Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation 1st edition by Mario Alejandro Rosato – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1351336482, 9781351336482
Full download Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation 1st edition after payment
Product details:
ISBN 10: 1351336482
ISBN 13: 9781351336482
Author: Mario Alejandro Rosato
This practical book deals with the technology of small-power wind turbines as opposed to widely diffused industrial wind turbines and wind farms. It covers the most common wind turbine technologies in the small power segment: horizontal axis both for electrical generation and water pumping, vertical axis of the Darrieus type, and vertical axis of the Savonius type. With each chapter following the same didactic scheme—a theoretical explanation and practical examples showing calculation procedures—it allows anybody with basic technical knowledge to design and build a small wind turbine for any site. A set of simple spreadsheets is available for download, each providing further examples of how to solve specific design problems and allowing the reader to play with changing parameters and see what-if. This simple trial-and-error learning process allows beginners to develop the feeling of the orders of magnitude involved in the design of a small wind power system, its potential advantages on other alternative solutions, and its limitations under some special circumstances.
Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation 1st Table of contents:
1. Small Wind Turbines: A Technology for Energy Independence and Sustainable Agriculture
1.1 Introduction: Why “Small” Wind Turbines?
1.2 Why Not “Big” Wind Turbines?
1.3 How Small Are Hence, “Small” Wind Turbines?
1.4 Why Small Wind Turbines for Pumping Water?
1.5 General Plan of This Book and Acknowledgments
Bibliography
2. General Theory of Wind-Driven Machines
2.1 Betz’s Theorem
2.2 The Extension of Betz’s Theorem to Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
2.2.1 Discussion of the Extension of Betz’s Theorem to Vertical Axis Turbines
2.3 Notions on the Theory of Wing Sections
2.4 Action of the Air on a Wing in Motion
2.4.1 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients
2.4.2 Graphical Representation of the Aerodynamic Coefficients Cxand Cz
2.4.2.1 Cartesian Representation of Cx , Cm , and Cz as a Function of the Pitch Angle
2.4.2.2 Eiffel’s Polar
2.4.2.3 Lilienthal’s Polar
2.4.2.4 Mixed Representations
2.4.3 Definitions and Terminology
2.4.3.1 Solidity Coefficient, σ
2.4.3.2 Specific Speed, λ
2.4.3.3 Coefficient of Motor Torque, CM
2.4.3.4 Coefficient of Axial Force, CF
2.4.3.5 Coefficient of Power, CP
2.4.3.6 Relationships between Dimensionless Coefficients
2.4.3.7 Reynolds’ Number
2.5 Classification of Wind Turbines
2.5.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
2.5.1.1 Reaction-Driven Turbines
2.5.1.2 Aerodynamic Action Turbines
2.5.1.3 Hybrid Turbines
2.5.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
2.5.2.1 Fast Turbines
2.5.2.2 Slow Wind Turbines
2.5.3 “Undefinable” Wind-Driven Machines
2.5.4 Comparison between Different Types of Wind Turbines
2.6 Accessory Devices of Wind Turbines
2.7 Exercises
2.7.1 Application of Betz’s Theorem
2.7.2 Application of Dimensionless Coefficients
Bibliography
3. Simplified Aerodynamic Theory for the Design of the Rotor’s Blades
3.1 Definition of the Problem
3.1.1 Speed Loss Coefficient, a
3.1.2 Coefficient of Specific Local Speed, λr
3.1.3 Coefficient of Angular Speed, a′
3.2 The Theory of the Annular Flow Tube with Vortical Trail
3.3 The Theory of the Aerodynamic Forces on the Element of Blade
3.3.1 Optimum Variation of the Angle θ
