Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications 2nd edition By Jun Ohta ISBN 1032652368 9781032652368

1 Introduction

1.1 A general overview

1.2 Brief history of CMOS image sensors

1.2.1 Competition with CCDs

1.2.2 Solid-state imagers with in-pixel amplification

1.2.3 Present CMOS image sensors

1.3 Brief history of smart CMOS image sensors

1.3.1 Vision chips

1.3.2 Advancement of CMOS technology and smart CMOS image sensors

1.3.3 Smart CMOS image sensors based on high performance CMOS image sensor technologies

1.4 Organization of the book

2 Fundamentals of CMOS image sensors

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Fundamentals of photo-detection

2.2.1 Absorption coefficient

2.2.2 Behavior of minority carriers

2.2.3 Sensitivity and quantum efficiency

2.3 Photo-detectors for smart CMOS image sensors

2.3.1 pn-junction photodiode

2.3.2 Photo-gate

2.3.3 Photo-transistor

2.3.4 Avalanche photodiode

2.3.5 Photo-conductive detector

2.4 Accumulation mode in PDs

2.4.1 Potential change in accumulation mode

2.4.2 Potential description

2.4.3 Behavior of photo-generated carriers in PD

2.5 Basic pixel structures

2.5.1 Passive pixel sensor

2.5.2 Active pixel sensor, 3T-APS

2.5.3 Active pixel sensor, 4T-APS

2.6 Sensor peripherals

2.6.1 Addressing

2.6.2 Readout circuits

2.6.3 Analog-to-digital converters

2.7 Basic sensor characteristics

2.7.1 Noise

2.7.2 Dynamic range

2.7.3 Speed

2.8 Color

2.8.1 On-chip color filter type

2.8.2 Three imagers type

2.8.3 Three light sources type

2.9 Comparison among pixel architectures

2.10 Comparison with CCDs

3 Smart structures and materials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Smart pixels

3.2.1 Analog mode

3.2.2 Pulse modulation mode

3.2.3 Digital mode

3.3 Smart materials and structures

3.3.1 Silicon-on-insulator

3.3.2 Extending to NIR region

3.3.3 Backside illumination

3.3.4 3D integration

3.3.5 Smart structure for color detection

3.4 Dedicated pixel arrangement and optics for smart CMOS image sensors

3.4.1 Phase-difference detection auto focus

3.4.2 Hyper omni vision

3.4.3 Biologically inspired imagers

3.4.4 Light field camera

3.4.5 Polarimetric imaging

3.4.6 Lensless imaging

4 Smart imaging

4.1 Introduction

4.2 High sensitivity

4.2.1 Dark current reduction

4.2.2 Differential APS

4.2.3 High conversion gain pixel

4.2.4 SPAD

4.2.5 Column-parallel processing

4.3 High-speed

4.3.1 Overview

4.3.2 Global shutter

4.3.3 Column- and pixel-parallel processing for high speed imaging

4.3.4 Ultra-high-speed

4.4 Wide dynamic range

4.4.1 Overview

4.4.2 Nonlinear response

4.4.3 Linear response

4.5 Demodulation

4.5.1 Overview

4.5.2 Correlation

4.5.3 Method of two accumulation regions

4.6 Three-dimensional range finder

4.6.1 Overview

4.6.2 Time-of-flight

4.6.3 Triangulation

5 Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Information and communication technology applications

5.2.1 Optical wireless communication

5.2.2 Optical ID tag

5.3 Chemical applications

5.3.1 Optical activity imaging

5.3.2 pH imaging sensor

5.4 Bioscience and Biotechnology applications

5.4.1 Attachment type

5.4.2 On-chip type

5.4.3 Implantation type

5.5 Medical applications

5.5.1 Capsule endoscope

5.5.2 Retinal prosthesis

Appendices

A Tables of constants

B Illuminance

C Human eye and CMOS image sensors

D Wavelength region in visible and infrared lights

E Fundamental characteristics of MOS capacitors

F Fundamental characteristics of MOSFET

G Optical format and resolution

H Intrinsic optical signal and in vivo window

References

Index