency and Toxicity

Chapter 7 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 8 Water-Soluble Vitamins

Characteristics of the Water-Soluble Vitamins

The B Vitamins

Thiamin

Niacin

Riboflavin

Vitamin B6

Biotin

Pantothenic Acid

Folate

Vitamin B12

Choline

Vitamin C

Chapter 8 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 9 Major Minerals and Water

Overview of the Minerals

Mineral Absorption and Bioavailability

Minerals in Our Food

Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus Have Diverse Structural Roles in the Body

Functions and Sources of Calcium

Calcium and Bone Health

Calcium Supplementation

Functions of Magnesium

Phosphorus

Sulfur Is a Component of Proteins

Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride Maintain Fluid Balance in the Body

Sources and Functions of Sodium

Sodium Intake Recommendations

Dash Diet

Potassium

Chloride

Water

Roles of Water in the Body

Water Balance in the Body

Water Intake Recommendations

Chapter 9 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 10 Trace Minerals

Introducing the Trace Minerals

Iodine: Sources and Functions

Iodine Recommended Intakes

Iron

Iron Absorption

Iron Deficiency

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Iron Intake Recommendations

Zinc

Copper

Selenium

Fluoride

Other Trace Minerals: Manganese, Molybdenum, and Chromium

Ultratrace Minerals

Chapter 10 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight D Dietary Supplements

What are Dietary Supplements?

Who Benefits from Taking Supplements?

Regulation of Dietary Supplements

Understanding Supplement Labels

Health Claims

Structure/Function Claims

Supplement Quality

Are Dietary Supplements Harmful?

Pros and Cons of Herbal Supplements

Functional Foods

Spotlight D Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 11 Energy Balance and Obesity

Energy in, Energy Out

The Biology of Hunger

Hormones Participate in Energy Balance

Hunger and Appetite

A NEAT Cause of Weight Gain

Understanding Energy Expenditure

Fat-Free Mass and Basal Metabolic Rate

Lifestyle and Energy Balance

What Is a Healthy Body Weight?

Body Mass Index

Waist Circumference

Analyzing Body Composition

Weight Loss Recommendations

Surgical Approaches to Weight Loss

Dietary and Lifestyle Approaches to Weight Loss

Weight Loss Maintenance

Chapter 11 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 12 Nutrition and Fitness

Components of Fitness

Fueling the Body

Anaerobic Energy Systems

Aerobic Energy System

Measures of Exercise Intensity

Dietary Carbohydrates for Endurance Exercise

Female Athlete Triad

Body Building

Hydrating the Athlete

Physical Fitness: Not Just for Athletes

Chapter 12 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 13 Nutrition During the College Years

Growth, Development, and Nutrient Requirements in Late Adolescence

Calcium

Iron

Determinants of Eating Behavior

Eating Challenges on Campus

Eating Disorders

Types of Eating Disorders

Newly Recognized Eating Disorders

Causes of Eating Disorders

Alcohol

The Metabolism of Alcohol

Factors that Affect Intoxication

Potential Benefits of Alcohol

What is “Moderate” Alcohol Consumption?

Harmful Effects of Alcohol

Hangover

Alcohol and Nutritional Considerations

Chapter 13 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight E Nutrition for Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infancy

Changing Nutritional Needs

Appropriate Weight Gain in Pregnancy

Factors Influencing Birth Weight

Nutrition before Conception

Energy and Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy

Nutrients Needed in Increased Amounts

Folate

Vitamin A

Iron

Other Nutrients of Importance

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A Healthy Pregnancy

Food Safety

Postnatal Nutrition

Breastfeeding

Composition of Breast Milk

Nutrition During Lactation

Formula Feeding

Nutrition for the Growing Child

Introduction of Solid Food

Iron Needs in Infancy

Spotlight E Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight F Childhood Nutrition

Growth and Development in Childhood

What Are Children Eating?

Nutritional Recommendations for Children

Nutrients of Concern in Childhood

Childhood Obesity

Food Allergies

Spotlight F Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight G Nutrition and the Aging Adult

What Happens When We Age?

Life Expectancy and Lifespan

Blue Zones

Energy Needs and Physical Activity

Special Nutritional Concerns for Older Adults

Food and Drug Interactions

Changes in the Digestive System

Depression and Nutritional Status

Nutrient Recommendations for Seniors

Maintaining Physical Strength for a Lifetime

Blue Zone Secrets

Spotlight G Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 14 Global Nutrition: Food Security and Sustainability

Food and Nutrition Security

Food Insecurity

Measuring Global Food Security

Sustainability

Environmental Impact of Our Food Choices

Reduce Food Loss and Waste

Protect Water Supplies

Genetically Modified Organisms

How Are Organic Foods Different from Conventional Foods?

Chapter 14 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Spotlight H Food Safety

A Brief History of Food Safety in America

Foodborne Intoxication and Infection

Viruses, Parasites, and Bacteria

Symptoms of Foodborne Illness

Those Most at Risk for Foodborne Illness

Engineering Food Safety: Haccp and Irradiation

Food Safety and Modernization Act

Food Safety in the Home

Avoiding Cross-Contamination of Foods

The Importance of Appropriate Food Temperatures

Food Additives

Spotlight H Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Chapter 15 Energy Metabolism: The Interactions and Transformations of Living Cells

Overview of Energy Metabolism

The Breakdown of Glucose

Glucose Metabolism Begins in the Cytosol and Is Completed in Mitochondria

The Bridge Reaction Prepares Pyruvate for Complete Oxidation

The Citric Acid Cycle Is the Final Step in Glucose Oxidation

Reduced Coenzymes Transfer High-Energy Electrons to the Electron Transport Chain

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Total Net Yield of ATP from Glucose Oxidation

Under Some Conditions Pyruvate Is Converted to Lactate

Fatty Acid Oxidation Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix

Ketogenesis

Amino Acid Metabolism

Feasting and Fasting Cycle: Coordinating Metabolic Adaptations in Pathways of Energy Metabolism

Primary Sites of Hormone Action

Feasting Metabolism: Fuel Storage Following a Meal

Fasting Metabolism: Fuel Mobilization during an Overnight Fast

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Chapter 15 Bring it Home

Key Ideas

Need to Know

Appendix 1: Dietary Reference Intakes for Individuals

Appendix 2: Conversions

Appendix 3: Key Functions of Micronutrients

Answers

Glossary

References

Index

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