3.3.2 Optimum Variation of the Product σl·Cz
3.3.3 Optimum Blade for Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency
3.4 Conclusions
3.4.1 Variation of the Chord
3.4.2 Relationship between Solidity, Specific Speed, and Efficiency of the Turbine
3.4.2.1 Solidity and Specific Speed
3.4.2.2 Solidity and Aerodynamic Efficiency
3.4.3 Influence of the Fineness Coefficient of the Airfoil
3.5 Practical Exercises
3.5.1 Influence of the Induced Drag
3.5.1.1 Classical Windmill for Water Pumping
3.5.1.2 Multi-Blade Turbine
3.5.1.3 A Three-Blade Fast Turbine
3.5.1.4 Practical Conclusions
Bibliography
4. Practical Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
4.1 Generalities
4.2 The Method to Design the Rotor
4.2.1 Pre-Dimensioning of the Diameter and Number of Blades
4.2.1.1 Pre-Dimensioning Fast Turbines
4.2.1.2 Pre-Dimensioning of Slow Turbines
4.2.2 Dimensioning of the Yaw System: Vane or Rotor Conicity
4.2.2.1 Orientation by Means of a Vane
4.2.2.2 Orientation by Conicity
4.2.2.3 Orientation by Means of a Servomotor
4.2.3 Selection of the Most Suitable Airfoil for the Blades
4.2.4 Division of the Blade in N Discrete “Differential Elements”
4.2.5 Calculation of the Chord and Pitch Angle for Each Discrete Element
4.2.5.1 Calculation of the Optimum Chord and Pitch Angle for Each Discrete Element
4.2.5.2 Calculation of Sub-optimum Blades in Order to Facilitate the Handcrafted Construction
4.2.6 Discrete Integration of the Tangential and Axial Forces along the Blade
4.3 Analysis of the Aerodynamic Features and Construction Choices of the Rotor
4.3.1 Fixed Pitch Rotor
4.3.1.1 Fixed Speed Rotor and Unlimited (or Very High Limit) Speed of Rotation
4.3.1.2 Fixed Pitch Rotor with Passive Stall and Constant Speed
4.3.1.3 Fixed Pitch Rotor Controlled by Active Stall and Variable Speed
4.3.1.4 Fixed Pitch Rotor Controlled by Aerodynamic Brakes
4.3.2 Variable Pitch Rotor
4.3.2.1 Variation of the Pitch by Means of Servomechanisms
4.3.2.2 Variation of the Pitch by Means of Centrifugal Force
4.3.2.3 Pitch Control by Aerodynamic Moment
4.3.3 Yaw Systems and Variation of the Exposed Surface
4.4 Selecting the Materials and Techniques for the Blades’ Manufacture
4.4.1 Wood
4.4.2 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRPR)
4.4.3 Aluminum Alloys
4.4.4 Sail Rotor
4.4.5 Wooden Frame Covered with Tarpaulin, or Plastic Foil, or Thin Metal Sheet
4.5 Practical Examples
4.5.1 Low-Cost Rotor with Profiled Sail
4.5.1.1 Definition of the Problem
4.5.1.2 Pre-dimensioning
4.5.1.3 Yaw System
4.5.1.4 Selection of the Airfoil
4.5.1.5 Dimensioning of the Blade
4.5.2 Design of an Optimum 3-Bladed Rotor for Electrical Generation
4.5.2.1 Definition of the Problem
4.5.2.2 First Step: General Size of the Turbine and Orientation Vane, Generating the Optimum Blade Shape
4.5.2.3 Second Step: Performance of the Optimum Blade
4.5.2.4 Third Step: Evaluating Alternatives
Bibliography
5. Practical Design of Aerodynamic Action Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
5.1 General Considerations about Vertical Axis Turbines
5.2 Simplified Theory of the Darrieus Turbines
5.3 Design of H-Type Darrieus Turbines
5.3.1 Pre-dimensioning of H-Type Darrieus Turbines
5.3.2 Choosing the Airfoil for the Rotor
5.3.3 Calculating the Coefficient a for Different Arbitrary Values of λ′ and Determination of the Forces, Torque, CP, and λ
5.4 Analysis of the Aerodynamic Features and Constructive Choices of the Rotor
5.4.1 Speed Control
5.4.2 Production of the Blades
5.5 Practical Example: Making a Low-Cost Darrieus Rotor
5.5.1 Definition of the Problem
5.5.2 Pre-dimensioning
5.5.3 Selection of the Airfoil
5.5.4 Dimensioning of the Blade
5.6 Exercise
Bibliography
6. Practical Design of Savonius Turbines and Derived Models
6.1 Generalities
6.2 Practical Calculation of Savonius Rotors
6.2.1 Determine the Power Obtainable from a Given Speed of Wind
6.2.2 Determine the Torque
6.2.3 Determine the Necessary Torque for Driving the Pump
6.2.4 Calculation of the Mass Flow
6.2.5 Curve of Mass Flow as a Function of the Wind Speed, V
Bibliography
7. Engineering of the Support Structures for Wind Turbines
7.1 Generalities
7.2 Calculation Procedure of a Wind Turbine’s Support Structure
7.2.1 Determination of the Loads
7.2.1.1 Maximum Load on the Hub under Limited Operational Conditions
7.2.1.2 Maximum Load on the Hub with Blocked Rotor
7.2.1.3 Load Acting on the Support Structure
7.2.2 Choice of the Pole
7.2.2.1 Standard Steel Poles
7.2.2.2 Wooden Poles
7.2.2.3 Prefabricated Concrete Poles
7.2.3 Sizing of the Foundations
7.2.4 Guyed Masts and Towers
7.2.4.1 Generalities
7.2.4.2 A Simplified Calculation Method: Range of Validity and Description
7.2.4.3 Wind-Induced Vibrations and Fatigue Stress
7.2.5 Foldable or Hinged Poles
7.3 Practical Exercises
7.3.1 Design of the Support Pole and Foundation Block of a Wind Turbine
7.3.2 Wooden and Concrete Poles
7.3.3 Guyed Mast
7.3.4 von Karman Vortexes and Resonance Phenomena
Bibliography
8. Probability Distribution of the Wind Speed and Preliminary Design of Wind Power Installations
8.1 Generalities
8.2 Employing “Typical Meteorological Years” from Actual Weather Stations or from Specialized Companies
8.3 How to Design Your Own Anemometric Campaign
8.3.1 Basic Notions of Metrology: Accuracy, Precision, and Repeatability
8.3.2 Definitions of Accurateness, Precision, and Repeatability
8.3.3 Error Propagation
8.3.3.1 Definition N. 1
8.3.3.2 Definition N. 2
8.3.3.3 Rules of Error Propagation
8.3.3.4 Conventions for the Correct Expression of Measured Values, or of Values Calculated from Measures, and Their Errors
8.3.3.5 Estimation of the Errors in the Calculation of the Energy Productivity from Meteorological Data
8.4 Employing Data of Average Speed and Statistical Functions
8.4.1 Rayleigh’s Function of Probability Distribution
8.4.1.1 Example of Use of Rayleigh’s Distribution
8.4.2 Weibull’s Probability Function
8.5 Variation of the Wind Speed with the Height above Ground
8.6 Practical Exercise N. 1
8.6.1 Estimating the Energy Productivity with the Help of a Wind Map and Weibull’s Function
8.6.2 Calculating the Energy Productivity with Anemometric Data Provided by the Local Meteorological Service
8.6.3 When Both Mesoscale and Anemometric Data Are Available
8.6.4 Conclusions
8.7 Practical Exercise N. 2
8.7.1 Overrating: A Common Practice in the Wind Power Industry
8.7.2 Practical Example
8.7.3 Conclusions from the Example
Bibliography
9. Sizing Energy Storage Systems
9.1 Stand-alone Wind Power Generators
9.2 Stationary Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage
9.2.1 The Charge–Discharge Capacity
9.2.2 The Discharge Depth
9.2.3 Self-Discharge Percentage
9.2.4 Choosing the Most Suitable Battery for a Given Scope
9.2.5 Influence of Temperature and Discharge Rate
9.3 Examples of Stand-alone Wind Power System Design
9.3.1 Feasibility of Using of Standard Automotive Batteries for Stationary Applications
9.3.1.1 Automotive Batteries
9.3.1.2 Stationary Batteries
9.3.1.3 Selection Factors
9.3.1.4 Size of the Wind Turbine
9.3.2 Example of Stand-alone Wind Power System Design with Stationary Batteries
9.3.2.1 Maximum Durability Criterion
9.3.2.2 Minimum Size Criterion
9.3.2.3 Worst Month
9.3.2.4 Size of the Turbine
Bibliography
10. Design of Wind Pumping Systems
10.1 Water and Energy
10.2 Water Pumps and Wind Turbines
10.2.1 Generalities
10.2.2 Centrifugal Pumps
10.2.3 Positive Displacement Pumps
10.2.3.1 Piston Pumps
10.2.3.2 Diaphragm Pumps
10.2.3.3 Peristaltic Pumps
10.2.3.4 Rope Pumps
10.2.3.5 Bladder Pumps
10.2.3.6 Bellow Pumps
10.3 Matching Hydraulic Pumps to Wind Turbines
10.3.1 Minimizing a
10.3.2 Maximizing k
10.3.3 Regulation of the Torque between the Extreme Values Mmin and Mmax
10.3.4 Systems for the Conversion and Transmission of the Motion
10.3.4.1 Sizing the Transmission between the Wind Turbine and the Pump
10.3.5 Minimizing Water Hammering in the Pipeline and Check Valves
10.3.5.1 Numerical Example
10.4 Examples of Design of Wind-Powered Pumping Systems
10.4.1 Example: Design of a Wind-Driven Pumping System in an Isolated Area
10.4.1.1 Determination of the Average Pumping Power
10.4.1.2 Sizing the Turbine
10.4.1.3 Determination of the Storage Volume
10.4.2 Example of the Design of a Wind Pumping System for Industrial Agriculture
10.4.2.1 Determination of the Average Power for Pumping
10.4.2.2 Size of the Turbine
10.4.2.3 Finding the Optimum Turbine
10.4.3 Tailoring a Wind Pumping System for a Given Context
10.4.3.1 Determining the Necessary Power for the Windmill
10.4.3.2 Choosing and Sizing the Wind Turbine
10.4.3.3 Designing the Pump and the Rotor to Match Each Other
10.5 Conclusions
Bibliography
11. Unconventional Wind-Driven Machines
11.1 Introduction
11.2 High Altitude Concepts
11.2.1 Kites
11.2.2 Blimps
11.2.3 Autogiros or Flying Electric Generators
11.2.4 Tethered Aircraft
11.3 Claims of Efficiency Higher than Betz’s Theorem
11.3.1 Saphonian 3D-Oscillating Membrane
11.3.2 Ducted Turbines
11.4 Old Technologies Pretending to Be New
11.4.1 Spiral Surface Rotor
11.4.2 Savonius-Like Rotors
11.4.2.1 The Wind Tree
11.4.2.2 Twisted Savonius Rotors
11.4.3 Variations of the Pannemone
11.4.3.1 The Cycloturbine
11.4.3.2 The Giromill (a.k.a. Gyromill, a.k.a. Cyclogiro)
11.4.3.3 The Vertical Axis Disc Turbine
11.4.3.4 The Costes Wind Motor
11.4.3.5 The Lafond Turbine
11.4.4 Einfield-Andreau Pneumatic Gear
11.4.5 Darrieus Turbine with Its Axis in Horizontal Position
11.5 Non-Turbines
11.5.1 Beating Wing
11.5.2 Linear Motion Rolling Blades
11.5.3 von Karman Vortex Resonators
11.5.4 Delta Wing Vortex
11.5.5 Artificial Tornado
11.5.5.1 Wind-Induced Tornado
11.5.5.2 Heat-Induced Tornado
11.5.6 Magnus Effect: Flettner and Thom Rotors
11.5.7 Artificial Wind
11.5.7.1 Solar-Induced Updraft a.k.a. Solar Chimney
11.5.7.2 Evaporative-Induced Downdraft
11.6 Practical Exercises
11.6.1 Do Vortex Converters Have Any Potential Advantage on Wind Turbines?
11.6.2 Check the Maximum CP of the Pannemone Presented in Section 11.4.3.3
Bibliography
12. Aerodynamic Characteristics of Blunt Bodies and Airfoils
12.1 Generalities
12.2 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Extruded Profiles
12.3 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Blunt and Streamlined Bodies
12.4 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils
12.4.1 Clark Y Airfoil
12.4.2 Wortmann FX77-W153 Airfoil
12.4.3 Eppler E220 Airfoil
12.4.4 Airfoil NREL S822
12.4.5 Airfoil NREL S819
12.4.6 GOE 417-A Airfoil (Cambered Plate)
12.4.7 Airfoil Eppler E377 (Modified)
12.4.8 Simmetric Airfoil Eppler E169 (14.4%)
Bibliography
Index
People also search for Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation 1st :
small wind turbines for electricity and irrigation design and construction
small wind turbines for electricity and irrigation pdf
how much electricity can a small wind turbine produce
do small wind turbines work
small wind turbines for home use
Tags: Mario Alejandro Rosato, Small Wind, Electricity and Irrigation